Participant Characteristics Overall and Stratified by Head Injury Status, ARIC Visit 5 (2011–13)
| . | Overall (n = 5 598) . | No head injury (n = 4 065) . | Prior head injury (n = 1 533) . | Absolute difference between head injury groups (95% CI) . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age in years, mean (SD) | 75.4 (5.1) | 75.2 (5.0) | 75.9 (5.2) | 0.7 (0.4, 1.0) |
| Sex, n (%) | ||||
| Men | 2 354 (42.1) | 1 610 (39.6) | 744 (48.5) | 8.9 (6.0, 11.8) |
| Women | 3 244 (58.0) | 2 455 (60.4) | 789 (51.5) | −8.9 (−11.8, −6.0) |
| Race/center, n (%) | ||||
| Minneapolis, MN White | 1 715 (30.6) | 1 201 (29.5) | 514 (33.5) | 4.0 (1.2, 6.7) |
| Washington County, MD White | 1 546 (27.6) | 1 108 (27.3) | 438 (28.6) | 1.3 (−1.3, 4.0) |
| Forsyth County, NC White | 1 121 (20.0) | 793 (19.5) | 328 (21.4) | 1.9 (−0.5, 4.3) |
| Forsyth County, NC Black | 87 (1.6) | 67 (1.6) | 20 (1.3) | −0.3 (−1.0, 0.3) |
| Jackson, MS Black | 1 129 (20.2) | 896 (22.0) | 233 (15.2) | −6.8 (−9.0, −4.6) |
| Education, n (%) | ||||
| Less than High School | 739 (13.2) | 549 (13.5) | 190 (12.4) | −1.1 (−3.1, 0.8) |
| High school, GED, or vocational school | 2 356 (42.1) | 1 731 (42.6) | 625 (40.8) | −1.8 (−4.7, 1.1) |
| Any college, graduate, or professional school | 2 503 (44.7) | 1 785 (43.9) | 718 (46.8) | 2.9 (0.0, 5.9) |
| Cigarette smoking, n (%) | ||||
| Never | 2 177 (38.9) | 1 651 (40.6) | 526 (34.3) | −6.3 (−9.1, −3.5) |
| Former | 2 717 (48.5) | 1 889 (46.5) | 828 (54.0) | 7.5 (4.6, 10.5) |
| Current | 321 (5.7) | 238 (5.9) | 83 (5.4) | −0.4 (−1.8, 0.9) |
| Not reported | 383 (6.8) | 287 (7.1) | 96 (6.3) | −0.8 (−2.2, 0.6) |
| Alcohol use, n (%) | ||||
| Never | 1 168 (20.9) | 898 (22.1) | 270 (17.6) | −4.7 (−6.8, −2.2) |
| Former | 1 603 (28.6) | 1 159 (28.5) | 444 (29.0) | 0.5 (−2,2, 3.1) |
| Current | 2 779 (49.6) | 1 976 (48.6) | 803 (52.4) | 3.8 (0.8, 6.7) |
| Not reported | 48 (0.9) | 32 (0.8) | 16 (1.0) | 0.3 (−0.3, 0.8) |
| Cognitive status, n (%) | ||||
| Normal | 4 259 (76.1) | 3 151 (77.5) | 1 108 (72.3) | −5.2 (−7.8, −2.7) |
| Mild cognitive impairment | 1 156 (20.7) | 802 (19.7) | 354 (23.1) | 3.4 (0.1, 5.8) |
| Dementia | 183 (3.3) | 112 (2.8) | 71 (4.6) | 1.9 (0.7, 3.0) |
| Military veteran, n (%) | 1 408 (25.2) | 930 (22.9) | 478 (31.2) | 8.3 (5.6, 11.0) |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 4 140 (74.0) | 3 036 (74.7) | 1 104 (72.0) | −2.7 (−5.3, −0.1) |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 2 038 (36.4) | 1 452 (35.7) | 586 (38.2) | 2.5 (−0.3, 5.3) |
