| Characteristic . | . | Overall . | D(−) AO (−) . | D(+) AO (−) . | D(−) AO (+) . | D(+) AO (+) . | p Value* . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | Female | 51.2 | 44.9 | 56.9 | 52.8 | 62.0 | <.001 |
| Male | 48.8 | 55.1 | 43.1 | 47.2 | 38.0 | ||
| Age (y) | Mean (SD) | 63.2 (8.9) | 60.7 (8.2) | 67.8 (9.0) | 62.6 (8.3) | 69.7 (8.7) | <.001 |
| Education | Primary | 36.1 | 27.1 | 44.2 | 37.6 | 54.9 | <.001 |
| Secondary | 44.3 | 48.7 | 41.8 | 43.7 | 33.6 | ||
| Tertiary | 19.6 | 24.3 | 14.0 | 18.7 | 11.5 | ||
| Marital status | Married cohabiting | 71.4 | 74.8 | 65.4 | 74.2 | 55.3 | <.001 |
| Never married | 8.1 | 8.7 | 8.5 | 7.2 | 8.6 | ||
| Separated/divorced/widowed | 20.6 | 16.5 | 26.2 | 18.6 | 36.0 | ||
| Alcohol consumption | Nondrinking | 28.5 | 22.7 | 36.3 | 27.9 | 44.2 | <.001 |
| Light/moderate drinking | 43.8 | 46.7 | 43.3 | 42.9 | 37.8 | ||
| Heavy drinking | 27.7 | 30.6 | 20.4 | 29.2 | 18.0 | ||
| Physical activity | Low | 30.2 | 22.7 | 31.4 | 31.6 | 49.8 | <.001 |
| Moderate | 34.4 | 34.3 | 42.1 | 34.2 | 28.9 | ||
| High | 35.4 | 43.0 | 26.4 | 34.2 | 21.3 | ||
| No. of chronic | 0 | 19.4 | 26.8 | 15.9 | 16.3 | 8.6 | <.001 |
| physical condition | 1 | 26.1 | 30.8 | 24.6 | 24.5 | 16.9 | |
| ≥2 | 54.5 | 42.4 | 59.5 | 59.2 | 74.6 | ||
| Polypharmacy | No | 78.7 | 88.8 | 69.6 | 76.7 | 59.0 | <.001 |
| Yes | 21.3 | 11.2 | 30.4 | 23.3 | 41.0 | ||
| Cognitive impairment | No | 97.2 | 98.7 | 95.3 | 97.7 | 91.5 | <.001 |
| Yes | 2.8 | 1.3 | 4.7 | 2.3 | 8.5 | ||
| Depression | No | 91.0 | 92.8 | 90.0 | 90.8 | 86.1 | <.001 |
| Yes | 9.0 | 7.2 | 10.0 | 9.2 | 13.9 | ||
| Previous falls | No | 80.4 | 82.4 | 77.2 | 81.3 | 73.5 | <.001 |
| Yes | 19.6 | 17.6 | 22.8 | 18.7 | 26.5 |
| Characteristic . | . | Overall . | D(−) AO (−) . | D(+) AO (−) . | D(−) AO (+) . | D(+) AO (+) . | p Value* . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | Female | 51.2 | 44.9 | 56.9 | 52.8 | 62.0 | <.001 |
| Male | 48.8 | 55.1 | 43.1 | 47.2 | 38.0 | ||
| Age (y) | Mean (SD) | 63.2 (8.9) | 60.7 (8.2) | 67.8 (9.0) | 62.6 (8.3) | 69.7 (8.7) | <.001 |
| Education | Primary | 36.1 | 27.1 | 44.2 | 37.6 | 54.9 | <.001 |
| Secondary | 44.3 | 48.7 | 41.8 | 43.7 | 33.6 | ||
| Tertiary | 19.6 | 24.3 | 14.0 | 18.7 | 11.5 | ||
| Marital status | Married cohabiting | 71.4 | 74.8 | 65.4 | 74.2 | 55.3 | <.001 |
| Never married | 8.1 | 8.7 | 8.5 | 7.2 | 8.6 | ||
| Separated/divorced/widowed | 20.6 | 16.5 | 26.2 | 18.6 | 36.0 | ||
| Alcohol consumption | Nondrinking | 28.5 | 22.7 | 36.3 | 27.9 | 44.2 | <.001 |
