Table 3. Open in new tab Multivariable...

	External test set 1	External test set 2
Age	1.020 (1.012, 1.028)	<0.001	1.011 (1.003, 1.020)	0.010	1.024 (1.003, 1.045)	0.026	1.018 (0.998, 1.040)	0.084
Sex (F = 1)	0.818 (0.663, 1.010)	0.061	0.792 (0.643, 0.976)	0.029	0.499 (0.322, 0.774)	0.002	0.480 (0.310, 0.744)	0.001
Total resection	0.846 (0.683, 1.049)	0.127			0.546 (0.354, 0.843)	0.006	0.596 (0.382, 0.929)	0.022
KPS	0.978 (0.971, 0.986)	<0.001	0.983 (0.975, 0.990)	<0.001	0.979 (0.967, 0.992)	0.001	0.975 (0.961, 0.988)	<0.001
WHO grades	1.551 (1.111, 2.166)	0.010	1.523 (1.087, 2.133)	0.014
Pathology—astrocytoma, IDH-mutant	0.576 (0.368, 0.903)	0.016	0.628 (0.399, 0.991)	0.045
Pathology—oligodendroglioma, IDH-mutant, and 1p19q-codeleted	0.105 (0.035, 0.318)	<0.001	0.114 (0.038, 0.347)	<0.001
Pathology—others	0.833 (0.547, 1.269)	0.396	0.883 (0.581, 1.343)	0.562
IDH					0.050 (0.007, 0.377)	0.004	0.040 (0.005, 0.307)	0.002
MGMT	0.501 (0.401, 0.627)	<0.001	0.508 (0.405, 0.636)	<0.001
DPI	-	-	0.032 (0.010, 0.103)	<0.001	-	-	0.036 (0.004, 0.352)	0.004
C-index	0.774 (0.751, 0.796)	0.783 (0.761, 0.804)	0.748 (0.696, 0.799)	(0.718, 0.813)
P value	0.001	0.023

External test set 1

External test set 2

Multivariate analysis without DPI

Multivariate analysis with DPI

Multivariate analysis without DPI

Multivariate analysis with DPI

Variables

P value

Age

1.020 (1.012, 1.028)

<0.001

1.011 (1.003, 1.020)

0.010

1.024 (1.003, 1.045)

0.026

1.018 (0.998, 1.040)

0.084

Sex (F = 1)

0.818 (0.663, 1.010)

0.061

0.792 (0.643, 0.976)

0.029

0.499 (0.322, 0.774)

0.002

0.480 (0.310, 0.744)

0.001

Total resection

0.846 (0.683, 1.049)

0.127

0.546 (0.354, 0.843)

0.006

0.596 (0.382, 0.929)

0.022

KPS

0.978 (0.971, 0.986)

<0.001

0.983 (0.975, 0.990)

<0.001

0.979 (0.967, 0.992)

0.001

0.975 (0.961, 0.988)

<0.001

WHO grades

1.551 (1.111, 2.166)

0.010

1.523 (1.087, 2.133)

0.014

Pathology—astrocytoma, IDH-mutant

0.576 (0.368, 0.903)

0.016

0.628 (0.399, 0.991)

0.045

Pathology—oligodendroglioma, IDH-mutant, and 1p19q-codeleted

0.105 (0.035, 0.318)

<0.001

0.114 (0.038, 0.347)

<0.001

Pathology—others

0.833 (0.547, 1.269)

0.396

0.883 (0.581, 1.343)

0.562

IDH

0.050 (0.007, 0.377)

0.004

0.040 (0.005, 0.307)

0.002

MGMT

0.501 (0.401, 0.627)

<0.001

0.508 (0.405, 0.636)

<0.001

DPI

0.032 (0.010, 0.103)

<0.001

0.036 (0.004, 0.352)

0.004

C-index

0.774 (0.751, 0.796)

0.783 (0.761, 0.804)

0.748 (0.696, 0.799)

(0.718, 0.813)

P value

0.001

0.023

	External test set 1	External test set 2
Age	1.020 (1.012, 1.028)	<0.001	1.011 (1.003, 1.020)	0.010	1.024 (1.003, 1.045)	0.026	1.018 (0.998, 1.040)	0.084
Sex (F = 1)	0.818 (0.663, 1.010)	0.061	0.792 (0.643, 0.976)	0.029	0.499 (0.322, 0.774)	0.002	0.480 (0.310, 0.744)	0.001
Total resection	0.846 (0.683, 1.049)	0.127			0.546 (0.354, 0.843)	0.006	0.596 (0.382, 0.929)	0.022
KPS	0.978 (0.971, 0.986)	<0.001	0.983 (0.975, 0.990)	<0.001	0.979 (0.967, 0.992)	0.001	0.975 (0.961, 0.988)	<0.001
WHO grades	1.551 (1.111, 2.166)	0.010	1.523 (1.087, 2.133)	0.014
Pathology—astrocytoma, IDH-mutant	0.576 (0.368, 0.903)	0.016	0.628 (0.399, 0.991)	0.045
Pathology—oligodendroglioma, IDH-mutant, and 1p19q-codeleted	0.105 (0.035, 0.318)	<0.001	0.114 (0.038, 0.347)	<0.001
Pathology—others	0.833 (0.547, 1.269)	0.396	0.883 (0.581, 1.343)	0.562
IDH					0.050 (0.007, 0.377)	0.004	0.040 (0.005, 0.307)	0.002
MGMT	0.501 (0.401, 0.627)	<0.001	0.508 (0.405, 0.636)	<0.001
DPI	-	-	0.032 (0.010, 0.103)	<0.001	-	-	0.036 (0.004, 0.352)	0.004
C-index	0.774 (0.751, 0.796)	0.783 (0.761, 0.804)	0.748 (0.696, 0.799)	(0.718, 0.813)
P value	0.001	0.023

Table 3.

