Table 3. Open in new tab The...

Overall	FEV₁ <80% Predicted vs Normal aOR (95% CI)	P Value	FVC <80% Predicted vs Normal aOR (95% CI)	P Value
Age >32 y	1.34 (0.85–2.11)	.21	1.16 (0.72–1.89)	.54
Female sex	1.68 (1.05–2.69)	.03	1.53 (0.93–2.50)	.09
BMI, tertile 2 vs 1^b	0.60 (0.41–0.87)	.01	0.48 (0.33–0.69)	<.001
BMI, tertile 3 vs 1	0.33 (0.21–0.54)	<.001	0.25 (0.16–0.41)	<.001
P_trend	…	<.001	…	<.001
Ever cigarette smoker	1.49 (0.82–2.72)	.19	1.32 (0.69–2.49)	.40
Exposure to biomass fuel at home	0.87 (0.51–1.47)	.59	0.75 (0.44–1.29)	.31
HIV+ vs HIV-	0.50 (0.30–0.83)	.01	0.58 (0.33–0.94)	.03
TB+ vs TB-	0.54 (0.29–1.00)	.05	0.75 (0.38–1.49)	.41
HIV+	n_participants = 137; n_obs = 239	n_participants = 130; n_obs = 221
Female sex	3.20 (1.39–7.36)	.006	3.20 (1.26–8.13)	.02
HIV-	n_participants = 221; n_obs = 378	n_participants = 211; n_obs = 354
Female sex	1.26 (0.72–2.23)	.42	1.23 (0.68–2.25)	.49

Overall

FEV₁ <80% Predicted vs Normal
aOR (95% CI)

P Value

FVC <80% Predicted vs Normal
aOR (95% CI)

P Value

n_participants = 358; n_obs = 617

n_participants = 341; n_obs = 575

Age >32 y

1.34 (0.85–2.11)

.21

1.16 (0.72–1.89)

.54

Female sex

1.68 (1.05–2.69)

.03

1.53 (0.93–2.50)

.09

BMI, tertile 2 vs 1^b

0.60 (0.41–0.87)

.01

0.48 (0.33–0.69)

<.001

BMI, tertile 3 vs 1

0.33 (0.21–0.54)

<.001

0.25 (0.16–0.41)

<.001

P_trend

…

<.001

…

<.001

Ever cigarette smoker

1.49 (0.82–2.72)

.19

1.32 (0.69–2.49)

.40

Exposure to biomass fuel at home

0.87 (0.51–1.47)

.59

0.75 (0.44–1.29)

.31

HIV+ vs HIV-

0.50 (0.30–0.83)

.01

0.58 (0.33–0.94)

.03

TB+ vs TB-

0.54 (0.29–1.00)

.05

0.75 (0.38–1.49)

.41

HIV+

n_participants = 137; n_obs = 239

n_participants = 130; n_obs = 221

Female sex

3.20 (1.39–7.36)

.006

3.20 (1.26–8.13)

.02

HIV-

n_participants = 221; n_obs = 378

n_participants = 211; n_obs = 354

Female sex

1.26 (0.72–2.23)

.42

1.23 (0.68–2.25)

.49

Overall	FEV₁ <80% Predicted vs Normal aOR (95% CI)	P Value	FVC <80% Predicted vs Normal aOR (95% CI)	P Value
Age >32 y	1.34 (0.85–2.11)	.21	1.16 (0.72–1.89)	.54
Female sex	1.68 (1.05–2.69)	.03	1.53 (0.93–2.50)	.09
BMI, tertile 2 vs 1^b	0.60 (0.41–0.87)	.01	0.48 (0.33–0.69)	<.001
BMI, tertile 3 vs 1	0.33 (0.21–0.54)	<.001	0.25 (0.16–0.41)	<.001
P_trend	…	<.001	…	<.001
Ever cigarette smoker	1.49 (0.82–2.72)	.19	1.32 (0.69–2.49)	.40
Exposure to biomass fuel at home	0.87 (0.51–1.47)	.59	0.75 (0.44–1.29)	.31
HIV+ vs HIV-	0.50 (0.30–0.83)	.01	0.58 (0.33–0.94)	.03
TB+ vs TB-	0.54 (0.29–1.00)	.05	0.75 (0.38–1.49)	.41
HIV+	n_participants = 137; n_obs = 239	n_participants = 130; n_obs = 221
Female sex	3.20 (1.39–7.36)	.006	3.20 (1.26–8.13)	.02
HIV-	n_participants = 221; n_obs = 378	n_participants = 211; n_obs = 354
Female sex	1.26 (0.72–2.23)	.42	1.23 (0.68–2.25)	.49

Table 3.

