| Mutant name . | Responsible gene . | Reference . |
|---|---|---|
| brittle culm 1 | GPI-anchored protein | Sato et al. (2010); Liu et al. (2013) |
| brittle culm 3 | Dynamin | Hirano et al. (2010) |
| brittle culm 6 | CESA9 | Kotake et al. (2011) |
| brittle culm 7 | CESA4 | Yan et al. (2007) |
| brittle culm 10 | Unclassified glycosyltransferase-related to AGP (DUF266) | Zhou et al. (2009) |
| brittle culm 11 | CESA4 | Zhang et al. (2009) |
| brittle culm 12 | Kinesin | Zhang et al. (2010) |
| brittle culm 13 | CESA9 | Song et al. (2013) |
| brittle culm 14 | Nucleotide sugar transporter | Song et al. (2011) |
| brittle culm 15 | Chitinase | Yi et al. (2022) |
| brittle culm 16 | GPI-lipid O-acetyltransferase | Xu et al. (2022) |
| brittle culm 18 | Xylan synthase (IRX10) | Wang et al. (2022) |
| brittle culm 19 | CESA4 | Ma et al. (2021) |
| brittle culm 24 | UDP-glucose epimerase | Zhang et al. (2020) |
| brittle culm 25 | UDP-xylose synthase | Xu et al. (2023) |
| Mutant name . | Responsible gene . | Reference . |
|---|---|---|
| brittle culm 1 | GPI-anchored protein | Sato et al. (2010); Liu et al. (2013) |
| brittle culm 3 | Dynamin | Hirano et al. (2010) |
| brittle culm 6 | CESA9 | Kotake et al. (2011) |
| brittle culm 7 | CESA4 | Yan et al. (2007) |
| brittle culm 10 | Unclassified glycosyltransferase-related to AGP (DUF266) | Zhou et al. (2009) |
| brittle culm 11 | CESA4 | Zhang et al. (2009) |
| brittle culm 12 | Kinesin | Zhang et al. (2010) |
| brittle culm 13 | CESA9 | Song et al. (2013) |
| brittle culm 14 | Nucleotide sugar transporter | Song et al. (2011) |
| brittle culm 15 | Chitinase | Yi et al. (2022) |
| brittle culm 16 | GPI-lipid O-acetyltransferase | Xu et al. (2022) |
| brittle culm 18 | Xylan synthase (IRX10) | Wang et al. (2022) |
| brittle culm 19 | CESA4 | Ma et al. (2021) |
| brittle culm 24 | UDP-glucose epimerase | Zhang et al. (2020) |
| brittle culm 25 | UDP-xylose synthase | Xu et al. (2023) |
Mechanically weak rice plants have been isolated by forward genetic screening. Many of the causal genes are related to cell wall biosynthesis. In particular, mutations in CELLULOSE SYNTHASE (CESA) are influential. Others include the cytoskeleton and COBRA-like GPI-anchored proteins known to affect cell morphology in Arabidopsis. AGP, arabinogalactan protein; DUF, domain of unknown function; IRX, irregular xylem.
| Mutant name . | Responsible gene . | Reference . |
|---|---|---|
| brittle culm 1 | GPI-anchored protein | Sato et al. (2010); Liu et al. (2013) |
| brittle culm 3 | Dynamin | Hirano et al. (2010) |
| brittle culm 6 | CESA9 | Kotake et al. (2011) |
| brittle culm 7 | CESA4 | Yan et al. (2007) |
| brittle culm 10 | Unclassified glycosyltransferase-related to AGP (DUF266) | Zhou et al. (2009) |
| brittle culm 11 | CESA4 | Zhang et al. (2009) |
| brittle culm 12 | Kinesin | Zhang et al. (2010) |
| brittle culm 13 | CESA9 | Song et al. (2013) |
| brittle culm 14 | Nucleotide sugar transporter | Song et al. (2011) |
| brittle culm 15 | Chitinase | Yi et al. (2022) |
| brittle culm 16 | GPI-lipid O-acetyltransferase | Xu et al. (2022) |
| brittle culm 18 | Xylan synthase (IRX10) | Wang et al. (2022) |
| brittle culm 19 | CESA4 | Ma et al. (2021) |
| brittle culm 24 | UDP-glucose epimerase | Zhang et al. (2020) |
| brittle culm 25 | UDP-xylose synthase | Xu et al. (2023) |
| Mutant name . | Responsible gene . | Reference . |
|---|---|---|
| brittle culm 1 | GPI-anchored protein | Sato et al. (2010); Liu et al. (2013) |
| brittle culm 3 | Dynamin | Hirano et al. (2010) |
| brittle culm 6 | CESA9 | Kotake et al. (2011) |
| brittle culm 7 | CESA4 | Yan et al. (2007) |
| brittle culm 10 | Unclassified glycosyltransferase-related to AGP (DUF266) | Zhou et al. (2009) |
| brittle culm 11 | CESA4 | Zhang et al. (2009) |
| brittle culm 12 | Kinesin | Zhang et al. (2010) |
| brittle culm 13 | CESA9 | Song et al. (2013) |
| brittle culm 14 | Nucleotide sugar transporter | Song et al. (2011) |
| brittle culm 15 | Chitinase | Yi et al. (2022) |
| brittle culm 16 | GPI-lipid O-acetyltransferase | Xu et al. (2022) |
| brittle culm 18 | Xylan synthase (IRX10) | Wang et al. (2022) |
| brittle culm 19 | CESA4 | Ma et al. (2021) |
| brittle culm 24 | UDP-glucose epimerase | Zhang et al. (2020) |
| brittle culm 25 | UDP-xylose synthase | Xu et al. (2023) |
Mechanically weak rice plants have been isolated by forward genetic screening. Many of the causal genes are related to cell wall biosynthesis. In particular, mutations in CELLULOSE SYNTHASE (CESA) are influential. Others include the cytoskeleton and COBRA-like GPI-anchored proteins known to affect cell morphology in Arabidopsis. AGP, arabinogalactan protein; DUF, domain of unknown function; IRX, irregular xylem.
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