Summary of the measured response variables and respective outcomes for each relevant publication organized by taxa for prediction 1 and the listed metrics of function as they were reported in the publication as a function of taxa.
| . | . | Response variable . | Response . | . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Taxa . | Source . | category . | variable . | Outcome . |
| Seagrasses | Evans et al. 2016 | Abundance | Biomass | Positive or neutral |
| Shoot density | Neutral | |||
| Morphometric | Leaf surface area | Positive or neutral | ||
| Physiology | Nitrogen content | Neutral | ||
| Productivity | Positive or neutral | |||
| Total phenolics | Neutral | |||
| Community | Epiphyte biomass | Positive | ||
| Fish counts | Untested or not reported | |||
| Herbivory | Positive or neutral | |||
| Salo and Gustafsson 2016 | Abundance | Shoot density | Neutral | |
| Survival | Positive | |||
| Abbott et al. 2017 | Abundance | Biomass | Positive or negative | |
| Survivorship | Neutral | |||
| Physiology | Leaf elongation | Positive or neutral | ||
| Community | Invertebrate abundance | Positive | ||
| Reusch et al. 2005 | Abundance | Biomass | Positive | |
| Shoot density | Positive | |||
| Sinclair et al. 2020 | Reproduction | Flower production | Neutral | |
| Fruit production | Neutral | |||
| Seed to ovule ratio | Neutral | |||
| Williams et al. 2018 | Ecosystem | Ammonification | Neutral | |
| Detritus degradation rates | Neutral | |||
| Detritus standing stock | Neutral | |||
| Hughes and Stachowicz 2009 | Abundance | Shoot density | Positive | |
| Community | Epiphyte algal biomass | Negative or neutral | ||
| Máñez-Crespo et al. 2020 | Abundance | Aboveground biomass | Positive | |
| Belowground biomass | Positive | |||
| Root weight ratio | Neutral | |||
| Shoot density | Untested or not reported | |||
| Morphometric | Leaf length | Untested or not reported | ||
| Leaf width | Untested or not reported | |||
| Total leaf area | Negative | |||
| Physiology | Number of leaves per shoot | Untested or not reported | ||
| Reproduction | Seed count | Positive | ||
| Community | Epiphyte load | Positive | ||
| Hays et al. 2021 | Abundance | Coverage | Untested or not reported | |
| Number of vegetative shoots | Neutral | |||
| Morphometric | Length | Untested or not reported | ||
| Reproduction | Number of flowering shoots | Positive or negative | ||
| Number of seeds per spadix | Untested or not reported | |||
| Number of spathes per flowering shoot | Untested or not reported | |||
| Jahnke et al. 2015 | Abundance | Initial number of leaves | Untested or not reported | |
| Shoot density | Positive | |||
| Morphometric | Initial leaf length | Untested or not reported | ||
| Physiology | Leaf carbon content | Untested or not reported | ||
| Leaf growth | Untested or not reported | |||
| Leaf nitrogen content | Positive | |||
| State of the apical part of each leaf | Untested or not reported | |||
| Reproduction | Flower abundance | Positive or negative | ||
| Community | Direct herbivory rates | Untested or not reported | ||
| Hughes et al. 2016 | Abundance | Aboveground biomass | Positive | |
| Belowground biomass | Positive | |||
| Morphometric | Maximum root length | Positive | ||
| Maximum shoot length | Positive | |||
| Rhizome length | Neutral | |||
| Shoot width | Positive | |||
| Physiology | Number of leaves per shoot | Positive | ||
| Reproduction | Number of seedlings per plot | Neutral | ||
| Martínez-García et al. 2021 | Morphometric | Leaf length | Untested or not reported | |
| Leaf width | Untested or not reported | |||
| Williams and Davis 1996 | Abundance | Bed area | Neutral | |
| Reynolds et al. 2012 | Abundance | Shoot density | Positive | |
| Morphometric | Maximum shoot height | Positive | ||
| Physiology | Leaf nitrogen content | Neutral | ||
| Seagrass productivity (leaf elongation) | Positive | |||
| Community | Invertebrate density | Neutral | ||
| Novak et al. 2017 | Abundance | Aboveground wet weight | Untested or not reported | |
| Belowground wet weight | Untested or not reported | |||
| Number of shoots | Positive or neutral | |||
| Morphometric | Internode length | Untested or not reported | ||
| Leaf length | Untested or not reported | |||
| Lead weight | Untested or not reported | |||
| Leaf width | Untested or not reported | |||
| Sheath length | Untested or not reported | |||
| Physiology | Number of leaves per shoot | Untested or not reported | ||
| Evans et al. 2018 | Abundance | Biomass | Untested or not reported | |
| Survival | Positive | |||
| Morphometric | Leaf surface area | Negative | ||
| Physiology | Leaf elongation | Negative | ||
| Nitrogen content | Positive | |||
| Nonstructural carbohydrates | Positive | |||
| Root growth | Negative | |||
| Total phenolics | Neutral | |||
| Community | Herbivory | Neutral | ||
| Micheli et al. 2015 | Abundance | Shoot biomass | Neutral | |
| Shoot density | Neutral | |||
| Morphometric | Leaf length | Neutral | ||
| Leaf width | Neutral | |||
| Physiology | Numbe of leaves per shoot | Neutral | ||