| Body mass index in kg/m2, mean (SD) | 28.7 (5.6) | 28.7 (5.6) | 28.8 (5.5) | −0.1 (−0.4, 0.2) |
| Dominant hand grip strength in kg, mean (SD) | 29.2 (10.4) | 29.2 (10.4) | 29.4 (10.5) | −0.2 (−0.8, 0.4) |
| CES-D, n (%) | ||||
| Low or absent depressive symptoms defined by CES-D <9 | 5 255 (93.9) | 3 851 (94.7) | 1 404 (91.6) | −3.2 (−4.7, −1.6) |
| Current depressive symptoms defined by CES-D ≥9 | 343 (6.1) | 214 (5.3) | 129 (8.4) | 3.2 (1.6, 4.7) |
| SPPB total score in points, mean (SD) | 9.4 (2.4) | 9.4 (2.4) | 9.2 (2.5) | −0.2 (−0.4, −0.1) |
| SPPB balance in points, mean (SD) | 3.4 (1.1) | 3.4 (1.1) | 3.3 (1.1) | −0.1 (−0.2, −0.0) |
| SPPB chair stand in points, mean (SD) | 2.4 (1.3) | 2.5 (1.3) | 2.4 (1.3) | −0.1 (−0.2, −0.0) |
| SPPB gait speed in points, mean (SD) | 3.6 (0.7) | 3.6 (0.7) | 3.5 (0.8) | −0.0 (−0.1, −0.0) |
| SPPB gait speed in m/s, mean (SD) | 0.9 (0.2) | 0.9 (0.2) | 0.8 (0.2) | −0.1 (−0.1, −0.1) |
| Frailty status, n (%) | ||||
| Robust | 2 571 (45.9%) | 1 923 (47.3%) | 648 (42.3%) | −5.0 (−7.9, −2.1) |
| Pre-frail | 2 671 (47.7%) | 1 902 (46.8%) | 769 (50.2%) | 3.4 (0.4, 6.3) |
| Frail | 356 (6.4%) | 240 (5.9%) | 116 (7.6%) | 1.7 (0.2, 3.2) |
| . | Overall (n = 5 598) . | No head injury (n = 4 065) . | Prior head injury (n = 1 533) . | Absolute difference between head injury groups (95% CI) . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age in years, mean (SD) | 75.4 (5.1) | 75.2 (5.0) | 75.9 (5.2) | 0.7 (0.4, 1.0) |
| Sex, n (%) | ||||
| Men | 2 354 (42.1) | 1 610 (39.6) | 744 (48.5) | 8.9 (6.0, 11.8) |
| Women | 3 244 (58.0) | 2 455 (60.4) | 789 (51.5) | −8.9 (−11.8, −6.0) |
| Race/center, n (%) | ||||
| Minneapolis, MN White | 1 715 (30.6) | 1 201 (29.5) | 514 (33.5) | 4.0 (1.2, 6.7) |
| Washington County, MD White | 1 546 (27.6) | 1 108 (27.3) | 438 (28.6) | 1.3 (−1.3, 4.0) |
| Forsyth County, NC White | 1 121 (20.0) | 793 (19.5) | 328 (21.4) | 1.9 (−0.5, 4.3) |
| Forsyth County, NC Black | 87 (1.6) | 67 (1.6) | 20 (1.3) | −0.3 (−1.0, 0.3) |
| Jackson, MS Black | 1 129 (20.2) | 896 (22.0) | 233 (15.2) | −6.8 (−9.0, −4.6) |
| Education, n (%) | ||||
| Less than High School | 739 (13.2) | 549 (13.5) | 190 (12.4) | −1.1 (−3.1, 0.8) |
| High school, GED, or vocational school | 2 356 (42.1) | 1 731 (42.6) | 625 (40.8) | −1.8 (−4.7, 1.1) |
| Any college, graduate, or professional school | 2 503 (44.7) | 1 785 (43.9) | 718 (46.8) | 2.9 (0.0, 5.9) |
| Cigarette smoking, n (%) | ||||
