Table 3: Open in new tab Comparison of...

	Norwood (n = 678)	Hybrid (n = 82)
Continuous factors
Ascending aorta (mm)	3.6 (1.9)	3.2 (2.0–5.0)	4.4 (1.9)	4.0 (3.0–5.8)	<0.001
Age at Norwood (days)	5.5 (9.0)	4.0 (2.5–6.0)	9.7 (16.2)	5.2 (3.4–9.6)	0.036
Birth weight (kg)	3.1 (0.6)	3.2 (2.8–3.5)	2.7 (0.7)	2.9 (2.1–3.2)	<0.001
Gestational age (weeks)	38.1 (1.7)	38.0 (37.0–39.0)	36.2 (2.8)	37.0 (34.0–38.0)	<0.001
Year of Norwood		2011 (2006–2016)		2019 (2013–2020)	<0.001
Categorical factors
	n (%)	n (%)
APVR			0.007
None	653 (96.3)	73 (89.0)
Present	25 (3.7)	9 (11.0)
AVVR			<0.001
No/trace/mild	609 (89.8)	62 (75.6)
Moderate/severe	69 (10.2)	20 (24.4)
Era			<0.001
2004–2008	268 (39.5)	7 (8.5)
2009–2014	186 (27.4)	16 (19.5)
2015–2018	120 (17.7)	15 (18.3)
2019–2022	104 (15.3)	44 (53.7)
Sex			0.292
Male	421 (62.1)	46 (56.1)
Female	257 (37.9)	36 (43.9)
Genetic anomaly			<0.001
Normal	531 (78.3)	44 (53.7)
Confirmed/suspect	147 (21.7)	38 (46.3)
HLHS subtype			0.001
AA/MA	227 (33.5)	13 (15.8)
AA/MS	121 (17.8)	12 (14.6)
AS/MA; AS/MS	127 (18.7)	18 (22.0)
HLHS variant	203 (29.9)	39 (47.6)
Atrial septal restriction			0.042
None	599 (88.4)	66 (80.5)
Yes	79 (11.6)	16 (19.5)
Preterm birth			<0.001
Term (37+ weeks)	596 (87.9)	47 (57.3)
Preterm (<37 weeks)	82 (12.1)	35 (42.7)
Race			0.266
Caucasian	406 (60.1)	46 (57.5)
African American	108 (16.0)	9 (11.2)
Other	162 (24.0)	25 (31.2)
Weight at surgery			<0.001
≤2.5 kg	90 (13.3)	28 (34.2)
2.5 kg +	588 (86.7)	54 (65.8)

Norwood (n = 678)

Hybrid (n = 82)

Variable

Mean (SD)

Median (IQR)

Mean (SD)

Median (IQR)

P-value

Continuous factors

Ascending aorta (mm)

3.6 (1.9)

3.2 (2.0–5.0)

4.4 (1.9)

4.0 (3.0–5.8)

<0.001

Age at Norwood (days)

5.5 (9.0)

4.0 (2.5–6.0)

9.7 (16.2)

5.2 (3.4–9.6)

0.036

Birth weight (kg)

3.1 (0.6)

3.2 (2.8–3.5)

2.7 (0.7)

2.9 (2.1–3.2)

<0.001

Gestational age (weeks)

38.1 (1.7)

38.0 (37.0–39.0)

36.2 (2.8)

37.0 (34.0–38.0)

<0.001

Year of Norwood

2011 (2006–2016)

2019 (2013–2020)

<0.001

Categorical factors

n (%)

APVR

0.007

None

653 (96.3)

73 (89.0)

Present

25 (3.7)

9 (11.0)

AVVR

<0.001

No/trace/mild

609 (89.8)

62 (75.6)

Moderate/severe

69 (10.2)

20 (24.4)

Era

<0.001

2004–2008

268 (39.5)

7 (8.5)

2009–2014

186 (27.4)

16 (19.5)

2015–2018

120 (17.7)

15 (18.3)

2019–2022

104 (15.3)

44 (53.7)

Sex

0.292

Male

421 (62.1)

46 (56.1)

Female

257 (37.9)

36 (43.9)

Genetic anomaly

<0.001

Normal

531 (78.3)

44 (53.7)

Confirmed/suspect

147 (21.7)

38 (46.3)

HLHS subtype

0.001

AA/MA

227 (33.5)

13 (15.8)

AA/MS

121 (17.8)

12 (14.6)

AS/MA; AS/MS

127 (18.7)

18 (22.0)

HLHS variant

203 (29.9)