| Abbott and Stachowicz 2016 | Abundance | Aboveground biomass | Neutral | |
| Belowground biomass | Neutral | |||
| Zhang et al. 2020 | Abundance | Biomass | Negative | |
| Number of vegetative shoots | Untested or not reported | |||
| Shoot density | Negative | |||
| Morphometric | Shoot height | Negative | ||
| Reproduction | Flowering shoot density | Neutral | ||
| Number of flowering shoots | Neutral | |||
| Seedbanks | Positive | |||
| Zhang et al. 2019 | Abundance | Biomass | Not reported or untested | |
| Meadow area | Not reported or untested | |||
| Number of vegetative shoots | Not reported or untested | |||
| Shoot density | Not reported or untested | |||
| Morphometric | Shoot height | Not reported or untested | ||
| Reproduction | Number of flowering shoots | Not reported or untested | ||
| Number of spathes per shoot | Not reported or untested | |||
| Pollinated spathes per shoot | Not reported or untested | |||
| Seed density | Not reported or untested | |||
| Reusch 2003 | Reproduction | Seed set | Positive | |
| Corals | Qin et al. 2019 | Physiology | Zooxanthellae density | Untested or not reported |
| Forcioli et al. 2011 | Physiology | Chlorophyll a | Not reported or untested | |
| Zooxanthellae density | Not reported or untested | |||
| Wilkinson et al. 2018 | Physiology | Chlorophyll content | Positive | |
| Host protein biomass | Positive | |||
| Symbiont density cell or size | Negative | |||
| Manzello et al. 2019 | Abundance | Percentage cover | Untested or not reported | |
| Physiology | Coral condition, bleaching | Untested or not reported | ||
| Richards et al. 2013 | Other | Extinction risk | Neutral | |
| Bay, LK; Doyle, J; Logan, M; Berkelmans, R | Abundance | Percentage mortality | Neutral | |
| Physiology | Prevalence of bleaching | Neutral | ||
| Sawall et al. 2015 | Abundance | Tissue biomass | Untested or not reported | |
| Physiology | Calcification rates | Untested or not reported | ||
| Metabolic rates | Untested or not reported | |||
| Mucus release rates | Untested or not reported | |||
| Respiration | Untested or not reported | |||
| Tissue protein concentration | Untested or not reported | |||
| Prada et al. 2008 | Abundance | Number of terminal branches | Untested or not reported | |
| Polyp density | Untested or not reported | |||
| Morphometric | Average length of terminal branches | Untested or not reported | ||
| Branch thickness | Untested or not reported | |||
| Calice diameter | Untested or not reported | |||
| Capstan length | Untested or not reported | |||
| Capstan width | Untested or not reported | |||
| Club length | Untested or not reported | |||
| Club width | Untested or not reported | |||
| Colony height | Untested or not reported | |||
| Intercalice distance | Untested or not reported | |||
| Spindle length | Untested or not reported | |||
| Spindle width | Untested or not reported | |||
| Surface area | Untested or not reported | |||
| Marsh Plants | Sommerville et al. 2013 | Reproduction | Seed production | Positive |
| Noto and Hughes 2020a | Abundance | Biomass | Positive | |
| Mortality | Untested or not reported | |||
| Number of live stems | Positive | |||
| Morphometric | Maximum stem height | Positive | ||
| Reproduction | Number of flowering plants | Untested or not reported | ||
| Hughes 2014 | Abundance | Percentage cover | Neutral | |
| Plant spatial spread | Positive | |||
| Stem density | Positive or neutral | |||
| Morphometric | Stem height | Positive | ||
| Community | Abundance of associated macrofauna | Neutral | ||
| Bernik et al. 2021 | Abundance | Aboveground biomass | Untested or not reported | |
| Belowground biomass | Untested or not reported | |||
| Shoot density | Untested or not reported | |||
| Morphometric | Inflorescence length | Untested or not reported | ||
| Leaf length | Untested or not reported | |||
| Shoot diameter | Untested or not reported | |||
| Shoot height | Untested or not reported | |||
| Physiology | Number of leaves per shoot | Untested or not reported | ||
| Reproduction | Inflorescence count | Untested or not reported | ||
| Seed weight | Untested or not reported | |||
| Kettenring et al. 2010 | Abundance | Patch area | Positive | |
| Physiology | Foliar nutrients | Untested or not reported | ||
| Reproduction | Seed viability | Positive | ||
| Travis and Proffitt 2016 | Abundance | Stem density | Neutral | |
| Kelps | Choi et al. 2015 | Abundance | Thallus dry weight | Neutral |
| Morphometric | Lamina length | Neutral | ||
| Lamina width | Neutral | |||
| Lateral length | Neutral | |||
| Lateral width | Neutral | |||
| Number of laterals | Neutral | |||
| Stipe diameter | Neutral | |||
| Stupe length | Neutral | |||
| Total length | Neutral | |||
| Oppliger et al. 2014 | Reproduction | Spore production | Untested or not reported | |
| Mangroves | Craig et al. 2020 | Community | Bacterial communities | Neutral |
| Guo et al. 2018 | Abundance | Health | Positive | |
| Schaeffer-Novelli et al. 2018 | Abundance | Aboveground biomass | Untested | |
| Belowground biomass | Untested |
