| Variables . | Whole cohort (N = 146) . | High OPP (N = 72) . | Low OPP (N = 74) . | P-value . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age—years | 61.3 ± 13.5 | 59.2 ± 12.9 | 63.3 ± 13.8 | 0.065 |
| Female sex—no. (%) | 32 (22%) | 17 (24%) | 15 (20%) | 0.626 |
| Weight—kg | 74.2 ± 19.2 | 75.1 ± 21.5 | 73.4 ± 16,8 | 0.589 |
| Height—m | 1.70 ± 0.11 | 1.69 ± 0.12 | 1.70 ± 0.90 | 0.643 |
| BMI—kg/m2 | 26.2 ± 11.7 | 27.2 ± 16.1 | 25.1 ± 4.7 | 0.291 |
| NYHA class I–II—no. (%) | 9 (6%) | 7 (12%) | 2 (3%) | 0.019 |
| Advanced decompensated heart failure—no. (%) | 128 (88%) | 58 (81%) | 70 (95%) | 0.012 |
| Smoking habit—no. (%) | 79 (54%) | 35 (49%) | 44 (61%) | 0.180 |
| Arterial hypertension—no. (%) | 60 (41%) | 27 (38%) | 33 (45%) | 0.346 |
| Diabetes mellitus—no. (%) | 47 (32%) | 26 (36%) | 21 (28%) | 0.317 |
| Dyslipidaemia—no. (%) | 56 (38%) | 24 (33%) | 32 (44%) | 0.194 |
| COPD—no. (%) | 25 (17%) | 13 (18%) | 12 (16%) | 0.797 |
| Chronic kidney disease—no. (%) | 52 (36%) | 23 (32%) | 29 (39%) | 0.361 |
| Prior PCI—no. % | 45 (31%) | 19 (26%) | 26 (35%) | 0.253 |
| Prior CABG—no. (%) | 23 (16%) | 15 (21%) | 8 (11%) | 0.104 |
| Atrial fibrillation—no. (%) | 71 (49%) | 27 (38%) | 44 (59%) | 0.010 |
| SOFA score | 4.23 ± 2.39 | 3.3 ± 2.2 | 5.2 ± 2.2 | <0.001 |
| Device therapy—no. (%) | ||||
| ICDa | 78 (53%) | 31 (43%) | 47 (65%) | 0.013 |
| CRT-D | 36 (25%) | 18 (25%) | 18 (24%) | 0.925 |
| Haemodynamics | ||||
| Systolic blood pressure—mmHg | 107.9 ± 17.9 | 119.4 ± 16.2 | 96.7 ± 11.1 | <0.001 |
| MAP—mmHg | 80.2 ± 13.2 | 89.4 ± 11.4 | 71.2 ± 7.4 | <0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure—mmHg | 66.3 ± 12.4 | 74.4 ± 10.9 | 58.4 ± 8.0 | <0.001 |
| Heart rate—b.p.m. | 86.2 ± 18.2 | 90.0 ± 19.5 | 82.6 ± 16.2 | 0.014 |
| CVP—mmHg | 14.0 ± 6.1 | 11.8 ± 6.1 | 16.2 ± 5.3 | <0.001 |
| Central venous oxygen saturation—% | 55.9 ± 12.7 | 57.6 ± 12.2 | 54.4 ± 13.1 | 0.352 |
| OPP—mmHg | 66.3 ± 14.7 | 77.7 ± 11.2 | 55.1 ± 7.1 | <0.001 |
| Shock index—b.p.m./mmHg | 0.82 ± 0.20 | 0.77 ± 0.17 | 0.87 ± 0.21 | 0.001 |
| Proportional differential pressure—% | 38.2 ± 8.1 | 37.3 ± 7.7 | 39.1 ± 8.4 | 0.171 |
| Laboratory tests | ||||
| Haemoglobin—g/dL | 12.2 ± 2.0 | 12.5 ± 2.0 | 11.9 ± 2.0 | 0.068 |
| Creatinine—mg/dL | 1.58 ± 0.86 | 1.47 ± 0.91 | 1.69 ± 0.81 | 0.121 |
| Blood urea nitrogen—mg/dL | 85 ± 57 | 72 ± 48 | 96 ± 61 | 0.025 |
| Serum sodium—mmol/L | 136 ± 6 | 138 ± 5 | 134 ± 6 | <0.001 |
| Total bilirubin—mg/dL | 1.5 ± 1.2 | 1.3 ± 0.9 | 1.6 ± 1.4 | 0.071 |
