| Date of Death . | Age . | Sex . | HIV DNA PCR . | Nutritional Statusa . | MCV Status . | Clinical Presentation . | Measles Positive Testsb . | Pathology Report . | Immediate Cause Of Deathc . | Morbid Conditionc . | Underlying Conditions/Other Significant Conditionsc . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| November 2017 | 2 y, 11mo | F | Neg | WHZ: −4.86 WAZ: −5.28 LAZ: −3.53 HCAZ: −2.45 MUAC Z: −4.18 | Unk | Not available | Blood CSF Lung ONP | Lung: neutrophilic interstitial pneumonitis. Evidence of Escherichia. coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae in vessels Liver: moderate steatosis (small and large droplet) CNS: intravascular fibrin thrombi and evidence of E coli and K pneumoniae | Sepsis (E coli) | Sepsis (K pneumoniae) | Measle/severe malnutrition |
| June 2018 | 3 y, 9mo | F | Neg | WHZ: −2.41 WAZ: −0.85 LAZ: 1.25 HCZ: −0.12 MUAC Z: −0.08 | No | Fever, cough, difficulty breathing, rash, diarrhea, vomiting, oral mycosis, night sweats, loss of consciousness, convulsion, agitation, nightmares, chest pain, dysphagia, odynophagia | Blood CSF Lung ONP | Lung: bronchopneumonia and aspiration pneumonia with mixed bacteria and gastrointestinal contents. Evidence of measles virus, Streptococcus species and Hemophilus influenzae. Liver: mild sinusoidal leukocytosis | Polymicrobial pneumonia (H influenzae, S pneumoniae) | … | Measles/ Rickets, Enteritis, use of traditional medication |
| September 2021 | 1 y, 4mo | M | Neg | WHZ: −3.88 WAZ: −3.22 LAZ: 0.95 HCZ: −2.9 MUAC Z: −3.22 | Unk | Fever, cough, difficulty breathing, rash, diarrhea, vomiting, oral mycosis, night sweats, loss of consciousness, convulsion, discoloration of eyes, distended abdomen. | Blood Lung ONP | Lung: interstitial pneumonitis, and bronchopneumonia. Evidence of measles, Klebsiella species and Streptococcus species. Liver: mild congestion and large droplet steatosis, focal intravascular bacteria. | Polymicrobial sepsis (K pneumoniae, S. aureus, Moraxella catarrhalis) | Bacterial and viral pneumonia (K pneumoniae, S aureus, M catarrhalis, measles). Gastroenteritis | Measles/severe malnutrition |
| November 2021 | ∼2y | F | Neg | WHZ: −2.64 WAZ: NA HAZ: NA HCZ: NA MUAC Z: NA | No | Fever, cough, pruritis, boils on the skin, diarrhea, edema of the limbs, face swelling, anal prolapse, foot ulcer, weight loss, polydipsia | Blood ONP | Lung: inadequate sample Liver: severe steatosis and sinusoidal leukocytes | Polymicrobial sepsis (E coli/Shigella, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, S pneumoniae, M catarrhalis) | Measles Shigellosis with rectal prolapse Diarrhea | Kwashiorkor/ bullous impetigo |
| February 2022 | <5y | F | Neg | WHZ: −2.9 WAZ: NA HAZ: NA HCZ: NA MUAC Z: NA | Unk | Not available | Blood CSF Lung ONP | Lung: interstitial pneumonitis, and bronchopneumonia. Evidence of Klebsiella species and Streptococcus species. Liver: mild congestion and mild steatosis | Pneumonia (K pneumoniae and S pneumoniae) | Moderate malnutrition | Measles/disseminated herpes simplex virus 1 infection |
| March 2022 | 11mo | M | Unk | WHZ: −3.22 WAZ: −4.12 HAZ: −3.64 HCZ: −3.53 MUAC Z: −1.53 | No | Fever, cough, difficulty breathing, rash, diarrhea, night sweats, runny nose, sunken eyes. | Blood Lung ONP | Lung: interstitial pneumonitis, and bronchopneumonia. Evidence of Streptococcus species. Liver: mild congestion and severe steatosis. CNS: intravascular leukocytosis | Pneumonia (S pneumoniae and Group A streptococcus [GAS]) | Sepsis (Staphylococcus aureus, S pneumoniae, GAS, and E coli/Shigella) Severe malnutrition Diarrhea | Measles |
