Clinical and echocardiographic characteristics of the study population (N = 64)
| Clinical data . | PCWP ≤ 18 . | PCWP >18 . | P-value . |
|---|---|---|---|
| N = 33 . | N = 31 . | ||
| Age (years) | 62 ± 13 | 63 ± 9 | 0.50 |
| Gender (n female, %) | 13 (39) | 14 (45) | 0.60 |
| Body surface area (m2) | 1.9 ± 0.4 | 2.1 ± 0.9 | 0.08 |
| Hypertension (n, %) | 26 (79) | 25 (81) | 0.70 |
| Diabetes mellitus (n, %) | 8 (24) | 6 (19) | 0.30 |
| Hypercholesterolaemia (n, %) | 25 (76) | 23 (74) | 0.90 |
| Ischaemic aetiology (n, %) | 28 (85) | 24 (77) | 0.50 |
| ICD (n, %) | 4 (12) | 9 (29) | <0.001 |
| CRT-D (n, %) | 15 (45) | 30 (96) | <0.001 |
| NYHA class > II (n, %) | 8 (24) | 19 (61) | <0.001 |
| MLHFQ score | 18 ± 16 | 41 ± 22 | <0.001 |
| ACE-inhibitors or ARB (n, %) | 15 (45) | 14 (45) | 0.60 |
| ARNI (n, %) | 12 (36) | 11 (35) | 0.08 |
| Beta-blockers (n, %) | 26 (79) | 24 (77) | 0.90 |
| Spironolactone (n, %) | 27 (82) | 19 (61) | 0.05 |
| Loop diuretics (n, %) | 24 (72) | 30 (96) | 0.06 |
| Statins (n, %) | 18 (54) | 30 (97) | 0.05 |
| Left atrial area (cm2) | 25 ± 6 | 34 ± 13 | 0.004 |
| Left atrial volume indexed (mL/m2) | 44 ± 17 | 64 ± 24 | 0.001 |
| Left atrial emptying fraction (%) | 16.0 ± 3.1 | 10.4 ± 3.6 | 0.001 |
| Left atrial stiffness | 0.7 ± 0.48 | 1.7 ± 0.97 | <0.001 |
| End-diastolic LV volume (mL) | 169 ± 57 | 212 ± 96 | 0.05 |
| End-systolic LV volume (mL) | 112 ± 47 | 153 ± 80 | 0.05 |
| LV mass index (g/m2) | 117 ± 27 | 118 ± 34 | 0.30 |
| LV ejection fraction (%) | 27.1 ± 2.4 | 26.3 ± 9.8 | 0.20 |
| Mitral E (cm/s) | 0.7 ± 0.2 | 0.9 ± 0.3 | 0.002 |
| Mitral E/A ratio | 1.8 ± 2.0 | 3.3 ± 1.6 | 0.008 |
| e′mit (cm/s) | 7.1 ± 0.38 | 8.2 ± 0.12 | 0.50 |
| E/e′ (cm/s) | 13.6 ± 5.0 | 15.7 ± 6.6 | 0.03 |
| GLS (%) | −11.1 ± 3.9 | −8.5 ± 4.1 | 0.002 |
| Global PALS (%) | 11.8 ± 5.2 | 7.9 ± 3.7 | <0.001 |
| Four-chamber PALS (%) | 11 ± 6.4 | 7.5 ± 3.4 | <0.001 |
| Two-chamber PALS (%) | 12.6 ± 4.0 | 8.2 ± 4.0 | <0.001 |
| Global TPLS (ms) | 410 ± 61 | 430 ± 95 | 0.001 |
| Clinical data . | PCWP ≤ 18 . | PCWP >18 . | P-value . |
|---|---|---|---|
| N = 33 . | N = 31 . | ||
| Age (years) | 62 ± 13 | 63 ± 9 | 0.50 |
| Gender (n female, %) | 13 (39) | 14 (45) | 0.60 |
| Body surface area (m2) | 1.9 ± 0.4 | 2.1 ± 0.9 | 0.08 |
| Hypertension (n, %) | 26 (79) | 25 (81) | 0.70 |
| Diabetes mellitus (n, %) | 8 (24) | 6 (19) | 0.30 |
| Hypercholesterolaemia (n, %) | 25 (76) | 23 (74) | 0.90 |
| Ischaemic aetiology (n, %) | 28 (85) | 24 (77) | 0.50 |
| ICD (n, %) | 4 (12) | 9 (29) | <0.001 |
| CRT-D (n, %) | 15 (45) | 30 (96) | <0.001 |
| NYHA class > II (n, %) | 8 (24) | 19 (61) | <0.001 |
| MLHFQ score | 18 ± 16 | 41 ± 22 | <0.001 |
| ACE-inhibitors or ARB (n, %) | 15 (45) | 14 (45) | 0.60 |
| ARNI (n, %) | 12 (36) | 11 (35) | 0.08 |
| Beta-blockers (n, %) | 26 (79) | 24 (77) | 0.90 |
| Spironolactone (n, %) | 27 (82) | 19 (61) | 0.05 |
| Loop diuretics (n, %) | 24 (72) | 30 (96) | 0.06 |
| Statins (n, %) | 18 (54) | 30 (97) | 0.05 |
| Left atrial area (cm2) | 25 ± 6 | 34 ± 13 | 0.004 |
| Left atrial volume indexed (mL/m2) | 44 ± 17 | 64 ± 24 | 0.001 |