| Total bilirubin ≥ 1.2 mg/dL—no. (%) | 58 (40%) | 23 (35%) | 35 (48%) | 0.136 |
| Alanine transaminase—IU/L | 128 ± 417 | 98 ± 239 | 157 ± 535 | 0.430 |
| Aspartate transaminase—IU/L | 85 ± 251 | 63 ± 141 | 106 ± 320 | 0.348 |
| High-sensitivity troponin T—ng/mL | 344 ± 1459 | 258 ± 1346 | 417 ± 1559 | 0.595 |
| NT-proBNP—pg/mL | 6437 (IQR 8910) | 4981 (IQR 6193) | 8512 (IQR 12 200) | 0.002 |
| Lactate—mmol/L | 1.7 ± 1.4 | 1.5 ± 0.6 | 1.9 ± 1.9 | 0.203 |
| Hs-CRP– mg/L | 13.1 ± 26.1 | 6.8 ± 9.2 | 19.2 ± 34.5 | 0.010 |
| Heart failure home medications | ||||
| Furosemide—no. (%) | 121 (83%) | 56 (78%) | 65 (90%) | 0.041 |
| Beta-blocker—no. (%) | 110 (75%) | 52 (72%) | 58 (81%) | 0.239 |
| ACEi or ARB—no. (%) | 65 (44%) | 30 (42%) | 35 (48%) | 0.447 |
| Sacubitril-valsartan—no. (%) | 16 (11%) | 11 (15%) | 5 (7%) | 0.105 |
| MRA—no. (%) | 90 (62%) | 36 (50%) | 54 (74%) | 0.003 |
| Ivabradine—no. (%) | 12 (8%) | 7 (10%) | 5 (7%) | 0.581 |
| Baseline in-hospital medications | ||||
| Furosemide dose—daily mg | 173 ± 145 | 143 ± 134 | 203 ± 151 | 0.013 |
| Dobutamine dose—mcg/kg/min | 4.2 ± 1.7 | 3.7 ± 1.2 | 4.4 ± 1.8 | 0.528 |
| Dobutamine—no. (%) | 15 (10%) | 3 (4%) | 12 (16%) | 0.027 |
| Non-invasive ventilation—no. (%) | 32 (22%) | 16 (22%) | 16 (22%) | 0.930 |
| Echocardiographic data | ||||
| LVEDD—mm | 64.3 ± 13.4 | 63.3 ± 13.0 | 65.0 ± 13.7 | 0.512 |
| LV ejection fraction—% | 23.8 ± 11.4 | 24.6 ± 11.5 | 23.1 ± 11.3 | 0.436 |
| At least moderate-to-severe mitral regurgitation—no. (%) | 90 (62%) | 41 (59%) | 47 (65%) | 0.560 |
| TAPSE—mm | 14.9 ± 3.8 | 15.4 ± 3.3 | 14.4 ± 4.2 | 0.177 |
| Right ventricular fractional area change—% | 25.3 ± 6.7 | 25.2 ± 4.2 | 25.3 ± 8.0 | 0.953 |
| At least moderate-to-severe tricuspid regurgitation—no. (%) | 75 (56%) | 30 (48%) | 45 (63%) | 0.101 |
| Estimated PASP—mmHg | 52.5 ± 16.1 | 53.5 ± 16.8 | 51.7 ± 15.6 | 0.567 |
| Variables . | Whole cohort (N = 146) . | High OPP (N = 72) . | Low OPP (N = 74) . | P-value . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age—years | 61.3 ± 13.5 | 59.2 ± 12.9 | 63.3 ± 13.8 | 0.065 |
| Female sex—no. (%) | 32 (22%) | 17 (24%) | 15 (20%) | 0.626 |
| Weight—kg | 74.2 ± 19.2 | 75.1 ± 21.5 | 73.4 ± 16,8 | 0.589 |
| Height—m | 1.70 ± 0.11 | 1.69 ± 0.12 | 1.70 ± 0.90 | 0.643 |
| BMI—kg/m2 | 26.2 ± 11.7 | 27.2 ± 16.1 | 25.1 ± 4.7 | 0.291 |
| NYHA class I–II—no. (%) | 9 (6%) | 7 (12%) | 2 (3%) | 0.019 |
