| Data subset . | Bills and questions . | All sentences . | Topics . | All . | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dependent variable: . | Argument . | Offensive . | Argument . | Offensive . | Bad language . | Dismissive language . | Dismissive language . | Polarity . |
| Regression (type of dep. variable) . | Logistic (labels) . | OLS (frequencies) . | ||||||
| (1) . | (2) . | (3) . | (4) . | (5) . | (6) . | (7) . | (8) . | |
| month_id | −0.0001*** (0.00003) | 0.0003*** (0.00003) | 0.001*** (0.0001) | |||||
| I(month_id2) | 0.00000*** (0.00000) | −0.00000*** (0.00000) | −0.00000*** (0.00000) | |||||
| governmentLiberal | 0.057*** (0.005) | 0.037 (0.023) | 0.159*** (0.008) | 0.045* (0.017) | −0.013*** (0.003) | −0.021*** (0.004) | −0.007 (0.006) | −0.002 (0.001) |
| chamberSenate | −0.101*** (0.005) | −0.059* (0.022) | −0.046*** (0.008) | −0.037 (0.017) | −0.018*** (0.003) | −0.018*** (0.004) | −0.014 (0.006) | |
| party_familyLabor | 0.013* (0.005) | 0.020 (0.022) | 0.058*** (0.008) | 0.046* (0.017) | −0.0001 (0.003) | 0.024*** (0.004) | 0.045*** (0.006) | −0.004*** (0.001) |
| party_familyGreens | 0.329*** (0.010) | 0.266*** (0.047) | 0.493*** (0.015) | 0.261*** (0.034) | −0.003 (0.007) | 0.144*** (0.009) | 0.128*** (0.012) | −0.017*** (0.001) |
| party_familycentre | 0.296*** (0.012) | 0.197** (0.055) | 0.405*** (0.017) | 0.213*** (0.040) | 0.010 (0.006) | 0.023** (0.007) | 0.035** (0.011) | −0.008*** (0.001) |
| party_familyind. | 0.174*** (0.018) | 0.111 (0.080) | 0.248*** (0.027) | 0.138 (0.061) | 0.018* (0.007) | 0.107*** (0.009) | 0.139*** (0.017) | −0.004 (0.002) |
| party_familyright | 0.342*** (0.027) | 0.822*** (0.091) | 0.468*** (0.042) | 0.729*** (0.069) | 0.078*** (0.011) | 0.134*** (0.014) | 0.199*** (0.024) | −0.018*** (0.004) |
| topicAbortion | 0.952*** (0.017) | 1.345*** (0.054) | 1.439*** (0.023) | 1.197*** (0.041) | 0.005 (0.017) | −0.020*** (0.002) | ||
| topicCoal | 0.481*** (0.006) | 0.293*** (0.026) | 0.472*** (0.010) | 0.220*** (0.019) | 0.080*** (0.006) | −0.008*** (0.001) | ||
| topicDrugs | 1.240*** (0.015) | 0.974*** (0.056) | 1.909*** (0.022) | 1.008*** (0.042) | −0.030 (0.015) | −0.049*** (0.002) | ||
| topicNuclear | 0.953*** (0.008) | 0.102 (0.040) | 1.771*** (0.010) | 0.193*** (0.028) | −0.001 (0.008) | −0.022*** (0.001) | ||
| topicRenewables | 1.140*** (0.009) | −0.088 (0.053) | 1.737*** (0.014) | −0.117** (0.040) | 0.023 (0.011) | 0.003 (0.001) | ||
| decade_id1910 | 0.064 (0.036) | 0.605 (0.263) | 0.298*** (0.055) | 0.284 (0.199) | −0.0005 (0.005) | |||
| decade_id1920 | 0.063 (0.033) | 0.495 (0.254) | 0.288*** (0.050) | 0.333 (0.181) | −0.011 (0.004) | |||
| decade_id1930 | 0.132*** (0.034) | 0.880** (0.244) | 0.288*** (0.049) | 0.635** (0.172) | 0.001 (0.004) | |||