| . | . | Response variable . | Response . | . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Taxa . | Source . | category . | variable . | Outcome . |
| Seagrasses | Evans et al. 2016 | Abundance | Biomass | Positive or neutral |
| Shoot density | Neutral | |||
| Morphometric | Leaf surface area | Positive or neutral | ||
| Physiology | Nitrogen content | Neutral | ||
| Productivity | Positive or neutral | |||
| Total phenolics | Neutral | |||
| Community | Epiphyte biomass | Positive | ||
| Fish counts | Untested or not reported | |||
| Herbivory | Positive or neutral | |||
| Salo and Gustafsson 2016 | Abundance | Shoot density | Neutral | |
| Survival | Positive | |||
| Abbott et al. 2017 | Abundance | Biomass | Positive or negative | |
| Survivorship | Neutral | |||
| Physiology | Leaf elongation | Positive or neutral | ||
| Community | Invertebrate abundance | Positive | ||
| Reusch et al. 2005 | Abundance | Biomass | Positive | |
| Shoot density | Positive | |||
| Sinclair et al. 2020 | Reproduction | Flower production | Neutral | |
| Fruit production | Neutral | |||
| Seed to ovule ratio | Neutral | |||
| Williams et al. 2018 | Ecosystem | Ammonification | Neutral | |
| Detritus degradation rates | Neutral | |||
| Detritus standing stock | Neutral | |||
| Hughes and Stachowicz 2009 | Abundance | Shoot density | Positive | |
| Community | Epiphyte algal biomass | Negative or neutral | ||
| Máñez-Crespo et al. 2020 | Abundance | Aboveground biomass | Positive | |
| Belowground biomass | Positive | |||
| Root weight ratio | Neutral | |||
| Shoot density | Untested or not reported | |||
| Morphometric | Leaf length | Untested or not reported | ||
| Leaf width | Untested or not reported | |||
| Total leaf area | Negative | |||
| Physiology | Number of leaves per shoot | Untested or not reported | ||
| Reproduction | Seed count | Positive | ||
| Community | Epiphyte load | Positive | ||
| Hays et al. 2021 | Abundance | Coverage | Untested or not reported | |
| Number of vegetative shoots | Neutral | |||
| Morphometric | Length | Untested or not reported | ||
| Reproduction | Number of flowering shoots | Positive or negative | ||
| Number of seeds per spadix | Untested or not reported | |||
| Number of spathes per flowering shoot | Untested or not reported | |||
| Jahnke et al. 2015 | Abundance | Initial number of leaves | Untested or not reported | |
| Shoot density | Positive | |||
| Morphometric | Initial leaf length | Untested or not reported | ||
| Physiology | Leaf carbon content | Untested or not reported | ||
| Leaf growth | Untested or not reported | |||
| Leaf nitrogen content | Positive | |||
| State of the apical part of each leaf | Untested or not reported | |||
| Reproduction | Flower abundance | Positive or negative | ||
| Community | Direct herbivory rates | Untested or not reported | ||
| Hughes et al. 2016 | Abundance | Aboveground biomass | Positive | |
| Belowground biomass | Positive | |||
| Morphometric | Maximum root length | Positive | ||
| Maximum shoot length | Positive | |||
| Rhizome length | Neutral | |||
| Shoot width | Positive | |||
| Physiology | Number of leaves per shoot | Positive | ||
| Reproduction | Number of seedlings per plot | Neutral | ||
| Martínez-García et al. 2021 | Morphometric | Leaf length | Untested or not reported | |
| Leaf width | Untested or not reported | |||
| Williams and Davis 1996 | Abundance | Bed area | Neutral | |
| Reynolds et al. 2012 | Abundance | Shoot density | Positive | |
| Morphometric | Maximum shoot height | Positive | ||
| Physiology | Leaf nitrogen content | Neutral | ||
| Seagrass productivity (leaf elongation) | Positive | |||
| Community | Invertebrate density | Neutral | ||
| Novak et al. 2017 | Abundance | Aboveground wet weight | Untested or not reported | |
| Belowground wet weight | Untested or not reported | |||
| Number of shoots | Positive or neutral | |||
| Morphometric | Internode length | Untested or not reported | ||
| Leaf length | Untested or not reported | |||
| Lead weight | Untested or not reported | |||
| Leaf width | Untested or not reported | |||
| Sheath length | Untested or not reported | |||
| Physiology | Number of leaves per shoot | Untested or not reported | ||
| Evans et al. 2018 | Abundance | Biomass | Untested or not reported | |
| Survival | Positive | |||
| Morphometric | Leaf surface area | Negative | ||
| Physiology | Leaf elongation | Negative | ||
| Nitrogen content | Positive | |||
| Nonstructural carbohydrates | Positive | |||
| Root growth | Negative | |||
| Total phenolics | Neutral | |||
| Community | Herbivory | Neutral | ||
| Micheli et al. 2015 | Abundance | Shoot biomass | Neutral | |
| Shoot density | Neutral | |||
| Morphometric | Leaf length | Neutral | ||
| Leaf width | Neutral | |||
| Physiology | Numbe of leaves per shoot | Neutral | ||
| Abbott and Stachowicz 2016 | Abundance | Aboveground biomass | Neutral | |
| Belowground biomass | Neutral | |||
| Zhang et al. 2020 | Abundance | Biomass | Negative | |
| Number of vegetative shoots | Untested or not reported | |||
| Shoot density | Negative | |||
| Morphometric | Shoot height | Negative | ||