| Advanced decompensated heart failure—no. (%) | 128 (88%) | 58 (81%) | 70 (95%) | 0.012 |
| Smoking habit—no. (%) | 79 (54%) | 35 (49%) | 44 (61%) | 0.180 |
| Arterial hypertension—no. (%) | 60 (41%) | 27 (38%) | 33 (45%) | 0.346 |
| Diabetes mellitus—no. (%) | 47 (32%) | 26 (36%) | 21 (28%) | 0.317 |
| Dyslipidaemia—no. (%) | 56 (38%) | 24 (33%) | 32 (44%) | 0.194 |
| COPD—no. (%) | 25 (17%) | 13 (18%) | 12 (16%) | 0.797 |
| Chronic kidney disease—no. (%) | 52 (36%) | 23 (32%) | 29 (39%) | 0.361 |
| Prior PCI—no. % | 45 (31%) | 19 (26%) | 26 (35%) | 0.253 |
| Prior CABG—no. (%) | 23 (16%) | 15 (21%) | 8 (11%) | 0.104 |
| Atrial fibrillation—no. (%) | 71 (49%) | 27 (38%) | 44 (59%) | 0.010 |
| SOFA score | 4.23 ± 2.39 | 3.3 ± 2.2 | 5.2 ± 2.2 | <0.001 |
| Device therapy—no. (%) | ||||
| ICDa | 78 (53%) | 31 (43%) | 47 (65%) | 0.013 |
| CRT-D | 36 (25%) | 18 (25%) | 18 (24%) | 0.925 |
| Haemodynamics | ||||
| Systolic blood pressure—mmHg | 107.9 ± 17.9 | 119.4 ± 16.2 | 96.7 ± 11.1 | <0.001 |
| MAP—mmHg | 80.2 ± 13.2 | 89.4 ± 11.4 | 71.2 ± 7.4 | <0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure—mmHg | 66.3 ± 12.4 | 74.4 ± 10.9 | 58.4 ± 8.0 | <0.001 |
| Heart rate—b.p.m. | 86.2 ± 18.2 | 90.0 ± 19.5 | 82.6 ± 16.2 | 0.014 |
| CVP—mmHg | 14.0 ± 6.1 | 11.8 ± 6.1 | 16.2 ± 5.3 | <0.001 |
| Central venous oxygen saturation—% | 55.9 ± 12.7 | 57.6 ± 12.2 | 54.4 ± 13.1 | 0.352 |
| OPP—mmHg | 66.3 ± 14.7 | 77.7 ± 11.2 | 55.1 ± 7.1 | <0.001 |
| Shock index—b.p.m./mmHg | 0.82 ± 0.20 | 0.77 ± 0.17 | 0.87 ± 0.21 | 0.001 |
| Proportional differential pressure—% | 38.2 ± 8.1 | 37.3 ± 7.7 | 39.1 ± 8.4 | 0.171 |
| Laboratory tests | ||||
| Haemoglobin—g/dL | 12.2 ± 2.0 | 12.5 ± 2.0 | 11.9 ± 2.0 | 0.068 |
| Creatinine—mg/dL | 1.58 ± 0.86 | 1.47 ± 0.91 | 1.69 ± 0.81 | 0.121 |
| Blood urea nitrogen—mg/dL | 85 ± 57 | 72 ± 48 | 96 ± 61 | 0.025 |
| Serum sodium—mmol/L | 136 ± 6 | 138 ± 5 | 134 ± 6 | <0.001 |
| Total bilirubin—mg/dL | 1.5 ± 1.2 | 1.3 ± 0.9 | 1.6 ± 1.4 | 0.071 |
| Total bilirubin ≥ 1.2 mg/dL—no. (%) | 58 (40%) | 23 (35%) | 35 (48%) | 0.136 |
| Alanine transaminase—IU/L | 128 ± 417 | 98 ± 239 | 157 ± 535 | 0.430 |
| Aspartate transaminase—IU/L | 85 ± 251 | 63 ± 141 | 106 ± 320 | 0.348 |
| High-sensitivity troponin T—ng/mL | 344 ± 1459 | 258 ± 1346 | 417 ± 1559 | 0.595 |
| NT-proBNP—pg/mL | 6437 (IQR 8910) | 4981 (IQR 6193) | 8512 (IQR 12 200) | 0.002 |
| Lactate—mmol/L | 1.7 ± 1.4 | 1.5 ± 0.6 | 1.9 ± 1.9 | 0.203 |
| Hs-CRP– mg/L | 13.1 ± 26.1 | 6.8 ± 9.2 | 19.2 ± 34.5 | 0.010 |