| Never | 2 177 (38.9) | 1 651 (40.6) | 526 (34.3) | −6.3 (−9.1, −3.5) |
| Former | 2 717 (48.5) | 1 889 (46.5) | 828 (54.0) | 7.5 (4.6, 10.5) |
| Current | 321 (5.7) | 238 (5.9) | 83 (5.4) | −0.4 (−1.8, 0.9) |
| Not reported | 383 (6.8) | 287 (7.1) | 96 (6.3) | −0.8 (−2.2, 0.6) |
| Alcohol use, n (%) | ||||
| Never | 1 168 (20.9) | 898 (22.1) | 270 (17.6) | −4.7 (−6.8, −2.2) |
| Former | 1 603 (28.6) | 1 159 (28.5) | 444 (29.0) | 0.5 (−2,2, 3.1) |
| Current | 2 779 (49.6) | 1 976 (48.6) | 803 (52.4) | 3.8 (0.8, 6.7) |
| Not reported | 48 (0.9) | 32 (0.8) | 16 (1.0) | 0.3 (−0.3, 0.8) |
| Cognitive status, n (%) | ||||
| Normal | 4 259 (76.1) | 3 151 (77.5) | 1 108 (72.3) | −5.2 (−7.8, −2.7) |
| Mild cognitive impairment | 1 156 (20.7) | 802 (19.7) | 354 (23.1) | 3.4 (0.1, 5.8) |
| Dementia | 183 (3.3) | 112 (2.8) | 71 (4.6) | 1.9 (0.7, 3.0) |
| Military veteran, n (%) | 1 408 (25.2) | 930 (22.9) | 478 (31.2) | 8.3 (5.6, 11.0) |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 4 140 (74.0) | 3 036 (74.7) | 1 104 (72.0) | −2.7 (−5.3, −0.1) |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 2 038 (36.4) | 1 452 (35.7) | 586 (38.2) | 2.5 (−0.3, 5.3) |
| Body mass index in kg/m2, mean (SD) | 28.7 (5.6) | 28.7 (5.6) | 28.8 (5.5) | −0.1 (−0.4, 0.2) |
| Dominant hand grip strength in kg, mean (SD) | 29.2 (10.4) | 29.2 (10.4) | 29.4 (10.5) | −0.2 (−0.8, 0.4) |
| CES-D, n (%) | ||||
| Low or absent depressive symptoms defined by CES-D <9 | 5 255 (93.9) | 3 851 (94.7) | 1 404 (91.6) | −3.2 (−4.7, −1.6) |
| Current depressive symptoms defined by CES-D ≥9 | 343 (6.1) | 214 (5.3) | 129 (8.4) | 3.2 (1.6, 4.7) |
| SPPB total score in points, mean (SD) | 9.4 (2.4) | 9.4 (2.4) | 9.2 (2.5) | −0.2 (−0.4, −0.1) |
| SPPB balance in points, mean (SD) | 3.4 (1.1) | 3.4 (1.1) | 3.3 (1.1) | −0.1 (−0.2, −0.0) |
| SPPB chair stand in points, mean (SD) | 2.4 (1.3) | 2.5 (1.3) | 2.4 (1.3) | −0.1 (−0.2, −0.0) |
| SPPB gait speed in points, mean (SD) | 3.6 (0.7) | 3.6 (0.7) | 3.5 (0.8) | −0.0 (−0.1, −0.0) |
| SPPB gait speed in m/s, mean (SD) | 0.9 (0.2) | 0.9 (0.2) | 0.8 (0.2) | −0.1 (−0.1, −0.1) |
| Frailty status, n (%) | ||||
| Robust | 2 571 (45.9%) | 1 923 (47.3%) | 648 (42.3%) | −5.0 (−7.9, −2.1) |
| Pre-frail | 2 671 (47.7%) | 1 902 (46.8%) | 769 (50.2%) | 3.4 (0.4, 6.3) |
| Frail | 356 (6.4%) | 240 (5.9%) | 116 (7.6%) | 1.7 (0.2, 3.2) |
Note: CES-D = Centers for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; SD = standard deviation; SPPB = short physical performance battery.