39 (47.6)

Atrial septal restriction

0.042

None

599 (88.4)

66 (80.5)

Yes

79 (11.6)

16 (19.5)

Preterm birth

<0.001

Term (37+ weeks)

596 (87.9)

47 (57.3)

Preterm (<37 weeks)

82 (12.1)

35 (42.7)

Race

0.266

Caucasian

406 (60.1)

46 (57.5)

African American

108 (16.0)

9 (11.2)

Other

162 (24.0)

25 (31.2)

Weight at surgery

<0.001

≤2.5 kg

90 (13.3)

28 (34.2)

2.5 kg +

588 (86.7)

54 (65.8)

	Norwood (n = 678)	Hybrid (n = 82)
Continuous factors
Ascending aorta (mm)	3.6 (1.9)	3.2 (2.0–5.0)	4.4 (1.9)	4.0 (3.0–5.8)	<0.001
Age at Norwood (days)	5.5 (9.0)	4.0 (2.5–6.0)	9.7 (16.2)	5.2 (3.4–9.6)	0.036
Birth weight (kg)	3.1 (0.6)	3.2 (2.8–3.5)	2.7 (0.7)	2.9 (2.1–3.2)	<0.001
Gestational age (weeks)	38.1 (1.7)	38.0 (37.0–39.0)	36.2 (2.8)	37.0 (34.0–38.0)	<0.001
Year of Norwood		2011 (2006–2016)		2019 (2013–2020)	<0.001
Categorical factors
	n (%)	n (%)
APVR			0.007
None	653 (96.3)	73 (89.0)
Present	25 (3.7)	9 (11.0)
AVVR			<0.001
No/trace/mild	609 (89.8)	62 (75.6)
Moderate/severe	69 (10.2)	20 (24.4)
Era			<0.001
2004–2008	268 (39.5)	7 (8.5)
2009–2014	186 (27.4)	16 (19.5)
2015–2018	120 (17.7)	15 (18.3)
2019–2022	104 (15.3)	44 (53.7)
Sex			0.292
Male	421 (62.1)	46 (56.1)
Female	257 (37.9)	36 (43.9)
Genetic anomaly			<0.001
Normal	531 (78.3)	44 (53.7)
Confirmed/suspect	147 (21.7)	38 (46.3)
HLHS subtype			0.001
AA/MA	227 (33.5)	13 (15.8)
AA/MS	121 (17.8)	12 (14.6)
AS/MA; AS/MS	127 (18.7)	18 (22.0)
HLHS variant	203 (29.9)	39 (47.6)
Atrial septal restriction			0.042
None	599 (88.4)	66 (80.5)
Yes	79 (11.6)	16 (19.5)
Preterm birth			<0.001
Term (37+ weeks)	596 (87.9)	47 (57.3)
Preterm (<37 weeks)	82 (12.1)	35 (42.7)
Race			0.266
Caucasian	406 (60.1)	46 (57.5)
African American	108 (16.0)	9 (11.2)
Other	162 (24.0)	25 (31.2)
Weight at surgery			<0.001
≤2.5 kg	90 (13.3)	28 (34.2)
2.5 kg +	588 (86.7)	54 (65.8)

Table 3:

