Table 2. Open in new tab...

		Treatment 1:	Treatment 2:	Treatment 3:	Treatment 4:
Gender
Male	49.6%	52.65%	54.51%	49.82%	54.58%
Female	50.4%	47.54%	45.49%	50.18%	45.42%
Chi-squared = 0.1094
Age
18–35	27.17%	30.28%	34.30%	27.27%	35.21%
36–53	33.67%	43.66%	33.57%	39.27%	33.10%
54–71	24.37%	19.72%	24.19%	24.73%	26.06%
71>	14.79%	6.34%	7.94%	8.73%	5.63%
Chi-squared = 0.1094
Area of Growing Up
Urban	–	66.55%	67.15%	61.82%	67.61%
Rural	–	33.45%	32.85%	38.18%	32.39%
Chi-squared = 0.2432
Area of residence
Urban	82.66%	70.42%	69.31%	65.09%	72.89%
Rural	17.34%	29.58%	30.69%	34.91%	27.11%
Chi-squared = 0.2432
Employment
Student	–	5.63%	6.86%	4.36%	5.99%
Independent Worker	–	10.21%	11.55%	9.82%	12.32%
Private-sector worker	–	35.56%	30.69%	34.55%	27.11%
Public-sector worker	–	9.86%	10.83%	12.00%	14.08%
Retired	–	18.66%	22.74%	21.82%	20.42%
Unemployed	–	10.56%	11.91%	11.27%	11.97%
Not in paid employment	–	5.28%	1.81%	2.55%	2.82%
Other	–	4.23%	3.61%	3.64%	5.28%
Chi-squared = 0.6532
Income
Less than	9.35%	11.27%	12.27%	10.55%	11.27%
$15,000	11.95%	11.97%	13.00%	9.09%	15.14%
$15,000–29,000	11.53%	8.80%	10.11%	13.45%	9.51%
$30,000–44,000	10.42%	11.27%	13.00%	18.55%	10.92%
$45,000–59,000	9.13%	8.80%	11.19%	5.45%	7.04%
$60,000–74,000	7.69%	9.15%	10.11%	7.64%	9.15%
$75,000–89,000	11.93%	11.27%	9.03%	9.45%	11.62%
$90,000–119,000	8.14%	11.97%	13.72%	14.18%	11.27%
$120,000–149,000	19.86%	15.49%	7.58%	11.64%	14.08%
$150,000 or more
Chi-squared = 0.0882
Political orientation
Republican	–	27.11%	31.05%	29.82%	26.06%
Democrat	–	46.13%	38.99%	37.09%	45.07%
Independent	–	23.59%	28.16%	28.73%	27.11%
Other	–	3.17%	1.81%	4.36%	1.76%
Chi-squared = 0.2197
Education
Less than high school	9.56%	2.11%	1.81%	1.45%	1.41%
High school/GED	29.20%	16.20%	19.49%	15.27%	20.42%
Some college	16.49%	17.61%	15.16%	18.55%	17.25%
2-year college degree	9.95%	8.45%	8.30%	12.73%	9.86%
4-year college degree	22.08%	28.17%	27.44%	27.27%	25.00%
Master's degree	9.47%	22.89%	22.38%	17.09%	20.42%
Doctoral degree	1.36%	1.41%	4.00%	4.36%	3.17%
Professional degree	1.90%	3.17%	1.44%	3.27%	2.46%
Chi-squared = 0.6379
Race
White	75.50%	72.54%	75.09%	76.00%	77.46%
Black or African American	13.60%	10.21%	6.50%	8.00%	7.75%
American Indian or Alaska
Native	1.30%	1.06%	0.00%	1.09%	1.06%
Asian
Native Hawaiian or Pacific	6.30%	8.45%	7.94%	5.82	5.63%
Islander	0.30%	0.70%	0.00%	0.36%	0.00%
Hispanic or Latino
Other	19.1%	2.46%	3.61%	4.36%	2.46%
Chi-squared = 0.6417	3.0%	4.58%	6.86%	4.36%	5.63%

Treatment 1:

Treatment 2:

Treatment 3:

Treatment 4:

Neutral Info

Positive Info

Negative Info

Combined Info

Variable

U.S. Population (2020 Census)

(N = 284)

(N = 277)

(N = 275)

(N = 284)

Gender

Male

49.6%

52.65%

54.51%

49.82%

54.58%

Female

50.4%

47.54%

45.49%

50.18%

45.42%

Chi-squared = 0.1094

Age

18–35

27.17%

30.28%

34.30%

27.27%

35.21%

36–53

33.67%

43.66%

33.57%

39.27%

33.10%

54–71

24.37%

19.72%

24.19%

24.73%

26.06%

71>

14.79%

6.34%

7.94%

8.73%

5.63%

Chi-squared = 0.1094

Area of Growing Up

Urban

–

66.55%

67.15%

61.82%

67.61%

Rural

–

33.45%

32.85%

38.18%

32.39%

Chi-squared = 0.2432

Area of residence

Urban

82.66%

70.42%

69.31%

65.09%

72.89%

Rural

17.34%

29.58%

30.69%

34.91%

27.11%

Chi-squared = 0.2432

Employment

Student

–

5.63%

6.86%

4.36%

5.99%

Independent Worker

–

10.21%

11.55%

9.82%

12.32%

Private-sector worker

–

35.56%

30.69%

34.55%

27.11%

Public-sector worker

–

9.86%

10.83%

12.00%

14.08%

Retired

–

18.66%

22.74%

21.82%

20.42%

Unemployed

–

10.56%

11.91%

11.27%

11.97%

Not in paid employment

–

5.28%

1.81%

2.55%

2.82%

Other

–

4.23%

3.61%

3.64%

5.28%

Chi-squared = 0.6532

Income

Less than

9.35%

11.27%

12.27%

10.55%

11.27%

$15,000

11.95%

11.97%

13.00%

9.09%

15.14%

$15,000–29,000

11.53%

8.80%

10.11%

13.45%

9.51%

$30,000–44,000

10.42%

11.27%

13.00%

18.55%

10.92%

$45,000–59,000

9.13%

8.80%

11.19%

5.45%

7.04%

$60,000–74,000

7.69%

9.15%

10.11%

7.64%

9.15%

$75,000–89,000

11.93%

11.27%

9.03%

9.45%

11.62%

$90,000–119,000

8.14%

11.97%

13.72%

14.18%

11.27%

$120,000–149,000

19.86%

15.49%

7.58%

11.64%

14.08%

$150,000 or more

Chi-squared = 0.0882

Political orientation

Republican

–

27.11%

31.05%

29.82%

26.06%

Democrat

–

46.13%

38.99%

37.09%

45.07%

Independent

–

23.59%

28.16%

28.73%

27.11%

Other

–

3.17%

1.81%

4.36%

1.76%

Chi-squared = 0.2197

Education

Less than high school

9.56%

2.11%

1.81%

1.45%

1.41%

High school/GED

29.20%

16.20%

19.49%

15.27%

20.42%

Some college

16.49%

17.61%

15.16%

18.55%

17.25%

2-year college degree

9.95%

8.45%

8.30%

12.73%

9.86%

4-year college degree

22.08%

28.17%

27.44%

27.27%

25.00%

Master's degree

9.47%

22.89%

22.38%

17.09%

20.42%

Doctoral degree

1.36%

1.41%

4.00%

4.36%

3.17%

Professional degree

1.90%

3.17%

1.44%

3.27%

2.46%

Chi-squared = 0.6379

Race

White

75.50%

72.54%

75.09%

76.00%

77.46%

Black or African American

13.60%

10.21%

6.50%

8.00%

7.75%

American Indian or Alaska

Native

1.30%

1.06%

0.00%

1.09%

1.06%

Asian

Native Hawaiian or Pacific

6.30%

8.45%

7.94%

5.82

5.63%

Islander

0.30%

0.70%

0.00%

0.36%

0.00%