| Heart failure home medications | ||||
| Furosemide—no. (%) | 121 (83%) | 56 (78%) | 65 (90%) | 0.041 |
| Beta-blocker—no. (%) | 110 (75%) | 52 (72%) | 58 (81%) | 0.239 |
| ACEi or ARB—no. (%) | 65 (44%) | 30 (42%) | 35 (48%) | 0.447 |
| Sacubitril-valsartan—no. (%) | 16 (11%) | 11 (15%) | 5 (7%) | 0.105 |
| MRA—no. (%) | 90 (62%) | 36 (50%) | 54 (74%) | 0.003 |
| Ivabradine—no. (%) | 12 (8%) | 7 (10%) | 5 (7%) | 0.581 |
| Baseline in-hospital medications | ||||
| Furosemide dose—daily mg | 173 ± 145 | 143 ± 134 | 203 ± 151 | 0.013 |
| Dobutamine dose—mcg/kg/min | 4.2 ± 1.7 | 3.7 ± 1.2 | 4.4 ± 1.8 | 0.528 |
| Dobutamine—no. (%) | 15 (10%) | 3 (4%) | 12 (16%) | 0.027 |
| Non-invasive ventilation—no. (%) | 32 (22%) | 16 (22%) | 16 (22%) | 0.930 |
| Echocardiographic data | ||||
| LVEDD—mm | 64.3 ± 13.4 | 63.3 ± 13.0 | 65.0 ± 13.7 | 0.512 |
| LV ejection fraction—% | 23.8 ± 11.4 | 24.6 ± 11.5 | 23.1 ± 11.3 | 0.436 |
| At least moderate-to-severe mitral regurgitation—no. (%) | 90 (62%) | 41 (59%) | 47 (65%) | 0.560 |
| TAPSE—mm | 14.9 ± 3.8 | 15.4 ± 3.3 | 14.4 ± 4.2 | 0.177 |
| Right ventricular fractional area change—% | 25.3 ± 6.7 | 25.2 ± 4.2 | 25.3 ± 8.0 | 0.953 |
| At least moderate-to-severe tricuspid regurgitation—no. (%) | 75 (56%) | 30 (48%) | 45 (63%) | 0.101 |
| Estimated PASP—mmHg | 52.5 ± 16.1 | 53.5 ± 16.8 | 51.7 ± 15.6 | 0.567 |
Percentages are calculated from the known data only. Significant P-values are written in bold.
ACEi, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; BMI, body mass index; CABG, coronary artery bypass graft; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CRT-D, cardiac resynchronization therapy with defibrillator; CVP, central venous pressure; Hs-CRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; ICD, implantable cardioverter-defibrillator; IQR, interquartile range; LV, left ventricular; LVEDD, left ventricular end-diastolic diameter; MAP, mean arterial pressure; MRA, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist; NYHA, New York Heart Association; NT-proBNP, N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide; OPP, organ perfusion pressure; PASP, pulmonary artery systolic pressure; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; SOFA, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment; TAPSE, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion.
aThis category includes either an implantable cardioverter–defibrillator or cardiac resynchronization therapy with a defibrillator.