| Reproduction | Flowering shoot density | Neutral | ||
| Number of flowering shoots | Neutral | |||
| Seedbanks | Positive | |||
| Zhang et al. 2019 | Abundance | Biomass | Not reported or untested | |
| Meadow area | Not reported or untested | |||
| Number of vegetative shoots | Not reported or untested | |||
| Shoot density | Not reported or untested | |||
| Morphometric | Shoot height | Not reported or untested | ||
| Reproduction | Number of flowering shoots | Not reported or untested | ||
| Number of spathes per shoot | Not reported or untested | |||
| Pollinated spathes per shoot | Not reported or untested | |||
| Seed density | Not reported or untested | |||
| Reusch 2003 | Reproduction | Seed set | Positive | |
| Corals | Qin et al. 2019 | Physiology | Zooxanthellae density | Untested or not reported |
| Forcioli et al. 2011 | Physiology | Chlorophyll a | Not reported or untested | |
| Zooxanthellae density | Not reported or untested | |||
| Wilkinson et al. 2018 | Physiology | Chlorophyll content | Positive | |
| Host protein biomass | Positive | |||
| Symbiont density cell or size | Negative | |||
| Manzello et al. 2019 | Abundance | Percentage cover | Untested or not reported | |
| Physiology | Coral condition, bleaching | Untested or not reported | ||
| Richards et al. 2013 | Other | Extinction risk | Neutral | |
| Bay, LK; Doyle, J; Logan, M; Berkelmans, R | Abundance | Percentage mortality | Neutral | |
| Physiology | Prevalence of bleaching | Neutral | ||
| Sawall et al. 2015 | Abundance | Tissue biomass | Untested or not reported | |
| Physiology | Calcification rates | Untested or not reported | ||
| Metabolic rates | Untested or not reported | |||
| Mucus release rates | Untested or not reported | |||
| Respiration | Untested or not reported | |||
| Tissue protein concentration | Untested or not reported | |||
| Prada et al. 2008 | Abundance | Number of terminal branches | Untested or not reported | |
| Polyp density | Untested or not reported | |||
| Morphometric | Average length of terminal branches | Untested or not reported | ||
| Branch thickness | Untested or not reported | |||
| Calice diameter | Untested or not reported | |||
| Capstan length | Untested or not reported | |||
| Capstan width | Untested or not reported | |||
| Club length | Untested or not reported | |||
| Club width | Untested or not reported | |||
| Colony height | Untested or not reported | |||
| Intercalice distance | Untested or not reported | |||
| Spindle length | Untested or not reported | |||
| Spindle width | Untested or not reported | |||
| Surface area | Untested or not reported | |||
| Marsh Plants | Sommerville et al. 2013 | Reproduction | Seed production | Positive |
| Noto and Hughes 2020a | Abundance | Biomass | Positive | |
| Mortality | Untested or not reported | |||
| Number of live stems | Positive | |||
| Morphometric | Maximum stem height | Positive | ||
| Reproduction | Number of flowering plants | Untested or not reported | ||
| Hughes 2014 | Abundance | Percentage cover | Neutral | |
| Plant spatial spread | Positive | |||
| Stem density | Positive or neutral | |||
| Morphometric | Stem height | Positive | ||
| Community | Abundance of associated macrofauna | Neutral | ||
| Bernik et al. 2021 | Abundance | Aboveground biomass | Untested or not reported | |
| Belowground biomass | Untested or not reported | |||
| Shoot density | Untested or not reported | |||
| Morphometric | Inflorescence length | Untested or not reported | ||
| Leaf length | Untested or not reported | |||
| Shoot diameter | Untested or not reported | |||
| Shoot height | Untested or not reported | |||
| Physiology | Number of leaves per shoot | Untested or not reported | ||
| Reproduction | Inflorescence count | Untested or not reported | ||
| Seed weight | Untested or not reported | |||
| Kettenring et al. 2010 | Abundance | Patch area | Positive | |
| Physiology | Foliar nutrients | Untested or not reported | ||
| Reproduction | Seed viability | Positive | ||
| Travis and Proffitt 2016 | Abundance | Stem density | Neutral | |
| Kelps | Choi et al. 2015 | Abundance | Thallus dry weight | Neutral |
| Morphometric | Lamina length | Neutral | ||
| Lamina width | Neutral | |||
| Lateral length | Neutral | |||
| Lateral width | Neutral | |||
| Number of laterals | Neutral | |||
| Stipe diameter | Neutral | |||
| Stupe length | Neutral | |||
| Total length | Neutral | |||
| Oppliger et al. 2014 | Reproduction | Spore production | Untested or not reported | |
| Mangroves | Craig et al. 2020 | Community | Bacterial communities | Neutral |
| Guo et al. 2018 | Abundance | Health | Positive | |
| Schaeffer-Novelli et al. 2018 | Abundance | Aboveground biomass | Untested | |
| Belowground biomass | Untested |
Note: Response variable category refers to one of the six categories used to describe the type of function that was reported: abundance, morphometric, physiological, reproduction, community, and ecosystem. The response variable column lists the specific metric each publication used. The outcomes are reported solely on the basis of the correlative nature of the relationship.