| May 2022 | 4mo | M | Unk | WHZ: −3.73 WAZ: −5.03 HAZ: −3.68 HCZ: −2.07 MUAC: −5.58 | NA | Fever, cough | Blood Lung | Lung: bronchopneumonia. Evidence of cytomegalovirus (CMV), gram-variable rods and Pneumocystis jiroveci (PJP). Liver: mild congestion, severe steatosis, and sinusoidal leukocytosis CNS: intravascular leukocytosis | Polymicrobial sepsis (S pneumoniae, P aeruginosa, K pneumonia, M catarrhalis, Acinetobacter baumanii, E coli/Shigella) | Disseminated measles. Enteric infection (Norovirus, campylobacter) Pneumonia (S pneumoniae measles, PJP) | Severe malnutrition (acute on chronic) Immunodeficiency of unknown cause |
| May 2022 | 8mo | F | Unk | WHZ: −3.51 WAZ: −2.24 LAZ: 0.69 HCZ: −0.68 MUAC Z: −2.95 | NA | Cough, difficulty breathing, rash, diarrhea | Blood Lung ONP | Lung: interstitial pneumonitis. Evidence of Hemophilus species Liver: mild congestion and mild steatosis. | Pneumonia (H influenzae) | Moderate malnutrition Diarrhea | Measles |
| Date of Death . | Age . | Sex . | HIV DNA PCR . | Nutritional Statusa . | MCV Status . | Clinical Presentation . | Measles Positive Testsb . | Pathology Report . | Immediate Cause Of Deathc . | Morbid Conditionc . | Underlying Conditions/Other Significant Conditionsc . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| November 2017 | 2 y, 11mo | F | Neg | WHZ: −4.86 WAZ: −5.28 LAZ: −3.53 HCAZ: −2.45 MUAC Z: −4.18 | Unk | Not available | Blood CSF Lung ONP | Lung: neutrophilic interstitial pneumonitis. Evidence of Escherichia. coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae in vessels Liver: moderate steatosis (small and large droplet) CNS: intravascular fibrin thrombi and evidence of E coli and K pneumoniae | Sepsis (E coli) | Sepsis (K pneumoniae) | Measle/severe malnutrition |
| June 2018 | 3 y, 9mo | F | Neg | WHZ: −2.41 WAZ: −0.85 LAZ: 1.25 HCZ: −0.12 MUAC Z: −0.08 | No | Fever, cough, difficulty breathing, rash, diarrhea, vomiting, oral mycosis, night sweats, loss of consciousness, convulsion, agitation, nightmares, chest pain, dysphagia, odynophagia | Blood CSF Lung ONP | Lung: bronchopneumonia and aspiration pneumonia with mixed bacteria and gastrointestinal contents. Evidence of measles virus, Streptococcus species and Hemophilus influenzae. Liver: mild sinusoidal leukocytosis | Polymicrobial pneumonia (H influenzae, S pneumoniae) | … | Measles/ Rickets, Enteritis, use of traditional medication |
| September 2021 | 1 y, 4mo | M | Neg | WHZ: −3.88 WAZ: −3.22 LAZ: 0.95 HCZ: −2.9 MUAC Z: −3.22 | Unk | Fever, cough, difficulty breathing, rash, diarrhea, vomiting, oral mycosis, night sweats, loss of consciousness, convulsion, discoloration of eyes, distended abdomen. | Blood Lung ONP | Lung: interstitial pneumonitis, and bronchopneumonia. Evidence of measles, Klebsiella species and Streptococcus species. Liver: mild congestion and large droplet steatosis, focal intravascular bacteria. | Polymicrobial sepsis (K pneumoniae, S. aureus, Moraxella catarrhalis) | Bacterial and viral pneumonia (K pneumoniae, S aureus, M catarrhalis, measles). Gastroenteritis | Measles/severe malnutrition |
