Table 3. Open in new tab The role of...

Association of the child PCOS PRS vs child PCOS PRS residual^a and cardiometabolic outcomes
Early childhood	588				588				—
Child PRS		.04	−0.04, 0.12	.3		1.20	0.89, 1.63	.2		—	—	—
Child PRS residual		.05	−0.035, 0.139	.2		1.31	0.93, 1.85	.1		—	—	—
Midchildhood	3861				3861				4156
Child PRS		.07	0.04, 0.11	7 × 10⁻⁶		1.22	1.11, 1.36	9 × 10⁻⁵		.19	0.12, 0.26	9 × 10⁻⁸
Child PRS residual		.06	0.02, 0.10	.002		1.15	1.03, 1.30	.02		.13	0.05, 0.21	.002
Early adolescence	3829				3829				3782
Child PRS		.08	0.04, 0.11	4 × 10⁻⁵		1.14	1.04, 1.26	.007		.18	0.10, 0.27	6 × 10⁻⁵
Child PRS residual		.07	0.02, 0.11	.002		1.13	1.01, 1.26	.03		.15	0.04, 0.25	.006
Late adolescence	2966				2966				2858
Child PRS		.06	0.01, 0.10	.009		1.16	1.04, 1.29	.007		.18	0.06, 0.30	.003
Child PRS residual		.05	0.00, 0.10	.052		1.13	1.00, 1.28	.04		.14	0.00, 0.28	.06
Association of the child PCOS PRS vs child PCOS PRS residual^a and growth outcomes
		Age at pubarche n = 2421		Age at peak height velocity n = 3543
Child PRS		−1.04	−1.73, −0.35	.003		−0.68	−1.03, −0.32	.0002
Child PRS residual		−0.90	−1.71, −0.09	.03		−0.63	−1.03, −0.22	.003

Association of the child PCOS PRS vs child PCOS PRS residual^a and cardiometabolic outcomes

Time periods

BMI Z-score

Obesity

Fat mass index

95% CI

Early childhood

588

—

Child PRS

.04

−0.04, 0.12

1.20

0.89, 1.63

—

Child PRS residual

.05

−0.035, 0.139

1.31

0.93, 1.85

—

Midchildhood

3861

4156

Child PRS

.07

0.04, 0.11

7 × 10⁻⁶

1.22

1.11, 1.36

9 × 10⁻⁵

.19

0.12, 0.26

9 × 10⁻⁸

Child PRS residual

.06

0.02, 0.10

.002

1.15

1.03, 1.30

.02

.13

0.05, 0.21

.002

Early adolescence

3829

3782

Child PRS

.08

0.04, 0.11

4 × 10⁻⁵

1.14

1.04, 1.26

.007

.18

0.10, 0.27

6 × 10⁻⁵

Child PRS residual

.07

0.02, 0.11

.002

1.13

1.01, 1.26

.03

.15

0.04, 0.25

.006

Late adolescence

2966

2858

Child PRS

.06

0.01, 0.10

.009

1.16

1.04, 1.29

.007

.18

0.06, 0.30

.003

Child PRS residual

.05

0.00, 0.10

.052

1.13

1.00, 1.28

.04

.14

0.00, 0.28

.06

Association of the child PCOS PRS vs child PCOS PRS residual^a and growth outcomes

Age at pubarche n = 2421

Age at peak height velocity n = 3543

Child PRS

−1.04

−1.73, −0.35

.003

−0.68

−1.03, −0.32

.0002

Child PRS residual

−0.90

−1.71, −0.09

.03

−0.63

−1.03, −0.22

.003

Association of the child PCOS PRS vs child PCOS PRS residual^a and cardiometabolic outcomes
Early childhood	588				588				—
Child PRS		.04	−0.04, 0.12	.3		1.20	0.89, 1.63	.2		—	—	—
Child PRS residual		.05	−0.035, 0.139	.2		1.31	0.93, 1.85	.1		—	—	—
Midchildhood	3861				3861				4156
Child PRS		.07	0.04, 0.11	7 × 10⁻⁶		1.22	1.11, 1.36	9 × 10⁻⁵		.19	0.12, 0.26	9 × 10⁻⁸
Child PRS residual		.06	0.02, 0.10	.002		1.15	1.03, 1.30	.02		.13	0.05, 0.21	.002
Early adolescence	3829				3829				3782
Child PRS		.08	0.04, 0.11	4 × 10⁻⁵		1.14	1.04, 1.26	.007		.18	0.10, 0.27	6 × 10⁻⁵
Child PRS residual		.07	0.02, 0.11	.002		1.13	1.01, 1.26	.03		.15	0.04, 0.25	.006
Late adolescence	2966				2966				2858
Child PRS		.06	0.01, 0.10	.009		1.16	1.04, 1.29	.007		.18	0.06, 0.30	.003
Child PRS residual		.05	0.00, 0.10	.052		1.13	1.00, 1.28	.04		.14	0.00, 0.28	.06
Association of the child PCOS PRS vs child PCOS PRS residual^a and growth outcomes
		Age at pubarche n = 2421		Age at peak height velocity n = 3543
Child PRS		−1.04	−1.73, −0.35	.003		−0.68	−1.03, −0.32	.0002
Child PRS residual		−0.90	−1.71, −0.09	.03		−0.63	−1.03, −0.22	.003

Table 3.