| Light/moderate drinking | 43.8 | 46.7 | 43.3 | 42.9 | 37.8 | ||
| Heavy drinking | 27.7 | 30.6 | 20.4 | 29.2 | 18.0 | ||
| Physical activity | Low | 30.2 | 22.7 | 31.4 | 31.6 | 49.8 | <.001 |
| Moderate | 34.4 | 34.3 | 42.1 | 34.2 | 28.9 | ||
| High | 35.4 | 43.0 | 26.4 | 34.2 | 21.3 | ||
| No. of chronic | 0 | 19.4 | 26.8 | 15.9 | 16.3 | 8.6 | <.001 |
| physical condition | 1 | 26.1 | 30.8 | 24.6 | 24.5 | 16.9 | |
| ≥2 | 54.5 | 42.4 | 59.5 | 59.2 | 74.6 | ||
| Polypharmacy | No | 78.7 | 88.8 | 69.6 | 76.7 | 59.0 | <.001 |
| Yes | 21.3 | 11.2 | 30.4 | 23.3 | 41.0 | ||
| Cognitive impairment | No | 97.2 | 98.7 | 95.3 | 97.7 | 91.5 | <.001 |
| Yes | 2.8 | 1.3 | 4.7 | 2.3 | 8.5 | ||
| Depression | No | 91.0 | 92.8 | 90.0 | 90.8 | 86.1 | <.001 |
| Yes | 9.0 | 7.2 | 10.0 | 9.2 | 13.9 | ||
| Previous falls | No | 80.4 | 82.4 | 77.2 | 81.3 | 73.5 | <.001 |
| Yes | 19.6 | 17.6 | 22.8 | 18.7 | 26.5 |
Notes: Data are % unless otherwise stated. All data were obtained at Wave 1. ANOVA = analysis of variance; AO = abdominal obesity; D = dynapenia; SD = standard deviation.
*p Value was estimated by chi-squared test and one-way ANOVA for categorical and continuous variables, respectively.
| Characteristic . | . | Overall . | D(−) AO (−) . | D(+) AO (−) . | D(−) AO (+) . | D(+) AO (+) . | p Value* . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | Female | 51.2 | 44.9 | 56.9 | 52.8 | 62.0 | <.001 |
| Male | 48.8 | 55.1 | 43.1 | 47.2 | 38.0 | ||
| Age (y) | Mean (SD) | 63.2 (8.9) | 60.7 (8.2) | 67.8 (9.0) | 62.6 (8.3) | 69.7 (8.7) | <.001 |
| Education | Primary | 36.1 | 27.1 | 44.2 | 37.6 | 54.9 | <.001 |
| Secondary | 44.3 | 48.7 | 41.8 | 43.7 | 33.6 | ||
| Tertiary | 19.6 | 24.3 | 14.0 | 18.7 | 11.5 | ||
| Marital status | Married cohabiting | 71.4 | 74.8 | 65.4 | 74.2 | 55.3 | <.001 |
| Never married | 8.1 | 8.7 | 8.5 | 7.2 | 8.6 | ||
| Separated/divorced/widowed | 20.6 | 16.5 | 26.2 | 18.6 | 36.0 | ||
| Alcohol consumption | Nondrinking | 28.5 | 22.7 | 36.3 | 27.9 | 44.2 | <.001 |
| Light/moderate drinking | 43.8 | 46.7 | 43.3 | 42.9 | 37.8 | ||
| Heavy drinking | 27.7 | 30.6 | 20.4 | 29.2 | 18.0 | ||
| Physical activity | Low | 30.2 | 22.7 | 31.4 | 31.6 | 49.8 | <.001 |
| Moderate | 34.4 | 34.3 | 42.1 | 34.2 | 28.9 | ||
| High | 35.4 | 43.0 | 26.4 | 34.2 | 21.3 | ||
| No. of chronic | 0 | 19.4 | 26.8 | 15.9 | 16.3 | 8.6 | <.001 |
| physical condition | 1 | 26.1 | 30.8 | 24.6 | 24.5 | 16.9 | |
| ≥2 | 54.5 | 42.4 | 59.5 | 59.2 | 74.6 | ||