Summary of the measured response variables and respective outcomes for each relevant publication organized by taxa for prediction 1 and the listed metrics of function as they were reported in the publication as a function of taxa.
| . | . | Response variable . | Response . | . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Taxa . | Source . | category . | variable . | Outcome . |
| Seagrasses | Evans et al. 2016 | Abundance | Biomass | Positive or neutral |
| Shoot density | Neutral | |||
| Morphometric | Leaf surface area | Positive or neutral | ||
| Physiology | Nitrogen content | Neutral | ||
| Productivity | Positive or neutral | |||
| Total phenolics | Neutral | |||
| Community | Epiphyte biomass | Positive | ||
| Fish counts | Untested or not reported | |||
| Herbivory | Positive or neutral | |||
| Salo and Gustafsson 2016 | Abundance | Shoot density | Neutral | |
| Survival | Positive | |||
| Abbott et al. 2017 | Abundance | Biomass | Positive or negative | |
| Survivorship | Neutral | |||
| Physiology | Leaf elongation | Positive or neutral | ||
| Community | Invertebrate abundance | Positive | ||
| Reusch et al. 2005 | Abundance | Biomass | Positive | |
| Shoot density | Positive | |||
| Sinclair et al. 2020 | Reproduction | Flower production | Neutral | |
| Fruit production | Neutral | |||
| Seed to ovule ratio | Neutral | |||
| Williams et al. 2018 | Ecosystem | Ammonification | Neutral | |
| Detritus degradation rates | Neutral | |||
| Detritus standing stock | Neutral | |||
| Hughes and Stachowicz 2009 | Abundance | Shoot density | Positive | |
| Community | Epiphyte algal biomass | Negative or neutral | ||
| Máñez-Crespo et al. 2020 | Abundance | Aboveground biomass | Positive | |
| Belowground biomass | Positive | |||
| Root weight ratio | Neutral | |||
| Shoot density | Untested or not reported | |||
| Morphometric | Leaf length | Untested or not reported | ||
| Leaf width | Untested or not reported | |||
| Total leaf area | Negative | |||
| Physiology | Number of leaves per shoot | Untested or not reported | ||
| Reproduction | Seed count | Positive | ||
| Community | Epiphyte load | Positive | ||
| Hays et al. 2021 | Abundance | Coverage | Untested or not reported | |
| Number of vegetative shoots | Neutral | |||
| Morphometric | Length | Untested or not reported | ||
| Reproduction | Number of flowering shoots | Positive or negative | ||
| Number of seeds per spadix | Untested or not reported | |||
| Number of spathes per flowering shoot | Untested or not reported | |||
| Jahnke et al. 2015 | Abundance | Initial number of leaves | Untested or not reported | |
| Shoot density | Positive | |||
| Morphometric | Initial leaf length | Untested or not reported | ||
| Physiology | Leaf carbon content | Untested or not reported | ||
| Leaf growth | Untested or not reported | |||
| Leaf nitrogen content | Positive | |||
| State of the apical part of each leaf | Untested or not reported | |||
| Reproduction | Flower abundance | Positive or negative | ||
| Community | Direct herbivory rates | Untested or not reported | ||
| Hughes et al. 2016 | Abundance | Aboveground biomass | Positive | |
| Belowground biomass | Positive | |||
| Morphometric | Maximum root length | Positive | ||
| Maximum shoot length | Positive | |||
| Rhizome length | Neutral | |||
| Shoot width | Positive | |||
| Physiology | Number of leaves per shoot | Positive | ||
| Reproduction | Number of seedlings per plot | Neutral | ||
| Martínez-García et al. 2021 | Morphometric | Leaf length | Untested or not reported | |
| Leaf width | Untested or not reported | |||
| Williams and Davis 1996 | Abundance | Bed area | Neutral | |
| Reynolds et al. 2012 | Abundance | Shoot density | Positive | |
| Morphometric | Maximum shoot height | Positive | ||
| Physiology | Leaf nitrogen content | Neutral | ||
| Seagrass productivity (leaf elongation) | Positive | |||
| Community | Invertebrate density | Neutral | ||
| Novak et al. 2017 | Abundance | Aboveground wet weight | Untested or not reported | |
| Belowground wet weight | Untested or not reported | |||
| Number of shoots | Positive or neutral | |||
| Morphometric | Internode length | Untested or not reported | ||
| Leaf length | Untested or not reported | |||
| Lead weight | Untested or not reported | |||
| Leaf width | Untested or not reported | |||
| Sheath length | Untested or not reported | |||
| Physiology | Number of leaves per shoot | Untested or not reported | ||
| Evans et al. 2018 | Abundance | Biomass | Untested or not reported | |
| Survival | Positive | |||
| Morphometric | Leaf surface area | Negative | ||
| Physiology | Leaf elongation | Negative | ||
| Nitrogen content | Positive | |||
| Nonstructural carbohydrates | Positive | |||
| Root growth | Negative | |||
| Total phenolics | Neutral | |||
| Community | Herbivory | Neutral | ||
| Micheli et al. 2015 | Abundance | Shoot biomass | Neutral | |
| Shoot density | Neutral | |||
| Morphometric | Leaf length | Neutral | ||
| Leaf width | Neutral | |||
| Physiology | Numbe of leaves per shoot | Neutral | ||
| Abbott and Stachowicz 2016 | Abundance | Aboveground biomass | Neutral | |