| Variables . | Whole cohort (N = 146) . | High OPP (N = 72) . | Low OPP (N = 74) . | P-value . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age—years | 61.3 ± 13.5 | 59.2 ± 12.9 | 63.3 ± 13.8 | 0.065 |
| Female sex—no. (%) | 32 (22%) | 17 (24%) | 15 (20%) | 0.626 |
| Weight—kg | 74.2 ± 19.2 | 75.1 ± 21.5 | 73.4 ± 16,8 | 0.589 |
| Height—m | 1.70 ± 0.11 | 1.69 ± 0.12 | 1.70 ± 0.90 | 0.643 |
| BMI—kg/m2 | 26.2 ± 11.7 | 27.2 ± 16.1 | 25.1 ± 4.7 | 0.291 |
| NYHA class I–II—no. (%) | 9 (6%) | 7 (12%) | 2 (3%) | 0.019 |
| Advanced decompensated heart failure—no. (%) | 128 (88%) | 58 (81%) | 70 (95%) | 0.012 |
| Smoking habit—no. (%) | 79 (54%) | 35 (49%) | 44 (61%) | 0.180 |
| Arterial hypertension—no. (%) | 60 (41%) | 27 (38%) | 33 (45%) | 0.346 |
| Diabetes mellitus—no. (%) | 47 (32%) | 26 (36%) | 21 (28%) | 0.317 |
| Dyslipidaemia—no. (%) | 56 (38%) | 24 (33%) | 32 (44%) | 0.194 |
| COPD—no. (%) | 25 (17%) | 13 (18%) | 12 (16%) | 0.797 |
| Chronic kidney disease—no. (%) | 52 (36%) | 23 (32%) | 29 (39%) | 0.361 |
| Prior PCI—no. % | 45 (31%) | 19 (26%) | 26 (35%) | 0.253 |
| Prior CABG—no. (%) | 23 (16%) | 15 (21%) | 8 (11%) | 0.104 |
| Atrial fibrillation—no. (%) | 71 (49%) | 27 (38%) | 44 (59%) | 0.010 |
| SOFA score | 4.23 ± 2.39 | 3.3 ± 2.2 | 5.2 ± 2.2 | <0.001 |
| Device therapy—no. (%) | ||||
| ICDa | 78 (53%) | 31 (43%) | 47 (65%) | 0.013 |
| CRT-D | 36 (25%) | 18 (25%) | 18 (24%) | 0.925 |
| Haemodynamics | ||||
| Systolic blood pressure—mmHg | 107.9 ± 17.9 | 119.4 ± 16.2 | 96.7 ± 11.1 | <0.001 |
| MAP—mmHg | 80.2 ± 13.2 | 89.4 ± 11.4 | 71.2 ± 7.4 | <0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure—mmHg | 66.3 ± 12.4 | 74.4 ± 10.9 | 58.4 ± 8.0 | <0.001 |
| Heart rate—b.p.m. | 86.2 ± 18.2 | 90.0 ± 19.5 | 82.6 ± 16.2 | 0.014 |
| CVP—mmHg | 14.0 ± 6.1 | 11.8 ± 6.1 | 16.2 ± 5.3 | <0.001 |
| Central venous oxygen saturation—% | 55.9 ± 12.7 | 57.6 ± 12.2 | 54.4 ± 13.1 | 0.352 |
| OPP—mmHg | 66.3 ± 14.7 | 77.7 ± 11.2 | 55.1 ± 7.1 | <0.001 |
| Shock index—b.p.m./mmHg | 0.82 ± 0.20 | 0.77 ± 0.17 | 0.87 ± 0.21 | 0.001 |
| Proportional differential pressure—% | 38.2 ± 8.1 | 37.3 ± 7.7 | 39.1 ± 8.4 | 0.171 |
| Laboratory tests | ||||
| Haemoglobin—g/dL | 12.2 ± 2.0 | 12.5 ± 2.0 | 11.9 ± 2.0 | 0.068 |
| Creatinine—mg/dL | 1.58 ± 0.86 | 1.47 ± 0.91 | 1.69 ± 0.81 | 0.121 |
| Blood urea nitrogen—mg/dL | 85 ± 57 | 72 ± 48 | 96 ± 61 | 0.025 |
| Serum sodium—mmol/L | 136 ± 6 | 138 ± 5 | 134 ± 6 | <0.001 |
| Total bilirubin—mg/dL | 1.5 ± 1.2 | 1.3 ± 0.9 | 1.6 ± 1.4 | 0.071 |
