| Male | Female | |||||
| Control | T2D | Control | T2D | Control | T2D | |
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| n | 37 | 39 | 16 | 18 | 21 | 21 |
| Age (years) | 62.0 ± 5.4 | 61.7 ± 5.6 | 60.9 ± 5.1 | 59.7 ± 5.7 | 62.9 ± 5.5 | 63.4 ± 4.9 |
| Race | ||||||
| White | 26 | 22 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 9 |
| Asian | 9 | 12 | 4 | 3 | 5 | 9 |
| Black | 1 | 4 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 2 |
| Islander | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Not reported | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.1 ± 3.9 | 28.0 ± 4.1a | 26.2 ± 4.0 | 27.7 ± 3.5 | 24.3 ± 3.8 | 28.3 ± 4.7c |
| Antilipidemic medication | 7 | 24a | 4 | 9 | 3 | 15c |
| Insulin therapy | 8 | 0 | 8 | |||
| T2D duration (years) | 11.4 ± 7.5 | 9.9 ± 8.0 | 12.6 ± 7.0 | |||
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| HbA1c (%) | 5.4 ± 0.2 | 7.2 ± 1.5a | 5.4 ± 0.2 | 6.8 ± 1.0b | 5.3 ± 0.3 | 7.5 ± 1.7c |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dl) | 90.0 ± 16.8 | 138.1 ± 52.0a | 90.9 ± 23.8 | 124.6 ± 34.7b | 90.8 ± 9.1 | 149.7 ± 61.7c |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dl) | 211.7 ± 45.1 | 157.1 ± 38.0a | 191.6 ± 52.5 | 146.3 ± 34.3b | 227.0 ± 32.0b | 166.3 ± 39.4c |
| LDL (mg/dl) | 122.7 ± 35.2 | 83.5 ± 30.9a | 114.8 ± 45.0 | 78.8 ± 27.1b | 128.7 ± 25.0 | 87.5 ± 34.0c |
| HDL (mg/dl) | 69.4 ± 22.0 | 49.3 ± 14.5a | 56.3 ± 13.6 | 43.0 ± 9.5b | 79.4 ± 22.1b | 54.8 ± 16.0c,d |
| Triglycerides (mg/dl) | 94.8 ± 48.0 | 148.8 ± 66.8a | 102.8 ± 45.4 | 153.8 ± 73.9b | 88.7 ± 50.1 | 144.5 ± 61.6c |
| Calcium | 9.4 ± 0.3 | 9.5 ± 0.3 | 9.4 ± 0.2 | 9.5 ± 0.3 | 9.5 ± 0.3 | 9.5 ± 0.3 |
| Vitamin D | 33.2 ± 9.7 | 29.4 ± 11.9 | 31.3 ± 10.5 | 29.6 ± 12.3 | 34.7 ± 9.0 | 29.1 ± 11.9 |
| Serum creatinine (mg/dl) | 0.81 ± 0.20 | 0.88 ± 0.25 | 0.94 ± 0.13 | 1.04 ± 0.26 | 0.70 ± 0.18b | 0.75 ± 0.12d |
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| Spine BMD (g/cm2) | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 1.0 ± 0.2 | 1.0 ± 0.1 |
| Spine T‐score | −0.7 ± 1.6 | −0.6 ± 0.9 | −0.6 ± 1.1 | −0.8 ± 0.8 | −0.7 ± 1.4 | −0.5 ± 1.0 |
| Osteopenic | 30 | 28 | 12 | 13 | 18 | 15 |
| Male | Female | |||||
| Control | T2D | Control | T2D | Control | T2D | |
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| n | 37 | 39 | 16 | 18 | 21 | 21 |
| Age (years) | 62.0 ± 5.4 | 61.7 ± 5.6 | 60.9 ± 5.1 | 59.7 ± 5.7 | 62.9 ± 5.5 | 63.4 ± 4.9 |
| Race | ||||||
| White | 26 | 22 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 9 |
| Asian | 9 | 12 | 4 | 3 | 5 | 9 |
| Black | 1 | 4 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 2 |
| Islander | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Not reported | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.1 ± 3.9 | 28.0 ± 4.1a | 26.2 ± 4.0 | 27.7 ± 3.5 | 24.3 ± 3.8 | 28.3 ± 4.7c |
| Antilipidemic medication | 7 | 24a | 4 | 9 | 3 | 15c |
| Insulin therapy | 8 | 0 | 8 | |||
| T2D duration (years) | 11.4 ± 7.5 | 9.9 ± 8.0 | 12.6 ± 7.0 | |||
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| HbA1c (%) | 5.4 ± 0.2 | 7.2 ± 1.5a | 5.4 ± 0.2 | 6.8 ± 1.0b | 5.3 ± 0.3 | 7.5 ± 1.7c |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dl) | 90.0 ± 16.8 | 138.1 ± 52.0a | 90.9 ± 23.8 | 124.6 ± 34.7b | 90.8 ± 9.1 | 149.7 ± 61.7c |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dl) | 211.7 ± 45.1 | 157.1 ± 38.0a | 191.6 ± 52.5 | 146.3 ± 34.3b | 227.0 ± 32.0b | 166.3 ± 39.4c |