| Belowground biomass | Neutral | |||
| Zhang et al. 2020 | Abundance | Biomass | Negative | |
| Number of vegetative shoots | Untested or not reported | |||
| Shoot density | Negative | |||
| Morphometric | Shoot height | Negative | ||
| Reproduction | Flowering shoot density | Neutral | ||
| Number of flowering shoots | Neutral | |||
| Seedbanks | Positive | |||
| Zhang et al. 2019 | Abundance | Biomass | Not reported or untested | |
| Meadow area | Not reported or untested | |||
| Number of vegetative shoots | Not reported or untested | |||
| Shoot density | Not reported or untested | |||
| Morphometric | Shoot height | Not reported or untested | ||
| Reproduction | Number of flowering shoots | Not reported or untested | ||
| Number of spathes per shoot | Not reported or untested | |||
| Pollinated spathes per shoot | Not reported or untested | |||
| Seed density | Not reported or untested | |||
| Reusch 2003 | Reproduction | Seed set | Positive | |
| Corals | Qin et al. 2019 | Physiology | Zooxanthellae density | Untested or not reported |
| Forcioli et al. 2011 | Physiology | Chlorophyll a | Not reported or untested | |
| Zooxanthellae density | Not reported or untested | |||
| Wilkinson et al. 2018 | Physiology | Chlorophyll content | Positive | |
| Host protein biomass | Positive | |||
| Symbiont density cell or size | Negative | |||
| Manzello et al. 2019 | Abundance | Percentage cover | Untested or not reported | |
| Physiology | Coral condition, bleaching | Untested or not reported | ||
| Richards et al. 2013 | Other | Extinction risk | Neutral | |
| Bay, LK; Doyle, J; Logan, M; Berkelmans, R | Abundance | Percentage mortality | Neutral | |
| Physiology | Prevalence of bleaching | Neutral | ||
| Sawall et al. 2015 | Abundance | Tissue biomass | Untested or not reported | |
| Physiology | Calcification rates | Untested or not reported | ||
| Metabolic rates | Untested or not reported | |||
| Mucus release rates | Untested or not reported | |||
| Respiration | Untested or not reported | |||
| Tissue protein concentration | Untested or not reported | |||
| Prada et al. 2008 | Abundance | Number of terminal branches | Untested or not reported | |
| Polyp density | Untested or not reported | |||
| Morphometric | Average length of terminal branches | Untested or not reported | ||
| Branch thickness | Untested or not reported | |||
| Calice diameter | Untested or not reported | |||
| Capstan length | Untested or not reported | |||
| Capstan width | Untested or not reported | |||
| Club length | Untested or not reported | |||
| Club width | Untested or not reported | |||
| Colony height | Untested or not reported | |||
| Intercalice distance | Untested or not reported | |||
| Spindle length | Untested or not reported | |||
| Spindle width | Untested or not reported | |||
| Surface area | Untested or not reported | |||
| Marsh Plants | Sommerville et al. 2013 | Reproduction | Seed production | Positive |
| Noto and Hughes 2020a | Abundance | Biomass | Positive | |
| Mortality | Untested or not reported | |||
| Number of live stems | Positive | |||
| Morphometric | Maximum stem height | Positive | ||
| Reproduction | Number of flowering plants | Untested or not reported | ||
| Hughes 2014 | Abundance | Percentage cover | Neutral | |
| Plant spatial spread | Positive | |||
| Stem density | Positive or neutral | |||
| Morphometric | Stem height | Positive | ||
| Community | Abundance of associated macrofauna | Neutral | ||
| Bernik et al. 2021 | Abundance | Aboveground biomass | Untested or not reported | |
| Belowground biomass | Untested or not reported | |||
| Shoot density | Untested or not reported | |||
| Morphometric | Inflorescence length | Untested or not reported | ||
| Leaf length | Untested or not reported | |||
| Shoot diameter | Untested or not reported | |||
| Shoot height | Untested or not reported | |||
| Physiology | Number of leaves per shoot | Untested or not reported | ||
| Reproduction | Inflorescence count | Untested or not reported | ||
| Seed weight | Untested or not reported | |||
| Kettenring et al. 2010 | Abundance | Patch area | Positive | |
| Physiology | Foliar nutrients | Untested or not reported | ||
| Reproduction | Seed viability | Positive | ||
| Travis and Proffitt 2016 | Abundance | Stem density | Neutral | |
| Kelps | Choi et al. 2015 | Abundance | Thallus dry weight | Neutral |
| Morphometric | Lamina length | Neutral | ||
| Lamina width | Neutral | |||
| Lateral length | Neutral | |||
| Lateral width | Neutral | |||
| Number of laterals | Neutral | |||
| Stipe diameter | Neutral | |||
| Stupe length | Neutral | |||
| Total length | Neutral | |||
| Oppliger et al. 2014 | Reproduction | Spore production | Untested or not reported | |
| Mangroves | Craig et al. 2020 | Community | Bacterial communities | Neutral |
| Guo et al. 2018 | Abundance | Health | Positive | |
| Schaeffer-Novelli et al. 2018 | Abundance | Aboveground biomass | Untested | |
| Belowground biomass | Untested |
| . | . | Response variable . | Response . | . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Taxa . | Source . | category . | variable . | Outcome . |