Open in new tab

Multivariable analyses of overall survival in the external test sets

	External test set 1				External test set 2
	Multivariate analysis without DPI		Multivariate analysis with DPI		Multivariate analysis without DPI		Multivariate analysis with DPI
Variables	HR	P value	HR	P value	HR	P value	HR	P value
Age	1.020 (1.012, 1.028)	<0.001	1.011 (1.003, 1.020)	0.010	1.024 (1.003, 1.045)	0.026	1.018 (0.998, 1.040)	0.084
Sex (F = 1)	0.818 (0.663, 1.010)	0.061	0.792 (0.643, 0.976)	0.029	0.499 (0.322, 0.774)	0.002	0.480 (0.310, 0.744)	0.001
Total resection	0.846 (0.683, 1.049)	0.127			0.546 (0.354, 0.843)	0.006	0.596 (0.382, 0.929)	0.022
KPS	0.978 (0.971, 0.986)	<0.001	0.983 (0.975, 0.990)	<0.001	0.979 (0.967, 0.992)	0.001	0.975 (0.961, 0.988)	<0.001
WHO grades	1.551 (1.111, 2.166)	0.010	1.523 (1.087, 2.133)	0.014
Pathology—astrocytoma, IDH-mutant	0.576 (0.368, 0.903)	0.016	0.628 (0.399, 0.991)	0.045
Pathology—oligodendroglioma, IDH-mutant, and 1p19q-codeleted	0.105 (0.035, 0.318)	<0.001	0.114 (0.038, 0.347)	<0.001
Pathology—others	0.833 (0.547, 1.269)	0.396	0.883 (0.581, 1.343)	0.562
IDH					0.050 (0.007, 0.377)	0.004	0.040 (0.005, 0.307)	0.002
MGMT	0.501 (0.401, 0.627)	<0.001	0.508 (0.405, 0.636)	<0.001
DPI	-	-	0.032 (0.010, 0.103)	<0.001	-	-	0.036 (0.004, 0.352)	0.004
C-index	0.774 (0.751, 0.796)		0.783 (0.761, 0.804)		0.748 (0.696, 0.799)		(0.718, 0.813)
P value	0.001				0.023

	External test set 1				External test set 2
	Multivariate analysis without DPI		Multivariate analysis with DPI		Multivariate analysis without DPI		Multivariate analysis with DPI
Variables	HR	P value	HR	P value	HR	P value	HR	P value
Age	1.020 (1.012, 1.028)	<0.001	1.011 (1.003, 1.020)	0.010	1.024 (1.003, 1.045)	0.026	1.018 (0.998, 1.040)	0.084
Sex (F = 1)	0.818 (0.663, 1.010)	0.061	0.792 (0.643, 0.976)	0.029	0.499 (0.322, 0.774)	0.002	0.480 (0.310, 0.744)	0.001
Total resection	0.846 (0.683, 1.049)	0.127			0.546 (0.354, 0.843)	0.006	0.596 (0.382, 0.929)	0.022
KPS	0.978 (0.971, 0.986)	<0.001	0.983 (0.975, 0.990)	<0.001	0.979 (0.967, 0.992)	0.001	0.975 (0.961, 0.988)	<0.001
WHO grades	1.551 (1.111, 2.166)	0.010	1.523 (1.087, 2.133)	0.014
Pathology—astrocytoma, IDH-mutant	0.576 (0.368, 0.903)	0.016	0.628 (0.399, 0.991)	0.045
Pathology—oligodendroglioma, IDH-mutant, and 1p19q-codeleted	0.105 (0.035, 0.318)	<0.001	0.114 (0.038, 0.347)	<0.001
Pathology—others	0.833 (0.547, 1.269)	0.396	0.883 (0.581, 1.343)	0.562
IDH					0.050 (0.007, 0.377)	0.004	0.040 (0.005, 0.307)	0.002
MGMT	0.501 (0.401, 0.627)	<0.001	0.508 (0.405, 0.636)	<0.001
DPI	-	-	0.032 (0.010, 0.103)	<0.001	-	-	0.036 (0.004, 0.352)	0.004
C-index	0.774 (0.751, 0.796)		0.783 (0.761, 0.804)		0.748 (0.696, 0.799)		(0.718, 0.813)
P value	0.001				0.023

Empty cells are eliminated variables in the final multivariate Cox proportional hazard model using Akaike information criteria. The numbers in the parentheses represent the 95% confidence interval. The HR for pathological categorial variables is calculated relative to a reference category, specifically glioblastoma, IDH-wild type. The P values at the bottom indicate the comparison of C-indices between models, with and without DPI.

Abbreviations: HR, hazard ratio; KPS, Karnofsky performance status; IDH, isocitrate dehydrogenase; MGMT, O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase.

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