| Left atrial emptying fraction (%) | 16.0 ± 3.1 | 10.4 ± 3.6 | 0.001 |
| Left atrial stiffness | 0.7 ± 0.48 | 1.7 ± 0.97 | <0.001 |
| End-diastolic LV volume (mL) | 169 ± 57 | 212 ± 96 | 0.05 |
| End-systolic LV volume (mL) | 112 ± 47 | 153 ± 80 | 0.05 |
| LV mass index (g/m2) | 117 ± 27 | 118 ± 34 | 0.30 |
| LV ejection fraction (%) | 27.1 ± 2.4 | 26.3 ± 9.8 | 0.20 |
| Mitral E (cm/s) | 0.7 ± 0.2 | 0.9 ± 0.3 | 0.002 |
| Mitral E/A ratio | 1.8 ± 2.0 | 3.3 ± 1.6 | 0.008 |
| e′mit (cm/s) | 7.1 ± 0.38 | 8.2 ± 0.12 | 0.50 |
| E/e′ (cm/s) | 13.6 ± 5.0 | 15.7 ± 6.6 | 0.03 |
| GLS (%) | −11.1 ± 3.9 | −8.5 ± 4.1 | 0.002 |
| Global PALS (%) | 11.8 ± 5.2 | 7.9 ± 3.7 | <0.001 |
| Four-chamber PALS (%) | 11 ± 6.4 | 7.5 ± 3.4 | <0.001 |
| Two-chamber PALS (%) | 12.6 ± 4.0 | 8.2 ± 4.0 | <0.001 |
| Global TPLS (ms) | 410 ± 61 | 430 ± 95 | 0.001 |
The bold values are those statistically significant.
A, atrial transmitral flow velocity; ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; ARNI, angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor, CRT-D, previous cardiac resynchronization therapy with defibrillation implantation; E, early transmitral flow velocity; e′, early diastolic mitral annular velocity; GLS, global longitudinal strain; ICD, implantable cardioverter defibrillator; LV, left ventricular; MLHF, Minnesota living with heart failure; n.s., non-significant; PALS, peak atrial longitudinal strain; PCWP, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure; TPLS, time-to-peak atrial longitudinal strain; PAP, pulmonary arterial pressure.
Clinical and echocardiographic characteristics of the study population (N = 64)
| Clinical data . | PCWP ≤ 18 . | PCWP >18 . | P-value . |
|---|---|---|---|
| N = 33 . | N = 31 . | ||
| Age (years) | 62 ± 13 | 63 ± 9 | 0.50 |
| Gender (n female, %) | 13 (39) | 14 (45) | 0.60 |
| Body surface area (m2) | 1.9 ± 0.4 | 2.1 ± 0.9 | 0.08 |
| Hypertension (n, %) | 26 (79) | 25 (81) | 0.70 |
| Diabetes mellitus (n, %) | 8 (24) | 6 (19) | 0.30 |
| Hypercholesterolaemia (n, %) | 25 (76) | 23 (74) | 0.90 |
| Ischaemic aetiology (n, %) | 28 (85) | 24 (77) | 0.50 |
| ICD (n, %) | 4 (12) | 9 (29) | <0.001 |
| CRT-D (n, %) | 15 (45) | 30 (96) | <0.001 |
| NYHA class > II (n, %) | 8 (24) | 19 (61) | <0.001 |
| MLHFQ score | 18 ± 16 | 41 ± 22 | <0.001 |
| ACE-inhibitors or ARB (n, %) | 15 (45) | 14 (45) | 0.60 |
| ARNI (n, %) | 12 (36) | 11 (35) | 0.08 |
| Beta-blockers (n, %) | 26 (79) | 24 (77) | 0.90 |
| Spironolactone (n, %) | 27 (82) | 19 (61) | 0.05 |
| Loop diuretics (n, %) | 24 (72) | 30 (96) | 0.06 |
| Statins (n, %) | 18 (54) | 30 (97) | 0.05 |
| Left atrial area (cm2) | 25 ± 6 | 34 ± 13 | 0.004 |
| Left atrial volume indexed (mL/m2) | 44 ± 17 | 64 ± 24 | 0.001 |
| Left atrial emptying fraction (%) | 16.0 ± 3.1 | 10.4 ± 3.6 | 0.001 |
| Left atrial stiffness | 0.7 ± 0.48 | 1.7 ± 0.97 | <0.001 |
| End-diastolic LV volume (mL) | 169 ± 57 | 212 ± 96 | 0.05 |
| End-systolic LV volume (mL) | 112 ± 47 | 153 ± 80 | 0.05 |
| LV mass index (g/m2) | 117 ± 27 | 118 ± 34 | 0.30 |
| LV ejection fraction (%) | 27.1 ± 2.4 | 26.3 ± 9.8 | 0.20 |
| Mitral E (cm/s) | 0.7 ± 0.2 | 0.9 ± 0.3 | 0.002 |