| decade_id1940 | 0.123*** (0.029) | 0.849** (0.227) | 0.402*** (0.042) | 0.563** (0.155) | −0.002 (0.004) | |||
| decade_id1950 | −0.087** (0.029) | 0.671** (0.227) | −0.080 (0.042) | 0.379 (0.156) | 0.011** (0.004) | |||
| decade_id1960 | −0.308*** (0.029) | 0.838** (0.223) | −0.352*** (0.042) | 0.566** (0.150) | 0.005 (0.004) | |||
| decade_id1970 | −0.407*** (0.028) | 1.097*** (0.217) | −0.616*** (0.040) | 0.859*** (0.144) | −0.010** (0.003) | |||
| decade_id1980 | −0.327*** (0.027) | 1.157*** (0.217) | −0.600*** (0.040) | 0.964*** (0.143) | −0.009* (0.003) | |||
| decade_id1990 | −0.316*** (0.027) | 1.228*** (0.215) | −0.651*** (0.039) | 1.026*** (0.142) | −0.001 (0.003) | |||
| decade_id2000 | −0.201*** (0.027) | 1.125*** (0.215) | −0.609*** (0.039) | 0.966*** (0.142) | 0.001 (0.003) | |||
| decade_id2010 | −0.053 (0.026) | 1.357*** (0.215) | −0.496*** (0.039) | 1.131*** (0.142) | 0.011** (0.003) | |||
| decade_id2020 | 0.076* (0.029) | 1.221*** (0.222) | −0.213*** (0.042) | 1.114*** (0.146) | 0.013** (0.004) | |||
| Constant | −2.076*** (0.027) | −6.509*** (0.217) | −1.794*** (0.040) | −6.223*** (0.143) | 0.119*** (0.006) | 0.086*** (0.008) | 0.008 (0.014) | 0.092*** (0.003) |
| Observations | 1,611,653 | 1,611,653 | 593,482 | 2,559,862 | 90,351 | 90,351 | 69,133 | 593,482 |
| Data subset . | Bills and questions . | All sentences . | Topics . | All . | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dependent variable: . | Argument . | Offensive . | Argument . | Offensive . | Bad language . | Dismissive language . | Dismissive language . | Polarity . |
| Regression (type of dep. variable) . | Logistic (labels) . | OLS (frequencies) . | ||||||
| (1) . | (2) . | (3) . | (4) . | (5) . | (6) . | (7) . | (8) . | |
| month_id | −0.0001*** (0.00003) | 0.0003*** (0.00003) | 0.001*** (0.0001) | |||||
| I(month_id2) | 0.00000*** (0.00000) | −0.00000*** (0.00000) | −0.00000*** (0.00000) | |||||
| governmentLiberal | 0.057*** (0.005) | 0.037 (0.023) | 0.159*** (0.008) | 0.045* (0.017) | −0.013*** (0.003) | −0.021*** (0.004) | −0.007 (0.006) | −0.002 (0.001) |
| chamberSenate | −0.101*** (0.005) | −0.059* (0.022) | −0.046*** (0.008) | −0.037 (0.017) | −0.018*** (0.003) | −0.018*** (0.004) | −0.014 (0.006) | |
| party_familyLabor | 0.013* (0.005) | 0.020 (0.022) | 0.058*** (0.008) | 0.046* (0.017) | −0.0001 (0.003) | 0.024*** (0.004) | 0.045*** (0.006) | −0.004*** (0.001) |
| party_familyGreens | 0.329*** (0.010) | 0.266*** (0.047) | 0.493*** (0.015) | 0.261*** (0.034) | −0.003 (0.007) | 0.144*** (0.009) | 0.128*** (0.012) | −0.017*** (0.001) |
| party_familycentre | 0.296*** (0.012) | 0.197** (0.055) | 0.405*** (0.017) | 0.213*** (0.040) | 0.010 (0.006) | 0.023** (0.007) | 0.035** (0.011) | −0.008*** (0.001) |