| Polypharmacy | No | 78.7 | 88.8 | 69.6 | 76.7 | 59.0 | <.001 |
| Yes | 21.3 | 11.2 | 30.4 | 23.3 | 41.0 | ||
| Cognitive impairment | No | 97.2 | 98.7 | 95.3 | 97.7 | 91.5 | <.001 |
| Yes | 2.8 | 1.3 | 4.7 | 2.3 | 8.5 | ||
| Depression | No | 91.0 | 92.8 | 90.0 | 90.8 | 86.1 | <.001 |
| Yes | 9.0 | 7.2 | 10.0 | 9.2 | 13.9 | ||
| Previous falls | No | 80.4 | 82.4 | 77.2 | 81.3 | 73.5 | <.001 |
| Yes | 19.6 | 17.6 | 22.8 | 18.7 | 26.5 |
| Characteristic . | . | Overall . | D(−) AO (−) . | D(+) AO (−) . | D(−) AO (+) . | D(+) AO (+) . | p Value* . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | Female | 51.2 | 44.9 | 56.9 | 52.8 | 62.0 | <.001 |
| Male | 48.8 | 55.1 | 43.1 | 47.2 | 38.0 | ||
| Age (y) | Mean (SD) | 63.2 (8.9) | 60.7 (8.2) | 67.8 (9.0) | 62.6 (8.3) | 69.7 (8.7) | <.001 |
| Education | Primary | 36.1 | 27.1 | 44.2 | 37.6 | 54.9 | <.001 |
| Secondary | 44.3 | 48.7 | 41.8 | 43.7 | 33.6 | ||
| Tertiary | 19.6 | 24.3 | 14.0 | 18.7 | 11.5 | ||
| Marital status | Married cohabiting | 71.4 | 74.8 | 65.4 | 74.2 | 55.3 | <.001 |
| Never married | 8.1 | 8.7 | 8.5 | 7.2 | 8.6 | ||
| Separated/divorced/widowed | 20.6 | 16.5 | 26.2 | 18.6 | 36.0 | ||
| Alcohol consumption | Nondrinking | 28.5 | 22.7 | 36.3 | 27.9 | 44.2 | <.001 |
| Light/moderate drinking | 43.8 | 46.7 | 43.3 | 42.9 | 37.8 | ||
| Heavy drinking | 27.7 | 30.6 | 20.4 | 29.2 | 18.0 | ||
| Physical activity | Low | 30.2 | 22.7 | 31.4 | 31.6 | 49.8 | <.001 |
| Moderate | 34.4 | 34.3 | 42.1 | 34.2 | 28.9 | ||
| High | 35.4 | 43.0 | 26.4 | 34.2 | 21.3 | ||
| No. of chronic | 0 | 19.4 | 26.8 | 15.9 | 16.3 | 8.6 | <.001 |
| physical condition | 1 | 26.1 | 30.8 | 24.6 | 24.5 | 16.9 | |
| ≥2 | 54.5 | 42.4 | 59.5 | 59.2 | 74.6 | ||
| Polypharmacy | No | 78.7 | 88.8 | 69.6 | 76.7 | 59.0 | <.001 |
| Yes | 21.3 | 11.2 | 30.4 | 23.3 | 41.0 | ||
| Cognitive impairment | No | 97.2 | 98.7 | 95.3 | 97.7 | 91.5 | <.001 |
| Yes | 2.8 | 1.3 | 4.7 | 2.3 | 8.5 | ||
| Depression | No | 91.0 | 92.8 | 90.0 | 90.8 | 86.1 | <.001 |
| Yes | 9.0 | 7.2 | 10.0 | 9.2 | 13.9 | ||
| Previous falls | No | 80.4 | 82.4 | 77.2 | 81.3 | 73.5 | <.001 |
| Yes | 19.6 | 17.6 | 22.8 | 18.7 | 26.5 |
Notes: Data are % unless otherwise stated. All data were obtained at Wave 1. ANOVA = analysis of variance; AO = abdominal obesity; D = dynapenia; SD = standard deviation.
*p Value was estimated by chi-squared test and one-way ANOVA for categorical and continuous variables, respectively.
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