| Mitral E/A ratio | 1.8 ± 2.0 | 3.3 ± 1.6 | 0.008 |
| e′mit (cm/s) | 7.1 ± 0.38 | 8.2 ± 0.12 | 0.50 |
| E/e′ (cm/s) | 13.6 ± 5.0 | 15.7 ± 6.6 | 0.03 |
| GLS (%) | −11.1 ± 3.9 | −8.5 ± 4.1 | 0.002 |
| Global PALS (%) | 11.8 ± 5.2 | 7.9 ± 3.7 | <0.001 |
| Four-chamber PALS (%) | 11 ± 6.4 | 7.5 ± 3.4 | <0.001 |
| Two-chamber PALS (%) | 12.6 ± 4.0 | 8.2 ± 4.0 | <0.001 |
| Global TPLS (ms) | 410 ± 61 | 430 ± 95 | 0.001 |
| Clinical data . | PCWP ≤ 18 . | PCWP >18 . | P-value . |
|---|---|---|---|
| N = 33 . | N = 31 . | ||
| Age (years) | 62 ± 13 | 63 ± 9 | 0.50 |
| Gender (n female, %) | 13 (39) | 14 (45) | 0.60 |
| Body surface area (m2) | 1.9 ± 0.4 | 2.1 ± 0.9 | 0.08 |
| Hypertension (n, %) | 26 (79) | 25 (81) | 0.70 |
| Diabetes mellitus (n, %) | 8 (24) | 6 (19) | 0.30 |
| Hypercholesterolaemia (n, %) | 25 (76) | 23 (74) | 0.90 |
| Ischaemic aetiology (n, %) | 28 (85) | 24 (77) | 0.50 |
| ICD (n, %) | 4 (12) | 9 (29) | <0.001 |
| CRT-D (n, %) | 15 (45) | 30 (96) | <0.001 |
| NYHA class > II (n, %) | 8 (24) | 19 (61) | <0.001 |
| MLHFQ score | 18 ± 16 | 41 ± 22 | <0.001 |
| ACE-inhibitors or ARB (n, %) | 15 (45) | 14 (45) | 0.60 |
| ARNI (n, %) | 12 (36) | 11 (35) | 0.08 |
| Beta-blockers (n, %) | 26 (79) | 24 (77) | 0.90 |
| Spironolactone (n, %) | 27 (82) | 19 (61) | 0.05 |
| Loop diuretics (n, %) | 24 (72) | 30 (96) | 0.06 |
| Statins (n, %) | 18 (54) | 30 (97) | 0.05 |
| Left atrial area (cm2) | 25 ± 6 | 34 ± 13 | 0.004 |
| Left atrial volume indexed (mL/m2) | 44 ± 17 | 64 ± 24 | 0.001 |
| Left atrial emptying fraction (%) | 16.0 ± 3.1 | 10.4 ± 3.6 | 0.001 |
| Left atrial stiffness | 0.7 ± 0.48 | 1.7 ± 0.97 | <0.001 |
| End-diastolic LV volume (mL) | 169 ± 57 | 212 ± 96 | 0.05 |
| End-systolic LV volume (mL) | 112 ± 47 | 153 ± 80 | 0.05 |
| LV mass index (g/m2) | 117 ± 27 | 118 ± 34 | 0.30 |
| LV ejection fraction (%) | 27.1 ± 2.4 | 26.3 ± 9.8 | 0.20 |
| Mitral E (cm/s) | 0.7 ± 0.2 | 0.9 ± 0.3 | 0.002 |
| Mitral E/A ratio | 1.8 ± 2.0 | 3.3 ± 1.6 | 0.008 |
| e′mit (cm/s) | 7.1 ± 0.38 | 8.2 ± 0.12 | 0.50 |
| E/e′ (cm/s) | 13.6 ± 5.0 | 15.7 ± 6.6 | 0.03 |
| GLS (%) | −11.1 ± 3.9 | −8.5 ± 4.1 | 0.002 |
| Global PALS (%) | 11.8 ± 5.2 | 7.9 ± 3.7 | <0.001 |
| Four-chamber PALS (%) | 11 ± 6.4 | 7.5 ± 3.4 | <0.001 |
| Two-chamber PALS (%) | 12.6 ± 4.0 | 8.2 ± 4.0 | <0.001 |
| Global TPLS (ms) | 410 ± 61 | 430 ± 95 | 0.001 |
The bold values are those statistically significant.
A, atrial transmitral flow velocity; ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; ARNI, angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor, CRT-D, previous cardiac resynchronization therapy with defibrillation implantation; E, early transmitral flow velocity; e′, early diastolic mitral annular velocity; GLS, global longitudinal strain; ICD, implantable cardioverter defibrillator; LV, left ventricular; MLHF, Minnesota living with heart failure; n.s., non-significant; PALS, peak atrial longitudinal strain; PCWP, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure; TPLS, time-to-peak atrial longitudinal strain; PAP, pulmonary arterial pressure.
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