Hispanic or Latino

Other

19.1%

2.46%

3.61%

4.36%

2.46%

Chi-squared = 0.6417

3.0%

4.58%

6.86%

4.36%

5.63%

		Treatment 1:	Treatment 2:	Treatment 3:	Treatment 4:
Gender
Male	49.6%	52.65%	54.51%	49.82%	54.58%
Female	50.4%	47.54%	45.49%	50.18%	45.42%
Chi-squared = 0.1094
Age
18–35	27.17%	30.28%	34.30%	27.27%	35.21%
36–53	33.67%	43.66%	33.57%	39.27%	33.10%
54–71	24.37%	19.72%	24.19%	24.73%	26.06%
71>	14.79%	6.34%	7.94%	8.73%	5.63%
Chi-squared = 0.1094
Area of Growing Up
Urban	–	66.55%	67.15%	61.82%	67.61%
Rural	–	33.45%	32.85%	38.18%	32.39%
Chi-squared = 0.2432
Area of residence
Urban	82.66%	70.42%	69.31%	65.09%	72.89%
Rural	17.34%	29.58%	30.69%	34.91%	27.11%
Chi-squared = 0.2432
Employment
Student	–	5.63%	6.86%	4.36%	5.99%
Independent Worker	–	10.21%	11.55%	9.82%	12.32%
Private-sector worker	–	35.56%	30.69%	34.55%	27.11%
Public-sector worker	–	9.86%	10.83%	12.00%	14.08%
Retired	–	18.66%	22.74%	21.82%	20.42%
Unemployed	–	10.56%	11.91%	11.27%	11.97%
Not in paid employment	–	5.28%	1.81%	2.55%	2.82%
Other	–	4.23%	3.61%	3.64%	5.28%
Chi-squared = 0.6532
Income
Less than	9.35%	11.27%	12.27%	10.55%	11.27%
$15,000	11.95%	11.97%	13.00%	9.09%	15.14%
$15,000–29,000	11.53%	8.80%	10.11%	13.45%	9.51%
$30,000–44,000	10.42%	11.27%	13.00%	18.55%	10.92%
$45,000–59,000	9.13%	8.80%	11.19%	5.45%	7.04%
$60,000–74,000	7.69%	9.15%	10.11%	7.64%	9.15%
$75,000–89,000	11.93%	11.27%	9.03%	9.45%	11.62%
$90,000–119,000	8.14%	11.97%	13.72%	14.18%	11.27%
$120,000–149,000	19.86%	15.49%	7.58%	11.64%	14.08%
$150,000 or more
Chi-squared = 0.0882
Political orientation
Republican	–	27.11%	31.05%	29.82%	26.06%
Democrat	–	46.13%	38.99%	37.09%	45.07%
Independent	–	23.59%	28.16%	28.73%	27.11%
Other	–	3.17%	1.81%	4.36%	1.76%
Chi-squared = 0.2197
Education
Less than high school	9.56%	2.11%	1.81%	1.45%	1.41%
High school/GED	29.20%	16.20%	19.49%	15.27%	20.42%
Some college	16.49%	17.61%	15.16%	18.55%	17.25%
2-year college degree	9.95%	8.45%	8.30%	12.73%	9.86%
4-year college degree	22.08%	28.17%	27.44%	27.27%	25.00%
Master's degree	9.47%	22.89%	22.38%	17.09%	20.42%
Doctoral degree	1.36%	1.41%	4.00%	4.36%	3.17%
Professional degree	1.90%	3.17%	1.44%	3.27%	2.46%
Chi-squared = 0.6379
Race
White	75.50%	72.54%	75.09%	76.00%	77.46%
Black or African American	13.60%	10.21%	6.50%	8.00%	7.75%
American Indian or Alaska
Native	1.30%	1.06%	0.00%	1.09%	1.06%
Asian
Native Hawaiian or Pacific	6.30%	8.45%	7.94%	5.82	5.63%
Islander	0.30%	0.70%	0.00%	0.36%	0.00%
Hispanic or Latino
Other	19.1%	2.46%	3.61%	4.36%	2.46%
Chi-squared = 0.6417	3.0%	4.58%	6.86%	4.36%	5.63%

Treatment 1:

Treatment 2:

Treatment 3:

Treatment 4:

Neutral Info

Positive Info

Negative Info

Combined Info

Variable

U.S. Population (2020 Census)