| November 2021 | ∼2y | F | Neg | WHZ: −2.64 WAZ: NA HAZ: NA HCZ: NA MUAC Z: NA | No | Fever, cough, pruritis, boils on the skin, diarrhea, edema of the limbs, face swelling, anal prolapse, foot ulcer, weight loss, polydipsia | Blood ONP | Lung: inadequate sample Liver: severe steatosis and sinusoidal leukocytes | Polymicrobial sepsis (E coli/Shigella, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, S pneumoniae, M catarrhalis) | Measles Shigellosis with rectal prolapse Diarrhea | Kwashiorkor/ bullous impetigo |
| February 2022 | <5y | F | Neg | WHZ: −2.9 WAZ: NA HAZ: NA HCZ: NA MUAC Z: NA | Unk | Not available | Blood CSF Lung ONP | Lung: interstitial pneumonitis, and bronchopneumonia. Evidence of Klebsiella species and Streptococcus species. Liver: mild congestion and mild steatosis | Pneumonia (K pneumoniae and S pneumoniae) | Moderate malnutrition | Measles/disseminated herpes simplex virus 1 infection |
| March 2022 | 11mo | M | Unk | WHZ: −3.22 WAZ: −4.12 HAZ: −3.64 HCZ: −3.53 MUAC Z: −1.53 | No | Fever, cough, difficulty breathing, rash, diarrhea, night sweats, runny nose, sunken eyes. | Blood Lung ONP | Lung: interstitial pneumonitis, and bronchopneumonia. Evidence of Streptococcus species. Liver: mild congestion and severe steatosis. CNS: intravascular leukocytosis | Pneumonia (S pneumoniae and Group A streptococcus [GAS]) | Sepsis (Staphylococcus aureus, S pneumoniae, GAS, and E coli/Shigella) Severe malnutrition Diarrhea | Measles |
| May 2022 | 4mo | M | Unk | WHZ: −3.73 WAZ: −5.03 HAZ: −3.68 HCZ: −2.07 MUAC: −5.58 | NA | Fever, cough | Blood Lung | Lung: bronchopneumonia. Evidence of cytomegalovirus (CMV), gram-variable rods and Pneumocystis jiroveci (PJP). Liver: mild congestion, severe steatosis, and sinusoidal leukocytosis CNS: intravascular leukocytosis | Polymicrobial sepsis (S pneumoniae, P aeruginosa, K pneumonia, M catarrhalis, Acinetobacter baumanii, E coli/Shigella) | Disseminated measles. Enteric infection (Norovirus, campylobacter) Pneumonia (S pneumoniae measles, PJP) | Severe malnutrition (acute on chronic) Immunodeficiency of unknown cause |
| May 2022 | 8mo | F | Unk | WHZ: −3.51 WAZ: −2.24 LAZ: 0.69 HCZ: −0.68 MUAC Z: −2.95 | NA | Cough, difficulty breathing, rash, diarrhea | Blood Lung ONP | Lung: interstitial pneumonitis. Evidence of Hemophilus species Liver: mild congestion and mild steatosis. | Pneumonia (H influenzae) | Moderate malnutrition Diarrhea | Measles |
Abbreviations: CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; HCZ, head circumference Z score; LAZ, length for age Z score; MUACZ, mean upper arm circumference Z score; NA, nonapplicable; Neg, negative; ONP, oral, nasal, and pharyngeal specimen; Unk, unknown; WAZ, weight for age Z score; WHZ, weight for height Z score.
aNutritional status Z score interpretation: Mild malnutrition = −1.0 to −1.9; moderate malnutrition = −2.0 to −2.9; and severe malnutrition = ≥−3.0.
bTested through quantitative polymerase chain reaction using multiplexed TaqMan Array Cards, culture, histopathology with special stains, or immunohistochemistry.
cCausal death pathways as determined through the Determination of Cause of Death process: immediate cause of death = disease or condition that directly preceded or directly led to death; morbid condition = disease or condition that was the intermediate cause of death; underlying condition = disease or injury that initiated the train of events leading directly to death; other significant disease = condition not directly associated or in the causal chain of death, but still contributed to the death.