| LDL (mg/dl) | 122.7 ± 35.2 | 83.5 ± 30.9a | 114.8 ± 45.0 | 78.8 ± 27.1b | 128.7 ± 25.0 | 87.5 ± 34.0c |
| HDL (mg/dl) | 69.4 ± 22.0 | 49.3 ± 14.5a | 56.3 ± 13.6 | 43.0 ± 9.5b | 79.4 ± 22.1b | 54.8 ± 16.0c,d |
| Triglycerides (mg/dl) | 94.8 ± 48.0 | 148.8 ± 66.8a | 102.8 ± 45.4 | 153.8 ± 73.9b | 88.7 ± 50.1 | 144.5 ± 61.6c |
| Calcium | 9.4 ± 0.3 | 9.5 ± 0.3 | 9.4 ± 0.2 | 9.5 ± 0.3 | 9.5 ± 0.3 | 9.5 ± 0.3 |
| Vitamin D | 33.2 ± 9.7 | 29.4 ± 11.9 | 31.3 ± 10.5 | 29.6 ± 12.3 | 34.7 ± 9.0 | 29.1 ± 11.9 |
| Serum creatinine (mg/dl) | 0.81 ± 0.20 | 0.88 ± 0.25 | 0.94 ± 0.13 | 1.04 ± 0.26 | 0.70 ± 0.18b | 0.75 ± 0.12d |
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| Spine BMD (g/cm2) | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 1.0 ± 0.2 | 1.0 ± 0.1 |
| Spine T‐score | −0.7 ± 1.6 | −0.6 ± 0.9 | −0.6 ± 1.1 | −0.8 ± 0.8 | −0.7 ± 1.4 | −0.5 ± 1.0 |
| Osteopenic | 30 | 28 | 12 | 13 | 18 | 15 |
Data shown as counts or mean ± SD. p values calculated for two‐sided unpaired t tests. Bold font highlights statistical significance compared with the other group.
BMD = bone mineral density; BMI = body mass index; HbA1c = hemoglobin A1c; HDL = high‐density lipoprotein; LDL = low‐density lipoprotein; T2D = Type 2 diabetes.
Statistical significance (p < 0.05) compared with control group.
Statistical significance (p < 0.05) compared with male control group.
Statistical significance (p < 0.05) compared with female control group.
Statistical significance (p < 0.05) compared with male T2D group.
| Male | Female | |||||
| Control | T2D | Control | T2D | Control | T2D | |
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| n | 37 | 39 | 16 | 18 | 21 | 21 |
| Age (years) | 62.0 ± 5.4 | 61.7 ± 5.6 | 60.9 ± 5.1 | 59.7 ± 5.7 | 62.9 ± 5.5 | 63.4 ± 4.9 |
| Race | ||||||
| White | 26 | 22 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 9 |
| Asian | 9 | 12 | 4 | 3 | 5 | 9 |
| Black | 1 | 4 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 2 |
| Islander | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Not reported | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.1 ± 3.9 | 28.0 ± 4.1a | 26.2 ± 4.0 | 27.7 ± 3.5 | 24.3 ± 3.8 | 28.3 ± 4.7c |
| Antilipidemic medication | 7 | 24a | 4 | 9 | 3 | 15c |
| Insulin therapy | 8 | 0 | 8 | |||
| T2D duration (years) | 11.4 ± 7.5 | 9.9 ± 8.0 | 12.6 ± 7.0 | |||
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| HbA1c (%) | 5.4 ± 0.2 | 7.2 ± 1.5a | 5.4 ± 0.2 | 6.8 ± 1.0b | 5.3 ± 0.3 | 7.5 ± 1.7c |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dl) | 90.0 ± 16.8 | 138.1 ± 52.0a | 90.9 ± 23.8 | 124.6 ± 34.7b | 90.8 ± 9.1 | 149.7 ± 61.7c |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dl) | 211.7 ± 45.1 | 157.1 ± 38.0a | 191.6 ± 52.5 | 146.3 ± 34.3b | 227.0 ± 32.0b | 166.3 ± 39.4c |
| LDL (mg/dl) | 122.7 ± 35.2 | 83.5 ± 30.9a | 114.8 ± 45.0 | 78.8 ± 27.1b | 128.7 ± 25.0 | 87.5 ± 34.0c |
| HDL (mg/dl) | 69.4 ± 22.0 | 49.3 ± 14.5a | 56.3 ± 13.6 | 43.0 ± 9.5b | 79.4 ± 22.1b | 54.8 ± 16.0c,d |
| Triglycerides (mg/dl) | 94.8 ± 48.0 | 148.8 ± 66.8a | 102.8 ± 45.4 | 153.8 ± 73.9b | 88.7 ± 50.1 | 144.5 ± 61.6c |
| Calcium | 9.4 ± 0.3 | 9.5 ± 0.3 | 9.4 ± 0.2 | 9.5 ± 0.3 | 9.5 ± 0.3 | 9.5 ± 0.3 |