(N = 284)

(N = 277)

(N = 275)

(N = 284)

Gender

Male

49.6%

52.65%

54.51%

49.82%

54.58%

Female

50.4%

47.54%

45.49%

50.18%

45.42%

Chi-squared = 0.1094

Age

18–35

27.17%

30.28%

34.30%

27.27%

35.21%

36–53

33.67%

43.66%

33.57%

39.27%

33.10%

54–71

24.37%

19.72%

24.19%

24.73%

26.06%

71>

14.79%

6.34%

7.94%

8.73%

5.63%

Chi-squared = 0.1094

Area of Growing Up

Urban

–

66.55%

67.15%

61.82%

67.61%

Rural

–

33.45%

32.85%

38.18%

32.39%

Chi-squared = 0.2432

Area of residence

Urban

82.66%

70.42%

69.31%

65.09%

72.89%

Rural

17.34%

29.58%

30.69%

34.91%

27.11%

Chi-squared = 0.2432

Employment

Student

–

5.63%

6.86%

4.36%

5.99%

Independent Worker

–

10.21%

11.55%

9.82%

12.32%

Private-sector worker

–

35.56%

30.69%

34.55%

27.11%

Public-sector worker

–

9.86%

10.83%

12.00%

14.08%

Retired

–

18.66%

22.74%

21.82%

20.42%

Unemployed

–

10.56%

11.91%

11.27%

11.97%

Not in paid employment

–

5.28%

1.81%

2.55%

2.82%

Other

–

4.23%

3.61%

3.64%

5.28%

Chi-squared = 0.6532

Income

Less than

9.35%

11.27%

12.27%

10.55%

11.27%

$15,000

11.95%

11.97%

13.00%

9.09%

15.14%

$15,000–29,000

11.53%

8.80%

10.11%

13.45%

9.51%

$30,000–44,000

10.42%

11.27%

13.00%

18.55%

10.92%

$45,000–59,000

9.13%

8.80%

11.19%

5.45%

7.04%

$60,000–74,000

7.69%

9.15%

10.11%

7.64%

9.15%

$75,000–89,000

11.93%

11.27%

9.03%

9.45%

11.62%

$90,000–119,000

8.14%

11.97%

13.72%

14.18%

11.27%

$120,000–149,000

19.86%

15.49%

7.58%

11.64%

14.08%

$150,000 or more

Chi-squared = 0.0882

Political orientation

Republican

–

27.11%

31.05%

29.82%

26.06%

Democrat

–

46.13%

38.99%

37.09%

45.07%

Independent

–

23.59%

28.16%

28.73%

27.11%

Other

–

3.17%

1.81%

4.36%

1.76%

Chi-squared = 0.2197

Education

Less than high school

9.56%

2.11%

1.81%

1.45%

1.41%

High school/GED

29.20%

16.20%

19.49%

15.27%

20.42%

Some college

16.49%

17.61%

15.16%

18.55%

17.25%

2-year college degree

9.95%

8.45%

8.30%

12.73%

9.86%

4-year college degree

22.08%

28.17%

27.44%

27.27%

25.00%

Master's degree

9.47%

22.89%

22.38%

17.09%

20.42%

Doctoral degree

1.36%

1.41%

4.00%

4.36%

3.17%

Professional degree

1.90%

3.17%

1.44%

3.27%

2.46%

Chi-squared = 0.6379

Race

White

75.50%

72.54%

75.09%

76.00%

77.46%

Black or African American

13.60%

10.21%

6.50%

8.00%

7.75%

American Indian or Alaska

Native

1.30%

1.06%

0.00%

1.09%

1.06%

Asian

Native Hawaiian or Pacific

6.30%

8.45%

7.94%

5.82

5.63%

Islander

0.30%

0.70%

0.00%

0.36%

0.00%

Hispanic or Latino

Other

19.1%

2.46%

3.61%

4.36%

2.46%

Chi-squared = 0.6417

3.0%

4.58%

6.86%

4.36%

5.63%

Table 2.

Open in new tab

Sociodemographic characteristics.