| Date of Death . | Age . | Sex . | HIV DNA PCR . | Nutritional Statusa . | MCV Status . | Clinical Presentation . | Measles Positive Testsb . | Pathology Report . | Immediate Cause Of Deathc . | Morbid Conditionc . | Underlying Conditions/Other Significant Conditionsc . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| November 2017 | 2 y, 11mo | F | Neg | WHZ: −4.86 WAZ: −5.28 LAZ: −3.53 HCAZ: −2.45 MUAC Z: −4.18 | Unk | Not available | Blood CSF Lung ONP | Lung: neutrophilic interstitial pneumonitis. Evidence of Escherichia. coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae in vessels Liver: moderate steatosis (small and large droplet) CNS: intravascular fibrin thrombi and evidence of E coli and K pneumoniae | Sepsis (E coli) | Sepsis (K pneumoniae) | Measle/severe malnutrition |
| June 2018 | 3 y, 9mo | F | Neg | WHZ: −2.41 WAZ: −0.85 LAZ: 1.25 HCZ: −0.12 MUAC Z: −0.08 | No | Fever, cough, difficulty breathing, rash, diarrhea, vomiting, oral mycosis, night sweats, loss of consciousness, convulsion, agitation, nightmares, chest pain, dysphagia, odynophagia | Blood CSF Lung ONP | Lung: bronchopneumonia and aspiration pneumonia with mixed bacteria and gastrointestinal contents. Evidence of measles virus, Streptococcus species and Hemophilus influenzae. Liver: mild sinusoidal leukocytosis | Polymicrobial pneumonia (H influenzae, S pneumoniae) | … | Measles/ Rickets, Enteritis, use of traditional medication |
| September 2021 | 1 y, 4mo | M | Neg | WHZ: −3.88 WAZ: −3.22 LAZ: 0.95 HCZ: −2.9 MUAC Z: −3.22 | Unk | Fever, cough, difficulty breathing, rash, diarrhea, vomiting, oral mycosis, night sweats, loss of consciousness, convulsion, discoloration of eyes, distended abdomen. | Blood Lung ONP | Lung: interstitial pneumonitis, and bronchopneumonia. Evidence of measles, Klebsiella species and Streptococcus species. Liver: mild congestion and large droplet steatosis, focal intravascular bacteria. | Polymicrobial sepsis (K pneumoniae, S. aureus, Moraxella catarrhalis) | Bacterial and viral pneumonia (K pneumoniae, S aureus, M catarrhalis, measles). Gastroenteritis | Measles/severe malnutrition |
| November 2021 | ∼2y | F | Neg | WHZ: −2.64 WAZ: NA HAZ: NA HCZ: NA MUAC Z: NA | No | Fever, cough, pruritis, boils on the skin, diarrhea, edema of the limbs, face swelling, anal prolapse, foot ulcer, weight loss, polydipsia | Blood ONP | Lung: inadequate sample Liver: severe steatosis and sinusoidal leukocytes | Polymicrobial sepsis (E coli/Shigella, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, S pneumoniae, M catarrhalis) | Measles Shigellosis with rectal prolapse Diarrhea | Kwashiorkor/ bullous impetigo |
| February 2022 | <5y | F | Neg | WHZ: −2.9 WAZ: NA HAZ: NA HCZ: NA MUAC Z: NA | Unk | Not available | Blood CSF Lung ONP | Lung: interstitial pneumonitis, and bronchopneumonia. Evidence of Klebsiella species and Streptococcus species. Liver: mild congestion and mild steatosis | Pneumonia (K pneumoniae and S pneumoniae) | Moderate malnutrition | Measles/disseminated herpes simplex virus 1 infection |
| March 2022 | 11mo | M | Unk | WHZ: −3.22 WAZ: −4.12 HAZ: −3.64 HCZ: −3.53 MUAC Z: −1.53 | No | Fever, cough, difficulty breathing, rash, diarrhea, night sweats, runny nose, sunken eyes. | Blood Lung ONP | Lung: interstitial pneumonitis, and bronchopneumonia. Evidence of Streptococcus species. Liver: mild congestion and severe steatosis. CNS: intravascular leukocytosis | Pneumonia (S pneumoniae and Group A streptococcus [GAS]) | Sepsis (Staphylococcus aureus, S pneumoniae, GAS, and E coli/Shigella) Severe malnutrition Diarrhea | Measles |