| Vitamin D | 33.2 ± 9.7 | 29.4 ± 11.9 | 31.3 ± 10.5 | 29.6 ± 12.3 | 34.7 ± 9.0 | 29.1 ± 11.9 |
| Serum creatinine (mg/dl) | 0.81 ± 0.20 | 0.88 ± 0.25 | 0.94 ± 0.13 | 1.04 ± 0.26 | 0.70 ± 0.18b | 0.75 ± 0.12d |
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| Spine BMD (g/cm2) | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 1.0 ± 0.2 | 1.0 ± 0.1 |
| Spine T‐score | −0.7 ± 1.6 | −0.6 ± 0.9 | −0.6 ± 1.1 | −0.8 ± 0.8 | −0.7 ± 1.4 | −0.5 ± 1.0 |
| Osteopenic | 30 | 28 | 12 | 13 | 18 | 15 |
| Male | Female | |||||
| Control | T2D | Control | T2D | Control | T2D | |
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| n | 37 | 39 | 16 | 18 | 21 | 21 |
| Age (years) | 62.0 ± 5.4 | 61.7 ± 5.6 | 60.9 ± 5.1 | 59.7 ± 5.7 | 62.9 ± 5.5 | 63.4 ± 4.9 |
| Race | ||||||
| White | 26 | 22 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 9 |
| Asian | 9 | 12 | 4 | 3 | 5 | 9 |
| Black | 1 | 4 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 2 |
| Islander | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Not reported | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.1 ± 3.9 | 28.0 ± 4.1a | 26.2 ± 4.0 | 27.7 ± 3.5 | 24.3 ± 3.8 | 28.3 ± 4.7c |
| Antilipidemic medication | 7 | 24a | 4 | 9 | 3 | 15c |
| Insulin therapy | 8 | 0 | 8 | |||
| T2D duration (years) | 11.4 ± 7.5 | 9.9 ± 8.0 | 12.6 ± 7.0 | |||
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| HbA1c (%) | 5.4 ± 0.2 | 7.2 ± 1.5a | 5.4 ± 0.2 | 6.8 ± 1.0b | 5.3 ± 0.3 | 7.5 ± 1.7c |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dl) | 90.0 ± 16.8 | 138.1 ± 52.0a | 90.9 ± 23.8 | 124.6 ± 34.7b | 90.8 ± 9.1 | 149.7 ± 61.7c |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dl) | 211.7 ± 45.1 | 157.1 ± 38.0a | 191.6 ± 52.5 | 146.3 ± 34.3b | 227.0 ± 32.0b | 166.3 ± 39.4c |
| LDL (mg/dl) | 122.7 ± 35.2 | 83.5 ± 30.9a | 114.8 ± 45.0 | 78.8 ± 27.1b | 128.7 ± 25.0 | 87.5 ± 34.0c |
| HDL (mg/dl) | 69.4 ± 22.0 | 49.3 ± 14.5a | 56.3 ± 13.6 | 43.0 ± 9.5b | 79.4 ± 22.1b | 54.8 ± 16.0c,d |
| Triglycerides (mg/dl) | 94.8 ± 48.0 | 148.8 ± 66.8a | 102.8 ± 45.4 | 153.8 ± 73.9b | 88.7 ± 50.1 | 144.5 ± 61.6c |
| Calcium | 9.4 ± 0.3 | 9.5 ± 0.3 | 9.4 ± 0.2 | 9.5 ± 0.3 | 9.5 ± 0.3 | 9.5 ± 0.3 |
| Vitamin D | 33.2 ± 9.7 | 29.4 ± 11.9 | 31.3 ± 10.5 | 29.6 ± 12.3 | 34.7 ± 9.0 | 29.1 ± 11.9 |
| Serum creatinine (mg/dl) | 0.81 ± 0.20 | 0.88 ± 0.25 | 0.94 ± 0.13 | 1.04 ± 0.26 | 0.70 ± 0.18b | 0.75 ± 0.12d |
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| Spine BMD (g/cm2) | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 1.0 ± 0.2 | 1.0 ± 0.1 |
| Spine T‐score | −0.7 ± 1.6 | −0.6 ± 0.9 | −0.6 ± 1.1 | −0.8 ± 0.8 | −0.7 ± 1.4 | −0.5 ± 1.0 |
| Osteopenic | 30 | 28 | 12 | 13 | 18 | 15 |
Data shown as counts or mean ± SD. p values calculated for two‐sided unpaired t tests. Bold font highlights statistical significance compared with the other group.
BMD = bone mineral density; BMI = body mass index; HbA1c = hemoglobin A1c; HDL = high‐density lipoprotein; LDL = low‐density lipoprotein; T2D = Type 2 diabetes.
Statistical significance (p < 0.05) compared with control group.
Statistical significance (p < 0.05) compared with male control group.
Statistical significance (p < 0.05) compared with female control group.
Statistical significance (p < 0.05) compared with male T2D group.
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