| party_familyind. | 0.174*** (0.018) | 0.111 (0.080) | 0.248*** (0.027) | 0.138 (0.061) | 0.018* (0.007) | 0.107*** (0.009) | 0.139*** (0.017) | −0.004 (0.002) |
| party_familyright | 0.342*** (0.027) | 0.822*** (0.091) | 0.468*** (0.042) | 0.729*** (0.069) | 0.078*** (0.011) | 0.134*** (0.014) | 0.199*** (0.024) | −0.018*** (0.004) |
| topicAbortion | 0.952*** (0.017) | 1.345*** (0.054) | 1.439*** (0.023) | 1.197*** (0.041) | 0.005 (0.017) | −0.020*** (0.002) | ||
| topicCoal | 0.481*** (0.006) | 0.293*** (0.026) | 0.472*** (0.010) | 0.220*** (0.019) | 0.080*** (0.006) | −0.008*** (0.001) | ||
| topicDrugs | 1.240*** (0.015) | 0.974*** (0.056) | 1.909*** (0.022) | 1.008*** (0.042) | −0.030 (0.015) | −0.049*** (0.002) | ||
| topicNuclear | 0.953*** (0.008) | 0.102 (0.040) | 1.771*** (0.010) | 0.193*** (0.028) | −0.001 (0.008) | −0.022*** (0.001) | ||
| topicRenewables | 1.140*** (0.009) | −0.088 (0.053) | 1.737*** (0.014) | −0.117** (0.040) | 0.023 (0.011) | 0.003 (0.001) | ||
| decade_id1910 | 0.064 (0.036) | 0.605 (0.263) | 0.298*** (0.055) | 0.284 (0.199) | −0.0005 (0.005) | |||
| decade_id1920 | 0.063 (0.033) | 0.495 (0.254) | 0.288*** (0.050) | 0.333 (0.181) | −0.011 (0.004) | |||
| decade_id1930 | 0.132*** (0.034) | 0.880** (0.244) | 0.288*** (0.049) | 0.635** (0.172) | 0.001 (0.004) | |||
| decade_id1940 | 0.123*** (0.029) | 0.849** (0.227) | 0.402*** (0.042) | 0.563** (0.155) | −0.002 (0.004) | |||
| decade_id1950 | −0.087** (0.029) | 0.671** (0.227) | −0.080 (0.042) | 0.379 (0.156) | 0.011** (0.004) | |||
| decade_id1960 | −0.308*** (0.029) | 0.838** (0.223) | −0.352*** (0.042) | 0.566** (0.150) | 0.005 (0.004) | |||
| decade_id1970 | −0.407*** (0.028) | 1.097*** (0.217) | −0.616*** (0.040) | 0.859*** (0.144) | −0.010** (0.003) | |||
| decade_id1980 | −0.327*** (0.027) | 1.157*** (0.217) | −0.600*** (0.040) | 0.964*** (0.143) | −0.009* (0.003) | |||
| decade_id1990 | −0.316*** (0.027) | 1.228*** (0.215) | −0.651*** (0.039) | 1.026*** (0.142) | −0.001 (0.003) | |||
| decade_id2000 | −0.201*** (0.027) | 1.125*** (0.215) | −0.609*** (0.039) | 0.966*** (0.142) | 0.001 (0.003) | |||
| decade_id2010 | −0.053 (0.026) | 1.357*** (0.215) | −0.496*** (0.039) | 1.131*** (0.142) | 0.011** (0.003) | |||
| decade_id2020 | 0.076* (0.029) | 1.221*** (0.222) | −0.213*** (0.042) | 1.114*** (0.146) | 0.013** (0.004) | |||
| Constant | −2.076*** (0.027) | −6.509*** (0.217) | −1.794*** (0.040) | −6.223*** (0.143) | 0.119*** (0.006) | 0.086*** (0.008) | 0.008 (0.014) | 0.092*** (0.003) |
| Observations | 1,611,653 | 1,611,653 | 593,482 | 2,559,862 | 90,351 | 90,351 | 69,133 | 593,482 |
Note: *p < 0.01; ** p < 0.005; *** p < 0.001