Participant Characteristics Overall and Stratified by Head Injury Status, ARIC Visit 5 (2011–13)
| . | Overall (n = 5 598) . | No head injury (n = 4 065) . | Prior head injury (n = 1 533) . | Absolute difference between head injury groups (95% CI) . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age in years, mean (SD) | 75.4 (5.1) | 75.2 (5.0) | 75.9 (5.2) | 0.7 (0.4, 1.0) |
| Sex, n (%) | ||||
| Men | 2 354 (42.1) | 1 610 (39.6) | 744 (48.5) | 8.9 (6.0, 11.8) |
| Women | 3 244 (58.0) | 2 455 (60.4) | 789 (51.5) | −8.9 (−11.8, −6.0) |
| Race/center, n (%) | ||||
| Minneapolis, MN White | 1 715 (30.6) | 1 201 (29.5) | 514 (33.5) | 4.0 (1.2, 6.7) |
| Washington County, MD White | 1 546 (27.6) | 1 108 (27.3) | 438 (28.6) | 1.3 (−1.3, 4.0) |
| Forsyth County, NC White | 1 121 (20.0) | 793 (19.5) | 328 (21.4) | 1.9 (−0.5, 4.3) |
| Forsyth County, NC Black | 87 (1.6) | 67 (1.6) | 20 (1.3) | −0.3 (−1.0, 0.3) |
| Jackson, MS Black | 1 129 (20.2) | 896 (22.0) | 233 (15.2) | −6.8 (−9.0, −4.6) |
| Education, n (%) | ||||
| Less than High School | 739 (13.2) | 549 (13.5) | 190 (12.4) | −1.1 (−3.1, 0.8) |
| High school, GED, or vocational school | 2 356 (42.1) | 1 731 (42.6) | 625 (40.8) | −1.8 (−4.7, 1.1) |
| Any college, graduate, or professional school | 2 503 (44.7) | 1 785 (43.9) | 718 (46.8) | 2.9 (0.0, 5.9) |
| Cigarette smoking, n (%) | ||||
| Never | 2 177 (38.9) | 1 651 (40.6) | 526 (34.3) | −6.3 (−9.1, −3.5) |
| Former | 2 717 (48.5) | 1 889 (46.5) | 828 (54.0) | 7.5 (4.6, 10.5) |
| Current | 321 (5.7) | 238 (5.9) | 83 (5.4) | −0.4 (−1.8, 0.9) |
| Not reported | 383 (6.8) | 287 (7.1) | 96 (6.3) | −0.8 (−2.2, 0.6) |
| Alcohol use, n (%) | ||||
| Never | 1 168 (20.9) | 898 (22.1) | 270 (17.6) | −4.7 (−6.8, −2.2) |
| Former | 1 603 (28.6) | 1 159 (28.5) | 444 (29.0) | 0.5 (−2,2, 3.1) |
| Current | 2 779 (49.6) | 1 976 (48.6) | 803 (52.4) | 3.8 (0.8, 6.7) |
| Not reported | 48 (0.9) | 32 (0.8) | 16 (1.0) | 0.3 (−0.3, 0.8) |
| Cognitive status, n (%) | ||||
| Normal | 4 259 (76.1) | 3 151 (77.5) | 1 108 (72.3) | −5.2 (−7.8, −2.7) |
| Mild cognitive impairment | 1 156 (20.7) | 802 (19.7) | 354 (23.1) | 3.4 (0.1, 5.8) |
| Dementia | 183 (3.3) | 112 (2.8) | 71 (4.6) | 1.9 (0.7, 3.0) |
| Military veteran, n (%) | 1 408 (25.2) | 930 (22.9) | 478 (31.2) | 8.3 (5.6, 11.0) |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 4 140 (74.0) | 3 036 (74.7) | 1 104 (72.0) | −2.7 (−5.3, −0.1) |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 2 038 (36.4) | 1 452 (35.7) | 586 (38.2) | 2.5 (−0.3, 5.3) |
