Table 2 Open in new tab Balance...

	Early switchers	Late switchers	T-test
Fully formal switched to fully informal (H1)
Household size	10	5.400	66	6.530	−1.130
	(0.859)		(0.554)
Dependency ratio	10	0.722	66	0.673	0.049
	(0.229)		(0.084)
Share in household with secondary school	10	0.000	66	0.022	−0.022
	(0.000)		(0.013)
Fully informal switched to fully formal (H2)
Household size	122	6.139	62	4.903	1.236^**
	(0.348)		(0.364)
Dependency ratio	122	0.828	62	0.731	0.098
	(0.069)		(0.097)
Share in household with secondary school	122	0.015	62	0.014	0.000
	(0.007)		(0.008)
Fully formal switched to mix (H3)
Household size	6	5.333	34	5.765	−0.431
	(0.422)		(0.532)
Dependency ratio	6	0.792	34	0.995	−0.203
	(0.198)		(0.147)
Share in household with secondary school	6	0.000	34	0.005	−0.005
	(0.000)		(0.004)
Fully informal switched to mix (H4)
Household size	192	6.109	82	6.012	0.097
	(0.189)		(0.419)
Dependency ratio	192	0.852	82	0.752	0.100
	(0.055)		(0.070)
Share in household with secondary school	192	0.014	82	0.018	−0.004
	(0.005)		(0.007)
Mix to fully formal (H5)
Household size	8	7.750	40	6.725	1.025
	(1.521)		(0.374)
Dependency ratio	8	1.058	40	0.767	0.292
	(0.287)		(0.108)
Share in household with secondary school	8	0.018	40	0.003	0.015
	(0.018)		(0.003)
Mix to fully informal (H6)
Household size	26	5.808	102	6.206	−0.398
	(0.668)		(0.278)
Dependency ratio	26	0.514	102	0.737	−0.224
	(0.131)		(0.070)
Share in household with secondary school	26	0.011	102	0.017	−0.006
	(0.011)		(0.007)

Early switchers

Late switchers

T-test

Variable

Mean

Difference

Fully formal switched to fully informal (H1)

Household size

5.400

6.530

−1.130

(0.859)

(0.554)

Dependency ratio

0.722

0.673

0.049

(0.229)

(0.084)

Share in household with secondary school

0.000

0.022

−0.022

(0.000)

(0.013)

Fully informal switched to fully formal (H2)

Household size

122

6.139

4.903

1.236^**

(0.348)

(0.364)

Dependency ratio

122

0.828

0.731

0.098

(0.069)

(0.097)

Share in household with secondary school

122

0.015

0.014

0.000

(0.007)

(0.008)

Fully formal switched to mix (H3)

Household size

5.333

5.765

−0.431

(0.422)

(0.532)

Dependency ratio

0.792

0.995

−0.203

(0.198)

(0.147)

Share in household with secondary school

0.000

0.005

−0.005

(0.000)

(0.004)

Fully informal switched to mix (H4)

Household size

192

6.109

6.012

0.097

(0.189)

(0.419)

Dependency ratio

192

0.852

0.752

0.100

(0.055)

(0.070)

Share in household with secondary school

192

0.014

0.018

−0.004

(0.005)

(0.007)

Mix to fully formal (H5)

Household size

7.750

6.725

1.025

(1.521)

(0.374)

Dependency ratio

1.058

0.767

0.292

(0.287)

(0.108)

Share in household with secondary school

0.018

0.003

0.015

(0.018)

(0.003)

Mix to fully informal (H6)

Household size

5.808

102

6.206

−0.398

(0.668)

(0.278)

Dependency ratio

0.514

102

0.737

−0.224

(0.131)

(0.070)

Share in household with secondary school

0.011

102

0.017

−0.006

(0.011)

(0.007)

	Early switchers	Late switchers	T-test
Fully formal switched to fully informal (H1)
Household size	10	5.400	66	6.530	−1.130
	(0.859)		(0.554)
Dependency ratio	10	0.722	66	0.673	0.049
	(0.229)		(0.084)
Share in household with secondary school	10	0.000	66	0.022	−0.022
	(0.000)		(0.013)
Fully informal switched to fully formal (H2)
Household size	122	6.139	62	4.903	1.236^**
	(0.348)		(0.364)
Dependency ratio	122	0.828	62	0.731	0.098
	(0.069)		(0.097)
Share in household with secondary school	122	0.015	62	0.014	0.000
	(0.007)		(0.008)
Fully formal switched to mix (H3)
Household size	6	5.333	34	5.765	−0.431
	(0.422)		(0.532)
Dependency ratio	6	0.792	34	0.995	−0.203
	(0.198)		(0.147)
Share in household with secondary school	6	0.000	34	0.005	−0.005
	(0.000)		(0.004)
Fully informal switched to mix (H4)
Household size	192	6.109	82	6.012	0.097
	(0.189)		(0.419)
Dependency ratio	192	0.852	82	0.752	0.100
	(0.055)		(0.070)
Share in household with secondary school	192	0.014	82	0.018	−0.004
	(0.005)		(0.007)
Mix to fully formal (H5)
Household size	8	7.750	40	6.725	1.025
	(1.521)		(0.374)
Dependency ratio	8	1.058	40	0.767	0.292
	(0.287)		(0.108)
Share in household with secondary school	8	0.018	40	0.003	0.015
	(0.018)		(0.003)
Mix to fully informal (H6)
Household size	26	5.808	102	6.206	−0.398
	(0.668)		(0.278)
Dependency ratio	26	0.514	102	0.737	−0.224
	(0.131)		(0.070)
Share in household with secondary school	26	0.011	102	0.017	−0.006
	(0.011)		(0.007)