| Data subset . | Bills and questions . | All sentences . | Topics . | All . | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dependent variable: . | Argument . | Offensive . | Argument . | Offensive . | Bad language . | Dismissive language . | Dismissive language . | Polarity . |
| Regression (type of dep. variable) . | Logistic (labels) . | OLS (frequencies) . | ||||||
| (1) . | (2) . | (3) . | (4) . | (5) . | (6) . | (7) . | (8) . | |
| month_id | −0.0001*** (0.00003) | 0.0003*** (0.00003) | 0.001*** (0.0001) | |||||
| I(month_id2) | 0.00000*** (0.00000) | −0.00000*** (0.00000) | −0.00000*** (0.00000) | |||||
| governmentLiberal | 0.057*** (0.005) | 0.037 (0.023) | 0.159*** (0.008) | 0.045* (0.017) | −0.013*** (0.003) | −0.021*** (0.004) | −0.007 (0.006) | −0.002 (0.001) |
| chamberSenate | −0.101*** (0.005) | −0.059* (0.022) | −0.046*** (0.008) | −0.037 (0.017) | −0.018*** (0.003) | −0.018*** (0.004) | −0.014 (0.006) | |
| party_familyLabor | 0.013* (0.005) | 0.020 (0.022) | 0.058*** (0.008) | 0.046* (0.017) | −0.0001 (0.003) | 0.024*** (0.004) | 0.045*** (0.006) | −0.004*** (0.001) |
| party_familyGreens | 0.329*** (0.010) | 0.266*** (0.047) | 0.493*** (0.015) | 0.261*** (0.034) | −0.003 (0.007) | 0.144*** (0.009) | 0.128*** (0.012) | −0.017*** (0.001) |
| party_familycentre | 0.296*** (0.012) | 0.197** (0.055) | 0.405*** (0.017) | 0.213*** (0.040) | 0.010 (0.006) | 0.023** (0.007) | 0.035** (0.011) | −0.008*** (0.001) |
| party_familyind. | 0.174*** (0.018) | 0.111 (0.080) | 0.248*** (0.027) | 0.138 (0.061) | 0.018* (0.007) | 0.107*** (0.009) | 0.139*** (0.017) | −0.004 (0.002) |
| party_familyright | 0.342*** (0.027) | 0.822*** (0.091) | 0.468*** (0.042) | 0.729*** (0.069) | 0.078*** (0.011) | 0.134*** (0.014) | 0.199*** (0.024) | −0.018*** (0.004) |
| topicAbortion | 0.952*** (0.017) | 1.345*** (0.054) | 1.439*** (0.023) | 1.197*** (0.041) | 0.005 (0.017) | −0.020*** (0.002) | ||
| topicCoal | 0.481*** (0.006) | 0.293*** (0.026) | 0.472*** (0.010) | 0.220*** (0.019) | 0.080*** (0.006) | −0.008*** (0.001) | ||
| topicDrugs | 1.240*** (0.015) | 0.974*** (0.056) | 1.909*** (0.022) | 1.008*** (0.042) | −0.030 (0.015) | −0.049*** (0.002) | ||
| topicNuclear | 0.953*** (0.008) | 0.102 (0.040) | 1.771*** (0.010) | 0.193*** (0.028) | −0.001 (0.008) | −0.022*** (0.001) | ||
| topicRenewables | 1.140*** (0.009) | −0.088 (0.053) | 1.737*** (0.014) | −0.117** (0.040) | 0.023 (0.011) | 0.003 (0.001) | ||
| decade_id1910 | 0.064 (0.036) | 0.605 (0.263) | 0.298*** (0.055) | 0.284 (0.199) | −0.0005 (0.005) | |||
| decade_id1920 | 0.063 (0.033) | 0.495 (0.254) | 0.288*** (0.050) | 0.333 (0.181) | −0.011 (0.004) | |||
| decade_id1930 | 0.132*** (0.034) | 0.880** (0.244) | 0.288*** (0.049) | 0.635** (0.172) | 0.001 (0.004) | |||