| Total bilirubin ≥ 1.2 mg/dL—no. (%) | 58 (40%) | 23 (35%) | 35 (48%) | 0.136 |
| Alanine transaminase—IU/L | 128 ± 417 | 98 ± 239 | 157 ± 535 | 0.430 |
| Aspartate transaminase—IU/L | 85 ± 251 | 63 ± 141 | 106 ± 320 | 0.348 |
| High-sensitivity troponin T—ng/mL | 344 ± 1459 | 258 ± 1346 | 417 ± 1559 | 0.595 |
| NT-proBNP—pg/mL | 6437 (IQR 8910) | 4981 (IQR 6193) | 8512 (IQR 12 200) | 0.002 |
| Lactate—mmol/L | 1.7 ± 1.4 | 1.5 ± 0.6 | 1.9 ± 1.9 | 0.203 |
| Hs-CRP– mg/L | 13.1 ± 26.1 | 6.8 ± 9.2 | 19.2 ± 34.5 | 0.010 |
| Heart failure home medications | ||||
| Furosemide—no. (%) | 121 (83%) | 56 (78%) | 65 (90%) | 0.041 |
| Beta-blocker—no. (%) | 110 (75%) | 52 (72%) | 58 (81%) | 0.239 |
| ACEi or ARB—no. (%) | 65 (44%) | 30 (42%) | 35 (48%) | 0.447 |
| Sacubitril-valsartan—no. (%) | 16 (11%) | 11 (15%) | 5 (7%) | 0.105 |
| MRA—no. (%) | 90 (62%) | 36 (50%) | 54 (74%) | 0.003 |
| Ivabradine—no. (%) | 12 (8%) | 7 (10%) | 5 (7%) | 0.581 |
| Baseline in-hospital medications | ||||
| Furosemide dose—daily mg | 173 ± 145 | 143 ± 134 | 203 ± 151 | 0.013 |
| Dobutamine dose—mcg/kg/min | 4.2 ± 1.7 | 3.7 ± 1.2 | 4.4 ± 1.8 | 0.528 |
| Dobutamine—no. (%) | 15 (10%) | 3 (4%) | 12 (16%) | 0.027 |
| Non-invasive ventilation—no. (%) | 32 (22%) | 16 (22%) | 16 (22%) | 0.930 |
| Echocardiographic data | ||||
| LVEDD—mm | 64.3 ± 13.4 | 63.3 ± 13.0 | 65.0 ± 13.7 | 0.512 |
| LV ejection fraction—% | 23.8 ± 11.4 | 24.6 ± 11.5 | 23.1 ± 11.3 | 0.436 |
| At least moderate-to-severe mitral regurgitation—no. (%) | 90 (62%) | 41 (59%) | 47 (65%) | 0.560 |
| TAPSE—mm | 14.9 ± 3.8 | 15.4 ± 3.3 | 14.4 ± 4.2 | 0.177 |
| Right ventricular fractional area change—% | 25.3 ± 6.7 | 25.2 ± 4.2 | 25.3 ± 8.0 | 0.953 |
| At least moderate-to-severe tricuspid regurgitation—no. (%) | 75 (56%) | 30 (48%) | 45 (63%) | 0.101 |
| Estimated PASP—mmHg | 52.5 ± 16.1 | 53.5 ± 16.8 | 51.7 ± 15.6 | 0.567 |
| Variables . | Whole cohort (N = 146) . | High OPP (N = 72) . | Low OPP (N = 74) . | P-value . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age—years | 61.3 ± 13.5 | 59.2 ± 12.9 | 63.3 ± 13.8 | 0.065 |
| Female sex—no. (%) | 32 (22%) | 17 (24%) | 15 (20%) | 0.626 |
| Weight—kg | 74.2 ± 19.2 | 75.1 ± 21.5 | 73.4 ± 16,8 | 0.589 |
| Height—m | 1.70 ± 0.11 | 1.69 ± 0.12 | 1.70 ± 0.90 | 0.643 |
| BMI—kg/m2 | 26.2 ± 11.7 | 27.2 ± 16.1 | 25.1 ± 4.7 | 0.291 |
| NYHA class I–II—no. (%) | 9 (6%) | 7 (12%) | 2 (3%) | 0.019 |
| Advanced decompensated heart failure—no. (%) | 128 (88%) | 58 (81%) | 70 (95%) | 0.012 |