| May 2022 | 4mo | M | Unk | WHZ: −3.73 WAZ: −5.03 HAZ: −3.68 HCZ: −2.07 MUAC: −5.58 | NA | Fever, cough | Blood Lung | Lung: bronchopneumonia. Evidence of cytomegalovirus (CMV), gram-variable rods and Pneumocystis jiroveci (PJP). Liver: mild congestion, severe steatosis, and sinusoidal leukocytosis CNS: intravascular leukocytosis | Polymicrobial sepsis (S pneumoniae, P aeruginosa, K pneumonia, M catarrhalis, Acinetobacter baumanii, E coli/Shigella) | Disseminated measles. Enteric infection (Norovirus, campylobacter) Pneumonia (S pneumoniae measles, PJP) | Severe malnutrition (acute on chronic) Immunodeficiency of unknown cause |
| May 2022 | 8mo | F | Unk | WHZ: −3.51 WAZ: −2.24 LAZ: 0.69 HCZ: −0.68 MUAC Z: −2.95 | NA | Cough, difficulty breathing, rash, diarrhea | Blood Lung ONP | Lung: interstitial pneumonitis. Evidence of Hemophilus species Liver: mild congestion and mild steatosis. | Pneumonia (H influenzae) | Moderate malnutrition Diarrhea | Measles |
| Date of Death . | Age . | Sex . | HIV DNA PCR . | Nutritional Statusa . | MCV Status . | Clinical Presentation . | Measles Positive Testsb . | Pathology Report . | Immediate Cause Of Deathc . | Morbid Conditionc . | Underlying Conditions/Other Significant Conditionsc . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| November 2017 | 2 y, 11mo | F | Neg | WHZ: −4.86 WAZ: −5.28 LAZ: −3.53 HCAZ: −2.45 MUAC Z: −4.18 | Unk | Not available | Blood CSF Lung ONP | Lung: neutrophilic interstitial pneumonitis. Evidence of Escherichia. coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae in vessels Liver: moderate steatosis (small and large droplet) CNS: intravascular fibrin thrombi and evidence of E coli and K pneumoniae | Sepsis (E coli) | Sepsis (K pneumoniae) | Measle/severe malnutrition |
| June 2018 | 3 y, 9mo | F | Neg | WHZ: −2.41 WAZ: −0.85 LAZ: 1.25 HCZ: −0.12 MUAC Z: −0.08 | No | Fever, cough, difficulty breathing, rash, diarrhea, vomiting, oral mycosis, night sweats, loss of consciousness, convulsion, agitation, nightmares, chest pain, dysphagia, odynophagia | Blood CSF Lung ONP | Lung: bronchopneumonia and aspiration pneumonia with mixed bacteria and gastrointestinal contents. Evidence of measles virus, Streptococcus species and Hemophilus influenzae. Liver: mild sinusoidal leukocytosis | Polymicrobial pneumonia (H influenzae, S pneumoniae) | … | Measles/ Rickets, Enteritis, use of traditional medication |
| September 2021 | 1 y, 4mo | M | Neg | WHZ: −3.88 WAZ: −3.22 LAZ: 0.95 HCZ: −2.9 MUAC Z: −3.22 | Unk | Fever, cough, difficulty breathing, rash, diarrhea, vomiting, oral mycosis, night sweats, loss of consciousness, convulsion, discoloration of eyes, distended abdomen. | Blood Lung ONP | Lung: interstitial pneumonitis, and bronchopneumonia. Evidence of measles, Klebsiella species and Streptococcus species. Liver: mild congestion and large droplet steatosis, focal intravascular bacteria. | Polymicrobial sepsis (K pneumoniae, S. aureus, Moraxella catarrhalis) | Bacterial and viral pneumonia (K pneumoniae, S aureus, M catarrhalis, measles). Gastroenteritis | Measles/severe malnutrition |