		Treatment 1:	Treatment 2:	Treatment 3:	Treatment 4:
		Neutral Info	Positive Info	Negative Info	Combined Info
Variable	U.S. Population (2020 Census)	(N = 284)	(N = 277)	(N = 275)	(N = 284)
Gender
Male	49.6%	52.65%	54.51%	49.82%	54.58%
Female	50.4%	47.54%	45.49%	50.18%	45.42%
Chi-squared = 0.1094
Age
18–35	27.17%	30.28%	34.30%	27.27%	35.21%
36–53	33.67%	43.66%	33.57%	39.27%	33.10%
54–71	24.37%	19.72%	24.19%	24.73%	26.06%
71>	14.79%	6.34%	7.94%	8.73%	5.63%
Chi-squared = 0.1094
Area of Growing Up
Urban	–	66.55%	67.15%	61.82%	67.61%
Rural	–	33.45%	32.85%	38.18%	32.39%
Chi-squared = 0.2432
Area of residence
Urban	82.66%	70.42%	69.31%	65.09%	72.89%
Rural	17.34%	29.58%	30.69%	34.91%	27.11%
Chi-squared = 0.2432
Employment
Student	–	5.63%	6.86%	4.36%	5.99%
Independent Worker	–	10.21%	11.55%	9.82%	12.32%
Private-sector worker	–	35.56%	30.69%	34.55%	27.11%
Public-sector worker	–	9.86%	10.83%	12.00%	14.08%
Retired	–	18.66%	22.74%	21.82%	20.42%
Unemployed	–	10.56%	11.91%	11.27%	11.97%
Not in paid employment	–	5.28%	1.81%	2.55%	2.82%
Other	–	4.23%	3.61%	3.64%	5.28%
Chi-squared = 0.6532
Income
Less than	9.35%	11.27%	12.27%	10.55%	11.27%
$15,000	11.95%	11.97%	13.00%	9.09%	15.14%
$15,000–29,000	11.53%	8.80%	10.11%	13.45%	9.51%
$30,000–44,000	10.42%	11.27%	13.00%	18.55%	10.92%
$45,000–59,000	9.13%	8.80%	11.19%	5.45%	7.04%
$60,000–74,000	7.69%	9.15%	10.11%	7.64%	9.15%
$75,000–89,000	11.93%	11.27%	9.03%	9.45%	11.62%
$90,000–119,000	8.14%	11.97%	13.72%	14.18%	11.27%
$120,000–149,000	19.86%	15.49%	7.58%	11.64%	14.08%
$150,000 or more
Chi-squared = 0.0882
Political orientation
Republican	–	27.11%	31.05%	29.82%	26.06%
Democrat	–	46.13%	38.99%	37.09%	45.07%
Independent	–	23.59%	28.16%	28.73%	27.11%
Other	–	3.17%	1.81%	4.36%	1.76%
Chi-squared = 0.2197
Education
Less than high school	9.56%	2.11%	1.81%	1.45%	1.41%
High school/GED	29.20%	16.20%	19.49%	15.27%	20.42%
Some college	16.49%	17.61%	15.16%	18.55%	17.25%
2-year college degree	9.95%	8.45%	8.30%	12.73%	9.86%
4-year college degree	22.08%	28.17%	27.44%	27.27%	25.00%
Master's degree	9.47%	22.89%	22.38%	17.09%	20.42%
Doctoral degree	1.36%	1.41%	4.00%	4.36%	3.17%
Professional degree	1.90%	3.17%	1.44%	3.27%	2.46%
Chi-squared = 0.6379
Race
White	75.50%	72.54%	75.09%	76.00%	77.46%
Black or African American	13.60%	10.21%	6.50%	8.00%	7.75%
American Indian or Alaska
Native	1.30%	1.06%	0.00%	1.09%	1.06%
Asian
Native Hawaiian or Pacific	6.30%	8.45%	7.94%	5.82	5.63%
Islander	0.30%	0.70%	0.00%	0.36%	0.00%
Hispanic or Latino
Other	19.1%	2.46%	3.61%	4.36%	2.46%
Chi-squared = 0.6417	3.0%	4.58%	6.86%	4.36%	5.63%