Open in new tab

Comparison of patient characteristics for Norwood versus Hybrid subgroups

	Norwood (n = 678)		Hybrid (n = 82)
Variable	Mean (SD)	Median (IQR)	Mean (SD)	Median (IQR)	P-value
Continuous factors
Ascending aorta (mm)	3.6 (1.9)	3.2 (2.0–5.0)	4.4 (1.9)	4.0 (3.0–5.8)	<0.001
Age at Norwood (days)	5.5 (9.0)	4.0 (2.5–6.0)	9.7 (16.2)	5.2 (3.4–9.6)	0.036
Birth weight (kg)	3.1 (0.6)	3.2 (2.8–3.5)	2.7 (0.7)	2.9 (2.1–3.2)	<0.001
Gestational age (weeks)	38.1 (1.7)	38.0 (37.0–39.0)	36.2 (2.8)	37.0 (34.0–38.0)	<0.001
Year of Norwood		2011 (2006–2016)		2019 (2013–2020)	<0.001
Categorical factors
	n (%)		n (%)
APVR					0.007
None	653 (96.3)		73 (89.0)
Present	25 (3.7)		9 (11.0)
AVVR					<0.001
No/trace/mild	609 (89.8)		62 (75.6)
Moderate/severe	69 (10.2)		20 (24.4)
Era					<0.001
2004–2008	268 (39.5)		7 (8.5)
2009–2014	186 (27.4)		16 (19.5)
2015–2018	120 (17.7)		15 (18.3)
2019–2022	104 (15.3)		44 (53.7)
Sex					0.292
Male	421 (62.1)		46 (56.1)
Female	257 (37.9)		36 (43.9)
Genetic anomaly					<0.001
Normal	531 (78.3)		44 (53.7)
Confirmed/suspect	147 (21.7)		38 (46.3)
HLHS subtype					0.001
AA/MA	227 (33.5)		13 (15.8)
AA/MS	121 (17.8)		12 (14.6)
AS/MA; AS/MS	127 (18.7)		18 (22.0)
HLHS variant	203 (29.9)		39 (47.6)
Atrial septal restriction					0.042
None	599 (88.4)		66 (80.5)
Yes	79 (11.6)		16 (19.5)
Preterm birth					<0.001
Term (37+ weeks)	596 (87.9)		47 (57.3)
Preterm (<37 weeks)	82 (12.1)		35 (42.7)
Race					0.266
Caucasian	406 (60.1)		46 (57.5)
African American	108 (16.0)		9 (11.2)
Other	162 (24.0)		25 (31.2)
Weight at surgery					<0.001
≤2.5 kg	90 (13.3)		28 (34.2)
2.5 kg +	588 (86.7)		54 (65.8)

	Norwood (n = 678)		Hybrid (n = 82)
Variable	Mean (SD)	Median (IQR)	Mean (SD)	Median (IQR)	P-value
Continuous factors
Ascending aorta (mm)	3.6 (1.9)	3.2 (2.0–5.0)	4.4 (1.9)	4.0 (3.0–5.8)	<0.001
Age at Norwood (days)	5.5 (9.0)	4.0 (2.5–6.0)	9.7 (16.2)	5.2 (3.4–9.6)	0.036
Birth weight (kg)	3.1 (0.6)	3.2 (2.8–3.5)	2.7 (0.7)	2.9 (2.1–3.2)	<0.001
Gestational age (weeks)	38.1 (1.7)	38.0 (37.0–39.0)	36.2 (2.8)	37.0 (34.0–38.0)	<0.001
Year of Norwood		2011 (2006–2016)		2019 (2013–2020)	<0.001
Categorical factors
	n (%)		n (%)
APVR					0.007
None	653 (96.3)		73 (89.0)
Present	25 (3.7)		9 (11.0)
AVVR					<0.001
No/trace/mild	609 (89.8)		62 (75.6)
Moderate/severe	69 (10.2)		20 (24.4)
Era					<0.001
2004–2008	268 (39.5)		7 (8.5)
2009–2014	186 (27.4)		16 (19.5)
2015–2018	120 (17.7)		15 (18.3)
2019–2022	104 (15.3)		44 (53.7)
Sex					0.292
Male	421 (62.1)		46 (56.1)
Female	257 (37.9)		36 (43.9)
Genetic anomaly					<0.001
Normal	531 (78.3)		44 (53.7)
Confirmed/suspect	147 (21.7)		38 (46.3)
HLHS subtype					0.001
AA/MA	227 (33.5)		13 (15.8)
AA/MS	121 (17.8)		12 (14.6)
AS/MA; AS/MS	127 (18.7)		18 (22.0)
HLHS variant	203 (29.9)		39 (47.6)
Atrial septal restriction					0.042
None	599 (88.4)		66 (80.5)
Yes	79 (11.6)		16 (19.5)
Preterm birth					<0.001
Term (37+ weeks)	596 (87.9)		47 (57.3)
Preterm (<37 weeks)	82 (12.1)		35 (42.7)
Race					0.266
Caucasian	406 (60.1)		46 (57.5)
African American	108 (16.0)		9 (11.2)
Other	162 (24.0)		25 (31.2)
Weight at surgery					<0.001
≤2.5 kg	90 (13.3)		28 (34.2)
2.5 kg +	588 (86.7)		54 (65.8)

HLHS subtypes: AA/MA: aortic atresia/mitral atresia; AA/MS: aortic atresia/mitral stenosis; AS/MA: AS/MS: aortic stenosis/mitral atresia and aortic stenosis/mitral stenosis (combined for modelling due to small sample sizes); variant: HLHS variant.

APVR: anomalous pulmonary venous return; AVVR: atrioventricular valve regurgitation; IQR: interquartile range; HLHS: hypoplastic left heart syndrome; SD: standard deviation.

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