Open in new tab

The role of maternal PCOS PRS in the associations between child PCOS PRS and childhood outcomes in ALSPAC

Association of the child PCOS PRS vs child PCOS PRS residual^a and cardiometabolic outcomes
Time periods	n	BMI Z-score			n	Obesity			n	Fat mass index
Time periods	n	β	95% CI	P		OR	95% CI	P		β	95% CI	P
Early childhood	588				588				—
Child PRS		.04	−0.04, 0.12	.3		1.20	0.89, 1.63	.2		—	—	—
Child PRS residual		.05	−0.035, 0.139	.2		1.31	0.93, 1.85	.1		—	—	—
Midchildhood	3861				3861				4156
Child PRS		.07	0.04, 0.11	7 × 10⁻⁶		1.22	1.11, 1.36	9 × 10⁻⁵		.19	0.12, 0.26	9 × 10⁻⁸
Child PRS residual		.06	0.02, 0.10	.002		1.15	1.03, 1.30	.02		.13	0.05, 0.21	.002
Early adolescence	3829				3829				3782
Child PRS		.08	0.04, 0.11	4 × 10⁻⁵		1.14	1.04, 1.26	.007		.18	0.10, 0.27	6 × 10⁻⁵
Child PRS residual		.07	0.02, 0.11	.002		1.13	1.01, 1.26	.03		.15	0.04, 0.25	.006
Late adolescence	2966				2966				2858
Child PRS		.06	0.01, 0.10	.009		1.16	1.04, 1.29	.007		.18	0.06, 0.30	.003
Child PRS residual		.05	0.00, 0.10	.052		1.13	1.00, 1.28	.04		.14	0.00, 0.28	.06
Association of the child PCOS PRS vs child PCOS PRS residual^a and growth outcomes
		Age at pubarche n = 2421				Age at peak height velocity n = 3543
Child PRS		−1.04	−1.73, −0.35	.003		−0.68	−1.03, −0.32	.0002
Child PRS residual		−0.90	−1.71, −0.09	.03		−0.63	−1.03, −0.22	.003

Association of the child PCOS PRS vs child PCOS PRS residual^a and cardiometabolic outcomes
Time periods	n	BMI Z-score			n	Obesity			n	Fat mass index
Time periods	n	β	95% CI	P		OR	95% CI	P		β	95% CI	P
Early childhood	588				588				—
Child PRS		.04	−0.04, 0.12	.3		1.20	0.89, 1.63	.2		—	—	—
Child PRS residual		.05	−0.035, 0.139	.2		1.31	0.93, 1.85	.1		—	—	—
Midchildhood	3861				3861				4156
Child PRS		.07	0.04, 0.11	7 × 10⁻⁶		1.22	1.11, 1.36	9 × 10⁻⁵		.19	0.12, 0.26	9 × 10⁻⁸
Child PRS residual		.06	0.02, 0.10	.002		1.15	1.03, 1.30	.02		.13	0.05, 0.21	.002
Early adolescence	3829				3829				3782
Child PRS		.08	0.04, 0.11	4 × 10⁻⁵		1.14	1.04, 1.26	.007		.18	0.10, 0.27	6 × 10⁻⁵
Child PRS residual		.07	0.02, 0.11	.002		1.13	1.01, 1.26	.03		.15	0.04, 0.25	.006
Late adolescence	2966				2966				2858
Child PRS		.06	0.01, 0.10	.009		1.16	1.04, 1.29	.007		.18	0.06, 0.30	.003
Child PRS residual		.05	0.00, 0.10	.052		1.13	1.00, 1.28	.04		.14	0.00, 0.28	.06
Association of the child PCOS PRS vs child PCOS PRS residual^a and growth outcomes
		Age at pubarche n = 2421				Age at peak height velocity n = 3543
Child PRS		−1.04	−1.73, −0.35	.003		−0.68	−1.03, −0.32	.0002
Child PRS residual		−0.90	−1.71, −0.09	.03		−0.63	−1.03, −0.22	.003

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; n, number of mother–child pairs; PCOS, polycystic ovary syndrome; PRS, polygenic risk score.

^aAdjusted for maternal PCOS PRS.

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