| November 2021 | ∼2y | F | Neg | WHZ: −2.64 WAZ: NA HAZ: NA HCZ: NA MUAC Z: NA | No | Fever, cough, pruritis, boils on the skin, diarrhea, edema of the limbs, face swelling, anal prolapse, foot ulcer, weight loss, polydipsia | Blood ONP | Lung: inadequate sample Liver: severe steatosis and sinusoidal leukocytes | Polymicrobial sepsis (E coli/Shigella, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, S pneumoniae, M catarrhalis) | Measles Shigellosis with rectal prolapse Diarrhea | Kwashiorkor/ bullous impetigo |
| February 2022 | <5y | F | Neg | WHZ: −2.9 WAZ: NA HAZ: NA HCZ: NA MUAC Z: NA | Unk | Not available | Blood CSF Lung ONP | Lung: interstitial pneumonitis, and bronchopneumonia. Evidence of Klebsiella species and Streptococcus species. Liver: mild congestion and mild steatosis | Pneumonia (K pneumoniae and S pneumoniae) | Moderate malnutrition | Measles/disseminated herpes simplex virus 1 infection |
| March 2022 | 11mo | M | Unk | WHZ: −3.22 WAZ: −4.12 HAZ: −3.64 HCZ: −3.53 MUAC Z: −1.53 | No | Fever, cough, difficulty breathing, rash, diarrhea, night sweats, runny nose, sunken eyes. | Blood Lung ONP | Lung: interstitial pneumonitis, and bronchopneumonia. Evidence of Streptococcus species. Liver: mild congestion and severe steatosis. CNS: intravascular leukocytosis | Pneumonia (S pneumoniae and Group A streptococcus [GAS]) | Sepsis (Staphylococcus aureus, S pneumoniae, GAS, and E coli/Shigella) Severe malnutrition Diarrhea | Measles |
| May 2022 | 4mo | M | Unk | WHZ: −3.73 WAZ: −5.03 HAZ: −3.68 HCZ: −2.07 MUAC: −5.58 | NA | Fever, cough | Blood Lung | Lung: bronchopneumonia. Evidence of cytomegalovirus (CMV), gram-variable rods and Pneumocystis jiroveci (PJP). Liver: mild congestion, severe steatosis, and sinusoidal leukocytosis CNS: intravascular leukocytosis | Polymicrobial sepsis (S pneumoniae, P aeruginosa, K pneumonia, M catarrhalis, Acinetobacter baumanii, E coli/Shigella) | Disseminated measles. Enteric infection (Norovirus, campylobacter) Pneumonia (S pneumoniae measles, PJP) | Severe malnutrition (acute on chronic) Immunodeficiency of unknown cause |
| May 2022 | 8mo | F | Unk | WHZ: −3.51 WAZ: −2.24 LAZ: 0.69 HCZ: −0.68 MUAC Z: −2.95 | NA | Cough, difficulty breathing, rash, diarrhea | Blood Lung ONP | Lung: interstitial pneumonitis. Evidence of Hemophilus species Liver: mild congestion and mild steatosis. | Pneumonia (H influenzae) | Moderate malnutrition Diarrhea | Measles |
Abbreviations: CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; HCZ, head circumference Z score; LAZ, length for age Z score; MUACZ, mean upper arm circumference Z score; NA, nonapplicable; Neg, negative; ONP, oral, nasal, and pharyngeal specimen; Unk, unknown; WAZ, weight for age Z score; WHZ, weight for height Z score.
aNutritional status Z score interpretation: Mild malnutrition = −1.0 to −1.9; moderate malnutrition = −2.0 to −2.9; and severe malnutrition = ≥−3.0.
bTested through quantitative polymerase chain reaction using multiplexed TaqMan Array Cards, culture, histopathology with special stains, or immunohistochemistry.
cCausal death pathways as determined through the Determination of Cause of Death process: immediate cause of death = disease or condition that directly preceded or directly led to death; morbid condition = disease or condition that was the intermediate cause of death; underlying condition = disease or injury that initiated the train of events leading directly to death; other significant disease = condition not directly associated or in the causal chain of death, but still contributed to the death.
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