Table 1. Open in new tab Variable...

	Adopters, before AMS (n = 138)	Adopters, after AMS (n = 136)	Non-adopters (n = 1,320)
Structural and behavioural factors
Labour per cow (hours per head)	137.19	42.837	102.62	32.764	0.000***	182.6	66.303
Milk per cow (100 litre output per head)	68.43	9.49	74.31	9.97	0.000***	67.22	8.79
Off-farm income (100 nkr per total net income)	197.39	427.70	121.46	260.31	0.118	79.78	161.56
Number of cows (heads)	29.32	11.556	38.12	11.480	0.000***	21.21	9.359
Feed concentrates (feed units, share of total feed concentrates and roughage)	0.417	0.086	0.474	0.098	0.000***	0.4205	0.082
Arable land per milk output (m² per litre milk output)	0.30	0.99	0.08	0.43	0.017**	0.38	1.46
Eco-efficiency
Value-added (1000 nkr)	792.80	380.38	951.10	385.10	0.000***	638.25	316.38
Energy (100 litre diesel)	68.20	39.71	71.56	40.902	0.280	45.19	29.27
Fertilisers (100 kg)	221.96	126.93	244.30	131.43	0.150	168.90	105.47
Enteric fermentation (CH₄)	3,415.3	1,656.99	4,067.80	1,591.42	0.000***	2,322.20	1,476.66

Adopters, before AMS (n = 138)

Adopters, after AMS (n = 136)

Non-adopters (n = 1,320)

p-Values of two

Mean

-sample t-test

Mean

Structural and behavioural factors

Labour per cow (hours per head)

137.19

42.837

102.62

32.764

0.000***

182.6

66.303

Milk per cow (100 litre output per head)

68.43

9.49

74.31

9.97

0.000***

67.22

8.79

Off-farm income (100 nkr per total net income)

197.39

427.70

121.46

260.31

0.118

79.78

161.56

Number of cows (heads)

29.32

11.556

38.12

11.480

0.000***

21.21

9.359

Feed concentrates (feed units, share of total feed concentrates and roughage)

0.417

0.086

0.474

0.098

0.000***

0.4205

0.082

Arable land per milk output (m² per litre milk output)

0.30

0.99

0.08

0.43

0.017**

0.38

1.46

Eco-efficiency

Value-added (1000 nkr)

792.80

380.38

951.10

385.10

0.000***

638.25

316.38

Energy (100 litre diesel)

68.20

39.71

71.56

40.902

0.280

45.19

29.27

Fertilisers (100 kg)

221.96

126.93

244.30

131.43

0.150

168.90

105.47

Enteric fermentation (CH₄)

3,415.3

1,656.99

4,067.80

1,591.42

0.000***

2,322.20

1,476.66

	Adopters, before AMS (n = 138)	Adopters, after AMS (n = 136)	Non-adopters (n = 1,320)
Structural and behavioural factors
Labour per cow (hours per head)	137.19	42.837	102.62	32.764	0.000***	182.6	66.303
Milk per cow (100 litre output per head)	68.43	9.49	74.31	9.97	0.000***	67.22	8.79
Off-farm income (100 nkr per total net income)	197.39	427.70	121.46	260.31	0.118	79.78	161.56
Number of cows (heads)	29.32	11.556	38.12	11.480	0.000***	21.21	9.359
Feed concentrates (feed units, share of total feed concentrates and roughage)	0.417	0.086	0.474	0.098	0.000***	0.4205	0.082
Arable land per milk output (m² per litre milk output)	0.30	0.99	0.08	0.43	0.017**	0.38	1.46
Eco-efficiency
Value-added (1000 nkr)	792.80	380.38	951.10	385.10	0.000***	638.25	316.38
Energy (100 litre diesel)	68.20	39.71	71.56	40.902	0.280	45.19	29.27
Fertilisers (100 kg)	221.96	126.93	244.30	131.43	0.150	168.90	105.47
Enteric fermentation (CH₄)	3,415.3	1,656.99	4,067.80	1,591.42	0.000***	2,322.20	1,476.66

Table 1.

Open in new tab

Variable description and descriptive statistics

	Adopters, before AMS (n = 138)		Adopters, after AMS (n = 136)			Non-adopters (n = 1,320)
					p-Values of two
	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	-sample t-test	Mean	SD
Structural and behavioural factors
Labour per cow (hours per head)	137.19	42.837	102.62	32.764	0.000***	182.6	66.303
Milk per cow (100 litre output per head)	68.43	9.49	74.31	9.97	0.000***	67.22	8.79
Off-farm income (100 nkr per total net income)	197.39	427.70	121.46	260.31	0.118	79.78	161.56
Number of cows (heads)	29.32	11.556	38.12	11.480	0.000***	21.21	9.359
Feed concentrates (feed units, share of total feed concentrates and roughage)	0.417	0.086	0.474	0.098	0.000***	0.4205	0.082
Arable land per milk output (m² per litre milk output)	0.30	0.99	0.08	0.43	0.017**	0.38	1.46
Eco-efficiency
Value-added (1000 nkr)	792.80	380.38	951.10	385.10	0.000***	638.25	316.38
Energy (100 litre diesel)	68.20	39.71	71.56	40.902	0.280	45.19	29.27
Fertilisers (100 kg)	221.96	126.93	244.30	131.43	0.150	168.90	105.47
Enteric fermentation (CH₄)	3,415.3	1,656.99	4,067.80	1,591.42	0.000***	2,322.20	1,476.66

	Adopters, before AMS (n = 138)		Adopters, after AMS (n = 136)			Non-adopters (n = 1,320)
					p-Values of two
	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	-sample t-test	Mean	SD
Structural and behavioural factors
Labour per cow (hours per head)	137.19	42.837	102.62	32.764	0.000***	182.6	66.303
Milk per cow (100 litre output per head)	68.43	9.49	74.31	9.97	0.000***	67.22	8.79
Off-farm income (100 nkr per total net income)	197.39	427.70	121.46	260.31	0.118	79.78	161.56
Number of cows (heads)	29.32	11.556	38.12	11.480	0.000***	21.21	9.359
Feed concentrates (feed units, share of total feed concentrates and roughage)	0.417	0.086	0.474	0.098	0.000***	0.4205	0.082
Arable land per milk output (m² per litre milk output)	0.30	0.99	0.08	0.43	0.017**	0.38	1.46
Eco-efficiency
Value-added (1000 nkr)	792.80	380.38	951.10	385.10	0.000***	638.25	316.38
Energy (100 litre diesel)	68.20	39.71	71.56	40.902	0.280	45.19	29.27
Fertilisers (100 kg)	221.96	126.93	244.30	131.43	0.150	168.90	105.47
Enteric fermentation (CH₄)	3,415.3	1,656.99	4,067.80	1,591.42	0.000***	2,322.20	1,476.66

Note: T-tests are conducted comparing farms before and after AMS adoption. ‘***’ and ‘**’ indicate significance at the 1 per cent and 5 per cent level, respectively.

This Feature Is Available To Subscribers Only