| Smoking habit—no. (%) | 79 (54%) | 35 (49%) | 44 (61%) | 0.180 |
| Arterial hypertension—no. (%) | 60 (41%) | 27 (38%) | 33 (45%) | 0.346 |
| Diabetes mellitus—no. (%) | 47 (32%) | 26 (36%) | 21 (28%) | 0.317 |
| Dyslipidaemia—no. (%) | 56 (38%) | 24 (33%) | 32 (44%) | 0.194 |
| COPD—no. (%) | 25 (17%) | 13 (18%) | 12 (16%) | 0.797 |
| Chronic kidney disease—no. (%) | 52 (36%) | 23 (32%) | 29 (39%) | 0.361 |
| Prior PCI—no. % | 45 (31%) | 19 (26%) | 26 (35%) | 0.253 |
| Prior CABG—no. (%) | 23 (16%) | 15 (21%) | 8 (11%) | 0.104 |
| Atrial fibrillation—no. (%) | 71 (49%) | 27 (38%) | 44 (59%) | 0.010 |
| SOFA score | 4.23 ± 2.39 | 3.3 ± 2.2 | 5.2 ± 2.2 | <0.001 |
| Device therapy—no. (%) | ||||
| ICDa | 78 (53%) | 31 (43%) | 47 (65%) | 0.013 |
| CRT-D | 36 (25%) | 18 (25%) | 18 (24%) | 0.925 |
| Haemodynamics | ||||
| Systolic blood pressure—mmHg | 107.9 ± 17.9 | 119.4 ± 16.2 | 96.7 ± 11.1 | <0.001 |
| MAP—mmHg | 80.2 ± 13.2 | 89.4 ± 11.4 | 71.2 ± 7.4 | <0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure—mmHg | 66.3 ± 12.4 | 74.4 ± 10.9 | 58.4 ± 8.0 | <0.001 |
| Heart rate—b.p.m. | 86.2 ± 18.2 | 90.0 ± 19.5 | 82.6 ± 16.2 | 0.014 |
| CVP—mmHg | 14.0 ± 6.1 | 11.8 ± 6.1 | 16.2 ± 5.3 | <0.001 |
| Central venous oxygen saturation—% | 55.9 ± 12.7 | 57.6 ± 12.2 | 54.4 ± 13.1 | 0.352 |
| OPP—mmHg | 66.3 ± 14.7 | 77.7 ± 11.2 | 55.1 ± 7.1 | <0.001 |
| Shock index—b.p.m./mmHg | 0.82 ± 0.20 | 0.77 ± 0.17 | 0.87 ± 0.21 | 0.001 |
| Proportional differential pressure—% | 38.2 ± 8.1 | 37.3 ± 7.7 | 39.1 ± 8.4 | 0.171 |
| Laboratory tests | ||||
| Haemoglobin—g/dL | 12.2 ± 2.0 | 12.5 ± 2.0 | 11.9 ± 2.0 | 0.068 |
| Creatinine—mg/dL | 1.58 ± 0.86 | 1.47 ± 0.91 | 1.69 ± 0.81 | 0.121 |
| Blood urea nitrogen—mg/dL | 85 ± 57 | 72 ± 48 | 96 ± 61 | 0.025 |
| Serum sodium—mmol/L | 136 ± 6 | 138 ± 5 | 134 ± 6 | <0.001 |
| Total bilirubin—mg/dL | 1.5 ± 1.2 | 1.3 ± 0.9 | 1.6 ± 1.4 | 0.071 |
| Total bilirubin ≥ 1.2 mg/dL—no. (%) | 58 (40%) | 23 (35%) | 35 (48%) | 0.136 |
| Alanine transaminase—IU/L | 128 ± 417 | 98 ± 239 | 157 ± 535 | 0.430 |
| Aspartate transaminase—IU/L | 85 ± 251 | 63 ± 141 | 106 ± 320 | 0.348 |
| High-sensitivity troponin T—ng/mL | 344 ± 1459 | 258 ± 1346 | 417 ± 1559 | 0.595 |
| NT-proBNP—pg/mL | 6437 (IQR 8910) | 4981 (IQR 6193) | 8512 (IQR 12 200) | 0.002 |
| Lactate—mmol/L | 1.7 ± 1.4 | 1.5 ± 0.6 | 1.9 ± 1.9 | 0.203 |
| Hs-CRP– mg/L | 13.1 ± 26.1 | 6.8 ± 9.2 | 19.2 ± 34.5 | 0.010 |
| Heart failure home medications | ||||
| Furosemide—no. (%) | 121 (83%) | 56 (78%) | 65 (90%) | 0.041 |