| decade_id1940 | 0.123*** (0.029) | 0.849** (0.227) | 0.402*** (0.042) | 0.563** (0.155) | −0.002 (0.004) | |||
| decade_id1950 | −0.087** (0.029) | 0.671** (0.227) | −0.080 (0.042) | 0.379 (0.156) | 0.011** (0.004) | |||
| decade_id1960 | −0.308*** (0.029) | 0.838** (0.223) | −0.352*** (0.042) | 0.566** (0.150) | 0.005 (0.004) | |||
| decade_id1970 | −0.407*** (0.028) | 1.097*** (0.217) | −0.616*** (0.040) | 0.859*** (0.144) | −0.010** (0.003) | |||
| decade_id1980 | −0.327*** (0.027) | 1.157*** (0.217) | −0.600*** (0.040) | 0.964*** (0.143) | −0.009* (0.003) | |||
| decade_id1990 | −0.316*** (0.027) | 1.228*** (0.215) | −0.651*** (0.039) | 1.026*** (0.142) | −0.001 (0.003) | |||
| decade_id2000 | −0.201*** (0.027) | 1.125*** (0.215) | −0.609*** (0.039) | 0.966*** (0.142) | 0.001 (0.003) | |||
| decade_id2010 | −0.053 (0.026) | 1.357*** (0.215) | −0.496*** (0.039) | 1.131*** (0.142) | 0.011** (0.003) | |||
| decade_id2020 | 0.076* (0.029) | 1.221*** (0.222) | −0.213*** (0.042) | 1.114*** (0.146) | 0.013** (0.004) | |||
| Constant | −2.076*** (0.027) | −6.509*** (0.217) | −1.794*** (0.040) | −6.223*** (0.143) | 0.119*** (0.006) | 0.086*** (0.008) | 0.008 (0.014) | 0.092*** (0.003) |
| Observations | 1,611,653 | 1,611,653 | 593,482 | 2,559,862 | 90,351 | 90,351 | 69,133 | 593,482 |
| Data subset . | Bills and questions . | All sentences . | Topics . | All . | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dependent variable: . | Argument . | Offensive . | Argument . | Offensive . | Bad language . | Dismissive language . | Dismissive language . | Polarity . |
| Regression (type of dep. variable) . | Logistic (labels) . | OLS (frequencies) . | ||||||
| (1) . | (2) . | (3) . | (4) . | (5) . | (6) . | (7) . | (8) . | |
| month_id | −0.0001*** (0.00003) | 0.0003*** (0.00003) | 0.001*** (0.0001) | |||||
| I(month_id2) | 0.00000*** (0.00000) | −0.00000*** (0.00000) | −0.00000*** (0.00000) | |||||
| governmentLiberal | 0.057*** (0.005) | 0.037 (0.023) | 0.159*** (0.008) | 0.045* (0.017) | −0.013*** (0.003) | −0.021*** (0.004) | −0.007 (0.006) | −0.002 (0.001) |
| chamberSenate | −0.101*** (0.005) | −0.059* (0.022) | −0.046*** (0.008) | −0.037 (0.017) | −0.018*** (0.003) | −0.018*** (0.004) | −0.014 (0.006) | |
| party_familyLabor | 0.013* (0.005) | 0.020 (0.022) | 0.058*** (0.008) | 0.046* (0.017) | −0.0001 (0.003) | 0.024*** (0.004) | 0.045*** (0.006) | −0.004*** (0.001) |
| party_familyGreens | 0.329*** (0.010) | 0.266*** (0.047) | 0.493*** (0.015) | 0.261*** (0.034) | −0.003 (0.007) | 0.144*** (0.009) | 0.128*** (0.012) | −0.017*** (0.001) |
| party_familycentre | 0.296*** (0.012) | 0.197** (0.055) | 0.405*** (0.017) | 0.213*** (0.040) | 0.010 (0.006) | 0.023** (0.007) | 0.035** (0.011) | −0.008*** (0.001) |
