| . | Relativistic effect . | Physical cause . | Remark (reference) . |
|---|---|---|---|
| (I) | Gravitational lensing | Focusing by light bending | (Karas et al. 1992) |
| towards a gravitating source | |||
| (II) | Beaming | Energy boost by relativistic | (Karas et al. 1992) |
| motion of particles | |||
| (III) | Photon circular orbit | Focusing around the | Key feature in the early stage |
| photon circular orbit, rph | |||
| (IV) | Focusing by | Focusing by frame dragging | Effective when a/M is high |
| frame dragging | due to black hole spin | ||
| (V) | Gravitational redshift | Energy loss by light travel | Key feature in the late stage |
| from deep potential well |
| . | Relativistic effect . | Physical cause . | Remark (reference) . |
|---|---|---|---|
| (I) | Gravitational lensing | Focusing by light bending | (Karas et al. 1992) |
| towards a gravitating source | |||
| (II) | Beaming | Energy boost by relativistic | (Karas et al. 1992) |
| motion of particles | |||
| (III) | Photon circular orbit | Focusing around the | Key feature in the early stage |
| photon circular orbit, rph | |||
| (IV) | Focusing by | Focusing by frame dragging | Effective when a/M is high |
| frame dragging | due to black hole spin | ||
| (V) | Gravitational redshift | Energy loss by light travel | Key feature in the late stage |
| from deep potential well |
| . | Relativistic effect . | Physical cause . | Remark (reference) . |
|---|---|---|---|
| (I) | Gravitational lensing | Focusing by light bending | (Karas et al. 1992) |
| towards a gravitating source | |||
| (II) | Beaming | Energy boost by relativistic | (Karas et al. 1992) |
| motion of particles | |||
| (III) | Photon circular orbit | Focusing around the | Key feature in the early stage |
| photon circular orbit, rph | |||
| (IV) | Focusing by | Focusing by frame dragging | Effective when a/M is high |
| frame dragging | due to black hole spin | ||
| (V) | Gravitational redshift | Energy loss by light travel | Key feature in the late stage |
| from deep potential well |
| . | Relativistic effect . | Physical cause . | Remark (reference) . |
|---|---|---|---|
| (I) | Gravitational lensing | Focusing by light bending | (Karas et al. 1992) |
| towards a gravitating source | |||
| (II) | Beaming | Energy boost by relativistic | (Karas et al. 1992) |
| motion of particles | |||
| (III) | Photon circular orbit | Focusing around the | Key feature in the early stage |
| photon circular orbit, rph | |||
| (IV) | Focusing by | Focusing by frame dragging | Effective when a/M is high |
| frame dragging | due to black hole spin | ||
| (V) | Gravitational redshift | Energy loss by light travel | Key feature in the late stage |
| from deep potential well |
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