| Seagrasses | Evans et al. 2016 | Abundance | Biomass | Positive or neutral |
| Shoot density | Neutral | |||
| Morphometric | Leaf surface area | Positive or neutral | ||
| Physiology | Nitrogen content | Neutral | ||
| Productivity | Positive or neutral | |||
| Total phenolics | Neutral | |||
| Community | Epiphyte biomass | Positive | ||
| Fish counts | Untested or not reported | |||
| Herbivory | Positive or neutral | |||
| Salo and Gustafsson 2016 | Abundance | Shoot density | Neutral | |
| Survival | Positive | |||
| Abbott et al. 2017 | Abundance | Biomass | Positive or negative | |
| Survivorship | Neutral | |||
| Physiology | Leaf elongation | Positive or neutral | ||
| Community | Invertebrate abundance | Positive | ||
| Reusch et al. 2005 | Abundance | Biomass | Positive | |
| Shoot density | Positive | |||
| Sinclair et al. 2020 | Reproduction | Flower production | Neutral | |
| Fruit production | Neutral | |||
| Seed to ovule ratio | Neutral | |||
| Williams et al. 2018 | Ecosystem | Ammonification | Neutral | |
| Detritus degradation rates | Neutral | |||
| Detritus standing stock | Neutral | |||
| Hughes and Stachowicz 2009 | Abundance | Shoot density | Positive | |
| Community | Epiphyte algal biomass | Negative or neutral | ||
| Máñez-Crespo et al. 2020 | Abundance | Aboveground biomass | Positive | |
| Belowground biomass | Positive | |||
| Root weight ratio | Neutral | |||
| Shoot density | Untested or not reported | |||
| Morphometric | Leaf length | Untested or not reported | ||
| Leaf width | Untested or not reported | |||
| Total leaf area | Negative | |||
| Physiology | Number of leaves per shoot | Untested or not reported | ||
| Reproduction | Seed count | Positive | ||
| Community | Epiphyte load | Positive | ||
| Hays et al. 2021 | Abundance | Coverage | Untested or not reported | |
| Number of vegetative shoots | Neutral | |||
| Morphometric | Length | Untested or not reported | ||
| Reproduction | Number of flowering shoots | Positive or negative | ||
| Number of seeds per spadix | Untested or not reported | |||
| Number of spathes per flowering shoot | Untested or not reported | |||
| Jahnke et al. 2015 | Abundance | Initial number of leaves | Untested or not reported | |
| Shoot density | Positive | |||
| Morphometric | Initial leaf length | Untested or not reported | ||
| Physiology | Leaf carbon content | Untested or not reported | ||
| Leaf growth | Untested or not reported | |||
| Leaf nitrogen content | Positive | |||
| State of the apical part of each leaf | Untested or not reported | |||
| Reproduction | Flower abundance | Positive or negative | ||
| Community | Direct herbivory rates | Untested or not reported | ||
| Hughes et al. 2016 | Abundance | Aboveground biomass | Positive | |
| Belowground biomass | Positive | |||
| Morphometric | Maximum root length | Positive | ||
| Maximum shoot length | Positive | |||
| Rhizome length | Neutral | |||
| Shoot width | Positive | |||
| Physiology | Number of leaves per shoot | Positive | ||
| Reproduction | Number of seedlings per plot | Neutral | ||
| Martínez-García et al. 2021 | Morphometric | Leaf length | Untested or not reported | |
| Leaf width | Untested or not reported | |||
| Williams and Davis 1996 | Abundance | Bed area | Neutral | |
| Reynolds et al. 2012 | Abundance | Shoot density | Positive | |
| Morphometric | Maximum shoot height | Positive | ||
| Physiology | Leaf nitrogen content | Neutral | ||
| Seagrass productivity (leaf elongation) | Positive | |||
| Community | Invertebrate density | Neutral | ||
| Novak et al. 2017 | Abundance | Aboveground wet weight | Untested or not reported | |
| Belowground wet weight | Untested or not reported | |||
| Number of shoots | Positive or neutral | |||
| Morphometric | Internode length | Untested or not reported | ||
| Leaf length | Untested or not reported | |||
| Lead weight | Untested or not reported | |||
| Leaf width | Untested or not reported | |||
| Sheath length | Untested or not reported | |||
| Physiology | Number of leaves per shoot | Untested or not reported | ||
| Evans et al. 2018 | Abundance | Biomass | Untested or not reported | |
| Survival | Positive | |||
| Morphometric | Leaf surface area | Negative | ||
| Physiology | Leaf elongation | Negative | ||
| Nitrogen content | Positive | |||
| Nonstructural carbohydrates | Positive | |||
| Root growth | Negative | |||
| Total phenolics | Neutral | |||
| Community | Herbivory | Neutral | ||
| Micheli et al. 2015 | Abundance | Shoot biomass | Neutral | |
| Shoot density | Neutral | |||
| Morphometric | Leaf length | Neutral | ||
| Leaf width | Neutral | |||
| Physiology | Numbe of leaves per shoot | Neutral | ||
| Abbott and Stachowicz 2016 | Abundance | Aboveground biomass | Neutral | |
| Belowground biomass | Neutral | |||
| Zhang et al. 2020 | Abundance | Biomass | Negative | |
| Number of vegetative shoots | Untested or not reported | |||
| Shoot density | Negative | |||
| Morphometric | Shoot height | Negative | ||
| Reproduction | Flowering shoot density | Neutral | ||