| Body mass index in kg/m2, mean (SD) | 28.7 (5.6) | 28.7 (5.6) | 28.8 (5.5) | −0.1 (−0.4, 0.2) |
| Dominant hand grip strength in kg, mean (SD) | 29.2 (10.4) | 29.2 (10.4) | 29.4 (10.5) | −0.2 (−0.8, 0.4) |
| CES-D, n (%) | ||||
| Low or absent depressive symptoms defined by CES-D <9 | 5 255 (93.9) | 3 851 (94.7) | 1 404 (91.6) | −3.2 (−4.7, −1.6) |
| Current depressive symptoms defined by CES-D ≥9 | 343 (6.1) | 214 (5.3) | 129 (8.4) | 3.2 (1.6, 4.7) |
| SPPB total score in points, mean (SD) | 9.4 (2.4) | 9.4 (2.4) | 9.2 (2.5) | −0.2 (−0.4, −0.1) |
| SPPB balance in points, mean (SD) | 3.4 (1.1) | 3.4 (1.1) | 3.3 (1.1) | −0.1 (−0.2, −0.0) |
| SPPB chair stand in points, mean (SD) | 2.4 (1.3) | 2.5 (1.3) | 2.4 (1.3) | −0.1 (−0.2, −0.0) |
| SPPB gait speed in points, mean (SD) | 3.6 (0.7) | 3.6 (0.7) | 3.5 (0.8) | −0.0 (−0.1, −0.0) |
| SPPB gait speed in m/s, mean (SD) | 0.9 (0.2) | 0.9 (0.2) | 0.8 (0.2) | −0.1 (−0.1, −0.1) |
| Frailty status, n (%) | ||||
| Robust | 2 571 (45.9%) | 1 923 (47.3%) | 648 (42.3%) | −5.0 (−7.9, −2.1) |
| Pre-frail | 2 671 (47.7%) | 1 902 (46.8%) | 769 (50.2%) | 3.4 (0.4, 6.3) |
| Frail | 356 (6.4%) | 240 (5.9%) | 116 (7.6%) | 1.7 (0.2, 3.2) |
| . | Overall (n = 5 598) . | No head injury (n = 4 065) . | Prior head injury (n = 1 533) . | Absolute difference between head injury groups (95% CI) . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age in years, mean (SD) | 75.4 (5.1) | 75.2 (5.0) | 75.9 (5.2) | 0.7 (0.4, 1.0) |
| Sex, n (%) | ||||
| Men | 2 354 (42.1) | 1 610 (39.6) | 744 (48.5) | 8.9 (6.0, 11.8) |
| Women | 3 244 (58.0) | 2 455 (60.4) | 789 (51.5) | −8.9 (−11.8, −6.0) |
| Race/center, n (%) | ||||
| Minneapolis, MN White | 1 715 (30.6) | 1 201 (29.5) | 514 (33.5) | 4.0 (1.2, 6.7) |
| Washington County, MD White | 1 546 (27.6) | 1 108 (27.3) | 438 (28.6) | 1.3 (−1.3, 4.0) |
| Forsyth County, NC White | 1 121 (20.0) | 793 (19.5) | 328 (21.4) | 1.9 (−0.5, 4.3) |
| Forsyth County, NC Black | 87 (1.6) | 67 (1.6) | 20 (1.3) | −0.3 (−1.0, 0.3) |
| Jackson, MS Black | 1 129 (20.2) | 896 (22.0) | 233 (15.2) | −6.8 (−9.0, −4.6) |
| Education, n (%) | ||||
| Less than High School | 739 (13.2) | 549 (13.5) | 190 (12.4) | −1.1 (−3.1, 0.8) |
| High school, GED, or vocational school | 2 356 (42.1) | 1 731 (42.6) | 625 (40.8) | −1.8 (−4.7, 1.1) |
| Any college, graduate, or professional school | 2 503 (44.7) | 1 785 (43.9) | 718 (46.8) | 2.9 (0.0, 5.9) |
| Cigarette smoking, n (%) | ||||
| Never | 2 177 (38.9) | 1 651 (40.6) | 526 (34.3) | −6.3 (−9.1, −3.5) |