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The Longitudinal Adjusted Associations of Participant Characteristics With FEV₁ <80% Predicted and FVC <80% Predicted Using the Fixed Ratio Definition^a

Overall	FEV₁ <80% Predicted vs Normal aOR (95% CI)	P Value	FVC <80% Predicted vs Normal aOR (95% CI)	P Value
Overall	n_participants = 358; n_obs = 617		n_participants = 341; n_obs = 575
Age >32 y	1.34 (0.85–2.11)	.21	1.16 (0.72–1.89)	.54
Female sex	1.68 (1.05–2.69)	.03	1.53 (0.93–2.50)	.09
BMI, tertile 2 vs 1^b	0.60 (0.41–0.87)	.01	0.48 (0.33–0.69)	<.001
BMI, tertile 3 vs 1	0.33 (0.21–0.54)	<.001	0.25 (0.16–0.41)	<.001
P_trend	…	<.001	…	<.001
Ever cigarette smoker	1.49 (0.82–2.72)	.19	1.32 (0.69–2.49)	.40
Exposure to biomass fuel at home	0.87 (0.51–1.47)	.59	0.75 (0.44–1.29)	.31
HIV+ vs HIV-	0.50 (0.30–0.83)	.01	0.58 (0.33–0.94)	.03
TB+ vs TB-	0.54 (0.29–1.00)	.05	0.75 (0.38–1.49)	.41
HIV+	n_participants = 137; n_obs = 239		n_participants = 130; n_obs = 221
Female sex	3.20 (1.39–7.36)	.006	3.20 (1.26–8.13)	.02
HIV-	n_participants = 221; n_obs = 378		n_participants = 211; n_obs = 354
Female sex	1.26 (0.72–2.23)	.42	1.23 (0.68–2.25)	.49

Overall	FEV₁ <80% Predicted vs Normal aOR (95% CI)	P Value	FVC <80% Predicted vs Normal aOR (95% CI)	P Value
Overall	n_participants = 358; n_obs = 617		n_participants = 341; n_obs = 575
Age >32 y	1.34 (0.85–2.11)	.21	1.16 (0.72–1.89)	.54
Female sex	1.68 (1.05–2.69)	.03	1.53 (0.93–2.50)	.09
BMI, tertile 2 vs 1^b	0.60 (0.41–0.87)	.01	0.48 (0.33–0.69)	<.001
BMI, tertile 3 vs 1	0.33 (0.21–0.54)	<.001	0.25 (0.16–0.41)	<.001
P_trend	…	<.001	…	<.001
Ever cigarette smoker	1.49 (0.82–2.72)	.19	1.32 (0.69–2.49)	.40
Exposure to biomass fuel at home	0.87 (0.51–1.47)	.59	0.75 (0.44–1.29)	.31
HIV+ vs HIV-	0.50 (0.30–0.83)	.01	0.58 (0.33–0.94)	.03
TB+ vs TB-	0.54 (0.29–1.00)	.05	0.75 (0.38–1.49)	.41
HIV+	n_participants = 137; n_obs = 239		n_participants = 130; n_obs = 221
Female sex	3.20 (1.39–7.36)	.006	3.20 (1.26–8.13)	.02
HIV-	n_participants = 221; n_obs = 378		n_participants = 211; n_obs = 354
Female sex	1.26 (0.72–2.23)	.42	1.23 (0.68–2.25)	.49

n_participants = the number of participants included in the analysis; n_obs = the number of unique observations included in the analysis. The bold values are those that reached statistical significance.

Abbreviations: aOR, adjusted odds ratio; BMI, body mass index; FEV₁%predicted, forced expiratory volume in 1 second as percentage of predicted reference value; FVC% predicted, forced vital capacity as percentage of predicted reference value; TB, tuberculosis.

^aAdjusted for age, BMI, smoking status, biomass fuel exposure, HIV, and TB status.

^bBMI was divided into tertiles to facilitate model convergence. For clinical interpretation, trend was also assessed.

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