| party_familyind. | 0.174*** (0.018) | 0.111 (0.080) | 0.248*** (0.027) | 0.138 (0.061) | 0.018* (0.007) | 0.107*** (0.009) | 0.139*** (0.017) | −0.004 (0.002) |
| party_familyright | 0.342*** (0.027) | 0.822*** (0.091) | 0.468*** (0.042) | 0.729*** (0.069) | 0.078*** (0.011) | 0.134*** (0.014) | 0.199*** (0.024) | −0.018*** (0.004) |
| topicAbortion | 0.952*** (0.017) | 1.345*** (0.054) | 1.439*** (0.023) | 1.197*** (0.041) | 0.005 (0.017) | −0.020*** (0.002) | ||
| topicCoal | 0.481*** (0.006) | 0.293*** (0.026) | 0.472*** (0.010) | 0.220*** (0.019) | 0.080*** (0.006) | −0.008*** (0.001) | ||
| topicDrugs | 1.240*** (0.015) | 0.974*** (0.056) | 1.909*** (0.022) | 1.008*** (0.042) | −0.030 (0.015) | −0.049*** (0.002) | ||
| topicNuclear | 0.953*** (0.008) | 0.102 (0.040) | 1.771*** (0.010) | 0.193*** (0.028) | −0.001 (0.008) | −0.022*** (0.001) | ||
| topicRenewables | 1.140*** (0.009) | −0.088 (0.053) | 1.737*** (0.014) | −0.117** (0.040) | 0.023 (0.011) | 0.003 (0.001) | ||
| decade_id1910 | 0.064 (0.036) | 0.605 (0.263) | 0.298*** (0.055) | 0.284 (0.199) | −0.0005 (0.005) | |||
| decade_id1920 | 0.063 (0.033) | 0.495 (0.254) | 0.288*** (0.050) | 0.333 (0.181) | −0.011 (0.004) | |||
| decade_id1930 | 0.132*** (0.034) | 0.880** (0.244) | 0.288*** (0.049) | 0.635** (0.172) | 0.001 (0.004) | |||
| decade_id1940 | 0.123*** (0.029) | 0.849** (0.227) | 0.402*** (0.042) | 0.563** (0.155) | −0.002 (0.004) | |||
| decade_id1950 | −0.087** (0.029) | 0.671** (0.227) | −0.080 (0.042) | 0.379 (0.156) | 0.011** (0.004) | |||
| decade_id1960 | −0.308*** (0.029) | 0.838** (0.223) | −0.352*** (0.042) | 0.566** (0.150) | 0.005 (0.004) | |||
| decade_id1970 | −0.407*** (0.028) | 1.097*** (0.217) | −0.616*** (0.040) | 0.859*** (0.144) | −0.010** (0.003) | |||
| decade_id1980 | −0.327*** (0.027) | 1.157*** (0.217) | −0.600*** (0.040) | 0.964*** (0.143) | −0.009* (0.003) | |||
| decade_id1990 | −0.316*** (0.027) | 1.228*** (0.215) | −0.651*** (0.039) | 1.026*** (0.142) | −0.001 (0.003) | |||
| decade_id2000 | −0.201*** (0.027) | 1.125*** (0.215) | −0.609*** (0.039) | 0.966*** (0.142) | 0.001 (0.003) | |||
| decade_id2010 | −0.053 (0.026) | 1.357*** (0.215) | −0.496*** (0.039) | 1.131*** (0.142) | 0.011** (0.003) | |||
| decade_id2020 | 0.076* (0.029) | 1.221*** (0.222) | −0.213*** (0.042) | 1.114*** (0.146) | 0.013** (0.004) | |||
| Constant | −2.076*** (0.027) | −6.509*** (0.217) | −1.794*** (0.040) | −6.223*** (0.143) | 0.119*** (0.006) | 0.086*** (0.008) | 0.008 (0.014) | 0.092*** (0.003) |
| Observations | 1,611,653 | 1,611,653 | 593,482 | 2,559,862 | 90,351 | 90,351 | 69,133 | 593,482 |
Note: *p < 0.01; ** p < 0.005; *** p < 0.001
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