Table 2

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Balance statistics of observable characteristics for six samples, Nigeria

	Early switchers		Late switchers		T-test
Variable	N	Mean	N	Mean	Difference
Fully formal switched to fully informal (H1)
Household size	10	5.400	66	6.530	−1.130
Household size		(0.859)		(0.554)
Dependency ratio	10	0.722	66	0.673	0.049
Dependency ratio		(0.229)		(0.084)
Share in household with secondary school	10	0.000	66	0.022	−0.022
Share in household with secondary school		(0.000)		(0.013)
Fully informal switched to fully formal (H2)
Household size	122	6.139	62	4.903	1.236^**
Household size		(0.348)		(0.364)
Dependency ratio	122	0.828	62	0.731	0.098
Dependency ratio		(0.069)		(0.097)
Share in household with secondary school	122	0.015	62	0.014	0.000
Share in household with secondary school		(0.007)		(0.008)
Fully formal switched to mix (H3)
Household size	6	5.333	34	5.765	−0.431
Household size		(0.422)		(0.532)
Dependency ratio	6	0.792	34	0.995	−0.203
Dependency ratio		(0.198)		(0.147)
Share in household with secondary school	6	0.000	34	0.005	−0.005
Share in household with secondary school		(0.000)		(0.004)
Fully informal switched to mix (H4)
Household size	192	6.109	82	6.012	0.097
Household size		(0.189)		(0.419)
Dependency ratio	192	0.852	82	0.752	0.100
Dependency ratio		(0.055)		(0.070)
Share in household with secondary school	192	0.014	82	0.018	−0.004
Share in household with secondary school		(0.005)		(0.007)
Mix to fully formal (H5)
Household size	8	7.750	40	6.725	1.025
Household size		(1.521)		(0.374)
Dependency ratio	8	1.058	40	0.767	0.292
Dependency ratio		(0.287)		(0.108)
Share in household with secondary school	8	0.018	40	0.003	0.015
Share in household with secondary school		(0.018)		(0.003)
Mix to fully informal (H6)
Household size	26	5.808	102	6.206	−0.398
Household size		(0.668)		(0.278)
Dependency ratio	26	0.514	102	0.737	−0.224
Dependency ratio		(0.131)		(0.070)
Share in household with secondary school	26	0.011	102	0.017	−0.006
Share in household with secondary school		(0.011)		(0.007)

	Early switchers		Late switchers		T-test
Variable	N	Mean	N	Mean	Difference
Fully formal switched to fully informal (H1)
Household size	10	5.400	66	6.530	−1.130
Household size		(0.859)		(0.554)
Dependency ratio	10	0.722	66	0.673	0.049
Dependency ratio		(0.229)		(0.084)
Share in household with secondary school	10	0.000	66	0.022	−0.022
Share in household with secondary school		(0.000)		(0.013)
Fully informal switched to fully formal (H2)
Household size	122	6.139	62	4.903	1.236^**
Household size		(0.348)		(0.364)
Dependency ratio	122	0.828	62	0.731	0.098
Dependency ratio		(0.069)		(0.097)
Share in household with secondary school	122	0.015	62	0.014	0.000
Share in household with secondary school		(0.007)		(0.008)
Fully formal switched to mix (H3)
Household size	6	5.333	34	5.765	−0.431
Household size		(0.422)		(0.532)
Dependency ratio	6	0.792	34	0.995	−0.203
Dependency ratio		(0.198)		(0.147)
Share in household with secondary school	6	0.000	34	0.005	−0.005
Share in household with secondary school		(0.000)		(0.004)
Fully informal switched to mix (H4)
Household size	192	6.109	82	6.012	0.097
Household size		(0.189)		(0.419)
Dependency ratio	192	0.852	82	0.752	0.100
Dependency ratio		(0.055)		(0.070)
Share in household with secondary school	192	0.014	82	0.018	−0.004
Share in household with secondary school		(0.005)		(0.007)
Mix to fully formal (H5)
Household size	8	7.750	40	6.725	1.025
Household size		(1.521)		(0.374)
Dependency ratio	8	1.058	40	0.767	0.292
Dependency ratio		(0.287)		(0.108)
Share in household with secondary school	8	0.018	40	0.003	0.015
Share in household with secondary school		(0.018)		(0.003)
Mix to fully informal (H6)
Household size	26	5.808	102	6.206	−0.398
Household size		(0.668)		(0.278)
Dependency ratio	26	0.514	102	0.737	−0.224
Dependency ratio		(0.131)		(0.070)
Share in household with secondary school	26	0.011	102	0.017	−0.006
Share in household with secondary school		(0.011)		(0.007)

Notes: The value displayed for t-tests are the differences in the means across the groups. Standard errors are below in parentheses. ^***, ^**, and ^* indicate significance at the 1%, 5%, and 10% critical level. The groups are defined as in the text, such that each cell represents the mean for the variable between early switchers, that is, those who switch between 2010 and 2012 and ‘late switchers before their move’ that is, the 2010 and 2012 realizations for those who make the switch between 2012 and 2015.

Source: Author’s elaboration using Nigeria Data for 2010–12.

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