		Treatment 1:	Treatment 2:	Treatment 3:	Treatment 4:
		Neutral Info	Positive Info	Negative Info	Combined Info
Variable	U.S. Population (2020 Census)	(N = 284)	(N = 277)	(N = 275)	(N = 284)
Gender
Male	49.6%	52.65%	54.51%	49.82%	54.58%
Female	50.4%	47.54%	45.49%	50.18%	45.42%
Chi-squared = 0.1094
Age
18–35	27.17%	30.28%	34.30%	27.27%	35.21%
36–53	33.67%	43.66%	33.57%	39.27%	33.10%
54–71	24.37%	19.72%	24.19%	24.73%	26.06%
71>	14.79%	6.34%	7.94%	8.73%	5.63%
Chi-squared = 0.1094
Area of Growing Up
Urban	–	66.55%	67.15%	61.82%	67.61%
Rural	–	33.45%	32.85%	38.18%	32.39%
Chi-squared = 0.2432
Area of residence
Urban	82.66%	70.42%	69.31%	65.09%	72.89%
Rural	17.34%	29.58%	30.69%	34.91%	27.11%
Chi-squared = 0.2432
Employment
Student	–	5.63%	6.86%	4.36%	5.99%
Independent Worker	–	10.21%	11.55%	9.82%	12.32%
Private-sector worker	–	35.56%	30.69%	34.55%	27.11%
Public-sector worker	–	9.86%	10.83%	12.00%	14.08%
Retired	–	18.66%	22.74%	21.82%	20.42%
Unemployed	–	10.56%	11.91%	11.27%	11.97%
Not in paid employment	–	5.28%	1.81%	2.55%	2.82%
Other	–	4.23%	3.61%	3.64%	5.28%
Chi-squared = 0.6532
Income
Less than	9.35%	11.27%	12.27%	10.55%	11.27%
$15,000	11.95%	11.97%	13.00%	9.09%	15.14%
$15,000–29,000	11.53%	8.80%	10.11%	13.45%	9.51%
$30,000–44,000	10.42%	11.27%	13.00%	18.55%	10.92%
$45,000–59,000	9.13%	8.80%	11.19%	5.45%	7.04%
$60,000–74,000	7.69%	9.15%	10.11%	7.64%	9.15%
$75,000–89,000	11.93%	11.27%	9.03%	9.45%	11.62%
$90,000–119,000	8.14%	11.97%	13.72%	14.18%	11.27%
$120,000–149,000	19.86%	15.49%	7.58%	11.64%	14.08%
$150,000 or more
Chi-squared = 0.0882
Political orientation
Republican	–	27.11%	31.05%	29.82%	26.06%
Democrat	–	46.13%	38.99%	37.09%	45.07%
Independent	–	23.59%	28.16%	28.73%	27.11%
Other	–	3.17%	1.81%	4.36%	1.76%
Chi-squared = 0.2197
Education
Less than high school	9.56%	2.11%	1.81%	1.45%	1.41%
High school/GED	29.20%	16.20%	19.49%	15.27%	20.42%
Some college	16.49%	17.61%	15.16%	18.55%	17.25%
2-year college degree	9.95%	8.45%	8.30%	12.73%	9.86%
4-year college degree	22.08%	28.17%	27.44%	27.27%	25.00%
Master's degree	9.47%	22.89%	22.38%	17.09%	20.42%
Doctoral degree	1.36%	1.41%	4.00%	4.36%	3.17%
Professional degree	1.90%	3.17%	1.44%	3.27%	2.46%
Chi-squared = 0.6379
Race
White	75.50%	72.54%	75.09%	76.00%	77.46%
Black or African American	13.60%	10.21%	6.50%	8.00%	7.75%
American Indian or Alaska
Native	1.30%	1.06%	0.00%	1.09%	1.06%
Asian
Native Hawaiian or Pacific	6.30%	8.45%	7.94%	5.82	5.63%
Islander	0.30%	0.70%	0.00%	0.36%	0.00%
Hispanic or Latino
Other	19.1%	2.46%	3.61%	4.36%	2.46%
Chi-squared = 0.6417	3.0%	4.58%	6.86%	4.36%	5.63%

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