| Number of flowering shoots | Neutral | |||
| Seedbanks | Positive | |||
| Zhang et al. 2019 | Abundance | Biomass | Not reported or untested | |
| Meadow area | Not reported or untested | |||
| Number of vegetative shoots | Not reported or untested | |||
| Shoot density | Not reported or untested | |||
| Morphometric | Shoot height | Not reported or untested | ||
| Reproduction | Number of flowering shoots | Not reported or untested | ||
| Number of spathes per shoot | Not reported or untested | |||
| Pollinated spathes per shoot | Not reported or untested | |||
| Seed density | Not reported or untested | |||
| Reusch 2003 | Reproduction | Seed set | Positive | |
| Corals | Qin et al. 2019 | Physiology | Zooxanthellae density | Untested or not reported |
| Forcioli et al. 2011 | Physiology | Chlorophyll a | Not reported or untested | |
| Zooxanthellae density | Not reported or untested | |||
| Wilkinson et al. 2018 | Physiology | Chlorophyll content | Positive | |
| Host protein biomass | Positive | |||
| Symbiont density cell or size | Negative | |||
| Manzello et al. 2019 | Abundance | Percentage cover | Untested or not reported | |
| Physiology | Coral condition, bleaching | Untested or not reported | ||
| Richards et al. 2013 | Other | Extinction risk | Neutral | |
| Bay, LK; Doyle, J; Logan, M; Berkelmans, R | Abundance | Percentage mortality | Neutral | |
| Physiology | Prevalence of bleaching | Neutral | ||
| Sawall et al. 2015 | Abundance | Tissue biomass | Untested or not reported | |
| Physiology | Calcification rates | Untested or not reported | ||
| Metabolic rates | Untested or not reported | |||
| Mucus release rates | Untested or not reported | |||
| Respiration | Untested or not reported | |||
| Tissue protein concentration | Untested or not reported | |||
| Prada et al. 2008 | Abundance | Number of terminal branches | Untested or not reported | |
| Polyp density | Untested or not reported | |||
| Morphometric | Average length of terminal branches | Untested or not reported | ||
| Branch thickness | Untested or not reported | |||
| Calice diameter | Untested or not reported | |||
| Capstan length | Untested or not reported | |||
| Capstan width | Untested or not reported | |||
| Club length | Untested or not reported | |||
| Club width | Untested or not reported | |||
| Colony height | Untested or not reported | |||
| Intercalice distance | Untested or not reported | |||
| Spindle length | Untested or not reported | |||
| Spindle width | Untested or not reported | |||
| Surface area | Untested or not reported | |||
| Marsh Plants | Sommerville et al. 2013 | Reproduction | Seed production | Positive |
| Noto and Hughes 2020a | Abundance | Biomass | Positive | |
| Mortality | Untested or not reported | |||
| Number of live stems | Positive | |||
| Morphometric | Maximum stem height | Positive | ||
| Reproduction | Number of flowering plants | Untested or not reported | ||
| Hughes 2014 | Abundance | Percentage cover | Neutral | |
| Plant spatial spread | Positive | |||
| Stem density | Positive or neutral | |||
| Morphometric | Stem height | Positive | ||
| Community | Abundance of associated macrofauna | Neutral | ||
| Bernik et al. 2021 | Abundance | Aboveground biomass | Untested or not reported | |
| Belowground biomass | Untested or not reported | |||
| Shoot density | Untested or not reported | |||
| Morphometric | Inflorescence length | Untested or not reported | ||
| Leaf length | Untested or not reported | |||
| Shoot diameter | Untested or not reported | |||
| Shoot height | Untested or not reported | |||
| Physiology | Number of leaves per shoot | Untested or not reported | ||
| Reproduction | Inflorescence count | Untested or not reported | ||
| Seed weight | Untested or not reported | |||
| Kettenring et al. 2010 | Abundance | Patch area | Positive | |
| Physiology | Foliar nutrients | Untested or not reported | ||
| Reproduction | Seed viability | Positive | ||
| Travis and Proffitt 2016 | Abundance | Stem density | Neutral | |
| Kelps | Choi et al. 2015 | Abundance | Thallus dry weight | Neutral |
| Morphometric | Lamina length | Neutral | ||
| Lamina width | Neutral | |||
| Lateral length | Neutral | |||
| Lateral width | Neutral | |||
| Number of laterals | Neutral | |||
| Stipe diameter | Neutral | |||
| Stupe length | Neutral | |||
| Total length | Neutral | |||
| Oppliger et al. 2014 | Reproduction | Spore production | Untested or not reported | |
| Mangroves | Craig et al. 2020 | Community | Bacterial communities | Neutral |
| Guo et al. 2018 | Abundance | Health | Positive | |
| Schaeffer-Novelli et al. 2018 | Abundance | Aboveground biomass | Untested | |
| Belowground biomass | Untested |
Note: Response variable category refers to one of the six categories used to describe the type of function that was reported: abundance, morphometric, physiological, reproduction, community, and ecosystem. The response variable column lists the specific metric each publication used. The outcomes are reported solely on the basis of the correlative nature of the relationship.
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