| Beta-blocker—no. (%) | 110 (75%) | 52 (72%) | 58 (81%) | 0.239 |
| ACEi or ARB—no. (%) | 65 (44%) | 30 (42%) | 35 (48%) | 0.447 |
| Sacubitril-valsartan—no. (%) | 16 (11%) | 11 (15%) | 5 (7%) | 0.105 |
| MRA—no. (%) | 90 (62%) | 36 (50%) | 54 (74%) | 0.003 |
| Ivabradine—no. (%) | 12 (8%) | 7 (10%) | 5 (7%) | 0.581 |
| Baseline in-hospital medications | ||||
| Furosemide dose—daily mg | 173 ± 145 | 143 ± 134 | 203 ± 151 | 0.013 |
| Dobutamine dose—mcg/kg/min | 4.2 ± 1.7 | 3.7 ± 1.2 | 4.4 ± 1.8 | 0.528 |
| Dobutamine—no. (%) | 15 (10%) | 3 (4%) | 12 (16%) | 0.027 |
| Non-invasive ventilation—no. (%) | 32 (22%) | 16 (22%) | 16 (22%) | 0.930 |
| Echocardiographic data | ||||
| LVEDD—mm | 64.3 ± 13.4 | 63.3 ± 13.0 | 65.0 ± 13.7 | 0.512 |
| LV ejection fraction—% | 23.8 ± 11.4 | 24.6 ± 11.5 | 23.1 ± 11.3 | 0.436 |
| At least moderate-to-severe mitral regurgitation—no. (%) | 90 (62%) | 41 (59%) | 47 (65%) | 0.560 |
| TAPSE—mm | 14.9 ± 3.8 | 15.4 ± 3.3 | 14.4 ± 4.2 | 0.177 |
| Right ventricular fractional area change—% | 25.3 ± 6.7 | 25.2 ± 4.2 | 25.3 ± 8.0 | 0.953 |
| At least moderate-to-severe tricuspid regurgitation—no. (%) | 75 (56%) | 30 (48%) | 45 (63%) | 0.101 |
| Estimated PASP—mmHg | 52.5 ± 16.1 | 53.5 ± 16.8 | 51.7 ± 15.6 | 0.567 |
Percentages are calculated from the known data only. Significant P-values are written in bold.
ACEi, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; BMI, body mass index; CABG, coronary artery bypass graft; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CRT-D, cardiac resynchronization therapy with defibrillator; CVP, central venous pressure; Hs-CRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; ICD, implantable cardioverter-defibrillator; IQR, interquartile range; LV, left ventricular; LVEDD, left ventricular end-diastolic diameter; MAP, mean arterial pressure; MRA, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist; NYHA, New York Heart Association; NT-proBNP, N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide; OPP, organ perfusion pressure; PASP, pulmonary artery systolic pressure; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; SOFA, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment; TAPSE, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion.
aThis category includes either an implantable cardioverter–defibrillator or cardiac resynchronization therapy with a defibrillator.
This PDF is available to Subscribers Only
View Article Abstract & Purchase OptionsFor full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription.