| Former | 2 717 (48.5) | 1 889 (46.5) | 828 (54.0) | 7.5 (4.6, 10.5) |
| Current | 321 (5.7) | 238 (5.9) | 83 (5.4) | −0.4 (−1.8, 0.9) |
| Not reported | 383 (6.8) | 287 (7.1) | 96 (6.3) | −0.8 (−2.2, 0.6) |
| Alcohol use, n (%) | ||||
| Never | 1 168 (20.9) | 898 (22.1) | 270 (17.6) | −4.7 (−6.8, −2.2) |
| Former | 1 603 (28.6) | 1 159 (28.5) | 444 (29.0) | 0.5 (−2,2, 3.1) |
| Current | 2 779 (49.6) | 1 976 (48.6) | 803 (52.4) | 3.8 (0.8, 6.7) |
| Not reported | 48 (0.9) | 32 (0.8) | 16 (1.0) | 0.3 (−0.3, 0.8) |
| Cognitive status, n (%) | ||||
| Normal | 4 259 (76.1) | 3 151 (77.5) | 1 108 (72.3) | −5.2 (−7.8, −2.7) |
| Mild cognitive impairment | 1 156 (20.7) | 802 (19.7) | 354 (23.1) | 3.4 (0.1, 5.8) |
| Dementia | 183 (3.3) | 112 (2.8) | 71 (4.6) | 1.9 (0.7, 3.0) |
| Military veteran, n (%) | 1 408 (25.2) | 930 (22.9) | 478 (31.2) | 8.3 (5.6, 11.0) |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 4 140 (74.0) | 3 036 (74.7) | 1 104 (72.0) | −2.7 (−5.3, −0.1) |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 2 038 (36.4) | 1 452 (35.7) | 586 (38.2) | 2.5 (−0.3, 5.3) |
| Body mass index in kg/m2, mean (SD) | 28.7 (5.6) | 28.7 (5.6) | 28.8 (5.5) | −0.1 (−0.4, 0.2) |
| Dominant hand grip strength in kg, mean (SD) | 29.2 (10.4) | 29.2 (10.4) | 29.4 (10.5) | −0.2 (−0.8, 0.4) |
| CES-D, n (%) | ||||
| Low or absent depressive symptoms defined by CES-D <9 | 5 255 (93.9) | 3 851 (94.7) | 1 404 (91.6) | −3.2 (−4.7, −1.6) |
| Current depressive symptoms defined by CES-D ≥9 | 343 (6.1) | 214 (5.3) | 129 (8.4) | 3.2 (1.6, 4.7) |
| SPPB total score in points, mean (SD) | 9.4 (2.4) | 9.4 (2.4) | 9.2 (2.5) | −0.2 (−0.4, −0.1) |
| SPPB balance in points, mean (SD) | 3.4 (1.1) | 3.4 (1.1) | 3.3 (1.1) | −0.1 (−0.2, −0.0) |
| SPPB chair stand in points, mean (SD) | 2.4 (1.3) | 2.5 (1.3) | 2.4 (1.3) | −0.1 (−0.2, −0.0) |
| SPPB gait speed in points, mean (SD) | 3.6 (0.7) | 3.6 (0.7) | 3.5 (0.8) | −0.0 (−0.1, −0.0) |
| SPPB gait speed in m/s, mean (SD) | 0.9 (0.2) | 0.9 (0.2) | 0.8 (0.2) | −0.1 (−0.1, −0.1) |
| Frailty status, n (%) | ||||
| Robust | 2 571 (45.9%) | 1 923 (47.3%) | 648 (42.3%) | −5.0 (−7.9, −2.1) |
| Pre-frail | 2 671 (47.7%) | 1 902 (46.8%) | 769 (50.2%) | 3.4 (0.4, 6.3) |
| Frail | 356 (6.4%) | 240 (5.9%) | 116 (7.6%) | 1.7 (0.2, 3.2) |
Note: CES-D = Centers for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; SD = standard deviation; SPPB = short physical performance battery.
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