Table 13 Open in new tab Summary of...

Interventions (n)

Study design (n), study ID (Risk of bias)

Setting (country)

Breakfast provision (n = 11)

cRCT (n = 7): Moore 2014⁷⁹ (?); Ask 2006⁸⁰ (?); Powell 1998⁸⁹ (?); Vermeersch 2005⁷⁸ (-); Jacoby 1996⁸¹ (-); Ni Mhurchu 2013⁸² (?)
PCS (n = 5): Nkhoma 2013⁹³ (-); Ramirez Lopez 2005⁹⁴ (-); Richter 1997⁹⁵ (-); Arsenault 2009⁹⁸^,^a (-); Cueto 2009⁹⁹^,^a (-)

Pre–primary; primary, and secondary schools (UK; Norway; Jamaica; Kenya; Peru; New Zealand; Malawi; Mexico; south Africa; Colombia; Peru)

Lunch provision (n = 8)

cRCT (n = 2): Azomahou 2019⁸³ (-); Murphy 2003⁸⁴ (-)
PCS (n = 7): Ask 2010⁹⁰ (-); Vericker 2019_NSLP¹⁰⁰ (-); Vericker 2019_NSLP+NS¹⁰⁰^,^a (-); Vik 2019⁹⁷^,^a (-); Sabinsky 2018⁹⁶ (-); Capogrossi 2017⁹¹ (-)

Pre–primary, primary, and secondary schools (Senegal; Kenya; Norway [n = 2]; USA [n = 3]; Denmark)

Provision of more than 1 meal/d (n = 3)

cRCT: Gelli 2019⁸⁵^,^a (+)
Cluster crossover RCT: Andersen 2014⁸⁸^,^a (?)
PCS: Coyne 1980⁹² (-)

Pre–primary, primary, and secondary schools (Ghana; Denmark; Australia)

Provision of breakfast or lunch (n = 1)

RCT: Kazianga 2009⁸⁷ (?)

Primary and secondary schools (Burkina Faso)

Universal free access vs income-based access to school meals

cRCT (n = 1): Crepinsek 2006⁸⁶ (?)
PCS (n = 1): Kitchen 2013¹⁰¹ (-)

Primary and secondary schools (USA; UK)

Table 13

Open in new tab

Summary of studies assessing school meals provision vs no intervention (n = 25)

Interventions (n)	Study design (n), study ID (Risk of bias)	Setting (country)
Breakfast provision (n = 11)	cRCT (n = 7): Moore 2014⁷⁹ (?); Ask 2006⁸⁰ (?); Powell 1998⁸⁹ (?); Vermeersch 2005⁷⁸ (-); Jacoby 1996⁸¹ (-); Ni Mhurchu 2013⁸² (?) PCS (n = 5): Nkhoma 2013⁹³ (-); Ramirez Lopez 2005⁹⁴ (-); Richter 1997⁹⁵ (-); Arsenault 2009⁹⁸^,^a (-); Cueto 2009⁹⁹^,^a (-)	Pre–primary; primary, and secondary schools (UK; Norway; Jamaica; Kenya; Peru; New Zealand; Malawi; Mexico; south Africa; Colombia; Peru)
Lunch provision (n = 8)	cRCT (n = 2): Azomahou 2019⁸³ (-); Murphy 2003⁸⁴ (-) PCS (n = 7): Ask 2010⁹⁰ (-); Vericker 2019_NSLP¹⁰⁰ (-); Vericker 2019_NSLP+NS¹⁰⁰^,^a (-); Vik 2019⁹⁷^,^a (-); Sabinsky 2018⁹⁶ (-); Capogrossi 2017⁹¹ (-)	Pre–primary, primary, and secondary schools (Senegal; Kenya; Norway [n = 2]; USA [n = 3]; Denmark)
Provision of more than 1 meal/d (n = 3)	cRCT: Gelli 2019⁸⁵^,^a (+) Cluster crossover RCT: Andersen 2014⁸⁸^,^a (?) PCS: Coyne 1980⁹² (-)	Pre–primary, primary, and secondary schools (Ghana; Denmark; Australia)
Provision of breakfast or lunch (n = 1)	RCT: Kazianga 2009⁸⁷ (?)	Primary and secondary schools (Burkina Faso)
Universal free access vs income-based access to school meals	cRCT (n = 1): Crepinsek 2006⁸⁶ (?) PCS (n = 1): Kitchen 2013¹⁰¹ (-)	Primary and secondary schools (USA; UK)

Interventions (n)	Study design (n), study ID (Risk of bias)	Setting (country)
Breakfast provision (n = 11)	cRCT (n = 7): Moore 2014⁷⁹ (?); Ask 2006⁸⁰ (?); Powell 1998⁸⁹ (?); Vermeersch 2005⁷⁸ (-); Jacoby 1996⁸¹ (-); Ni Mhurchu 2013⁸² (?) PCS (n = 5): Nkhoma 2013⁹³ (-); Ramirez Lopez 2005⁹⁴ (-); Richter 1997⁹⁵ (-); Arsenault 2009⁹⁸^,^a (-); Cueto 2009⁹⁹^,^a (-)	Pre–primary; primary, and secondary schools (UK; Norway; Jamaica; Kenya; Peru; New Zealand; Malawi; Mexico; south Africa; Colombia; Peru)
Lunch provision (n = 8)	cRCT (n = 2): Azomahou 2019⁸³ (-); Murphy 2003⁸⁴ (-) PCS (n = 7): Ask 2010⁹⁰ (-); Vericker 2019_NSLP¹⁰⁰ (-); Vericker 2019_NSLP+NS¹⁰⁰^,^a (-); Vik 2019⁹⁷^,^a (-); Sabinsky 2018⁹⁶ (-); Capogrossi 2017⁹¹ (-)	Pre–primary, primary, and secondary schools (Senegal; Kenya; Norway [n = 2]; USA [n = 3]; Denmark)
Provision of more than 1 meal/d (n = 3)	cRCT: Gelli 2019⁸⁵^,^a (+) Cluster crossover RCT: Andersen 2014⁸⁸^,^a (?) PCS: Coyne 1980⁹² (-)	Pre–primary, primary, and secondary schools (Ghana; Denmark; Australia)
Provision of breakfast or lunch (n = 1)	RCT: Kazianga 2009⁸⁷ (?)	Primary and secondary schools (Burkina Faso)
Universal free access vs income-based access to school meals	cRCT (n = 1): Crepinsek 2006⁸⁶ (?) PCS (n = 1): Kitchen 2013¹⁰¹ (-)	Primary and secondary schools (USA; UK)

Abbreviations: cRCT, cluster randomized controlled trial; NS, nutrition standards; NSLP, national school lunch program; PCS, prospective controlled study; RCT, randomized controlled trial; ?, unclear overall risk of bias; -, high overall risk of bias; +, low overall risk of bias.

Includes nutrition standards as part of intervention description.

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