Table 1 Open in new tab Effects of swim...

	Cre− (NPPA controls)	Nppa-Cre+	Cre− (Tie2 controls)	Tie2-Cre+
Body parameters n	8	8	8	8	4	6	4	6
Body weight (BW) (g)	39.7 ± 0.6	34.6 ± 0.3*	38.6 ± 0.8	34.0 ± 0.5**	38.9 ± 0.9	35.1 ± 0.4*	39.1 ± 0.7	34.6 ± 0.4
Tibia length (mm)	19.2 ± 0.1	19.3 ± 0.1	19.3 ± 0.1	19.2 ± 0.1	19.1 ± 0.1	19.2 ± 0.1	19.2 ± 0.1	19.2 ± 0.1
Ventricle weight (mg)	164.2 ± 3.4	149.9 ± 3.7*	160.2 ± 3.6	155.3 ± 3.8	161.2 ± 3.6	148.3 ± 3.5*	165.1 ± 3.9	153.6 ± 3.8
Ventricle/tibia length (mg/mm)	8.55 ± 0.26	7.77 ± 0.27	8.30 ± 0.23	8.09 ± 0.24	8.44 ± 0.29	7.72 ± 0.30	8.60 ± 0.32	8.00 ± 0.29
Echocardiography n	12	17	15	17	14	18	14	24
LVDd (mm)	4.26 ± 0.05	4.50 ± 0.06*	4.24 ± 0.06	4.41 ± 0.04**	4.16 ± 0.09	4.48 ± 0.07	4.13 ± 0.07	4.48 ± 0.08
LVDs (mm)	2.83 ± 0.09	3.10 ± 0.07*	2.83 ± 0.08	2.99 ± 0.04	2.68 ± 0.09	3.03 ± 0.07	2.68 ± 0.07	3.07 ± 0.07
EF (%)	62.8 ± 1.9	59.2 ± 1.2	62.3 ± 1.7	60.2 ± 0.7	65.4 ± 1.2	61.0 ± 0.9	64.9 ± 1.5	59.7 ± 0.9
FS (%)	33.8 ± 1.4	31.3 ± 0.8	33.5 ± 1.2	32.1 ± 0.4	35.6 ± 0.9	32.7 ± 0.6	35.2 ± 1.1	31.8 ± 0.6
CO (mL/min)	26.5 ± 1.0	25.7 ± 0.7	26.2 ± 0.7	25.0 ± 0.7	27.0 ± 1.2	24.4 ± 1.3	25.6 ± 0.9	22.6 ± 1.3
HR (BPM)	537 ± 19	475 ± 16*	529 ± 17	471 ± 11**	539 ± 16	434 ± 13	522 ± 17	414 ± 18
LVPWth (mm)	0.82 ± 0.02	0.77 ± 0.03*	0.81 ± 0.02	0.77 ± 0.01**	0.80 ± 0.01	0.77 ± 0.02	0.80 ± 0.01	0.76 ± 0.01
Haemodynamics n	9	12	11	19	9	7	7	9
MAP (mmHg)	93.6 ± 3.2	102.1 ± 3.2	95.9 ± 3.2	92.1 ± 3.6	92.0 ± 4.1	91.5 ± 4.3	92.4 ± 3.6	94.1 ± 3.1
LVPs (mmHg)	113.2 ± 2.3	114.8 ± 3.4	109.3 ± 2.9	108.0 ± 2.6	106.4 ± 3.0	104.9 ± 4.2	105.8 ± 3.2	108.1 ± 2.6
LV +dP/dt_max (mmHg/s)	8930 ± 374	10 166 ± 316*	9073 ± 296	10 077 ± 256**	9047 ± 470	10 295 ± 413	9834 ± 371	10 310 ± 573
LV −dP/dt_min (mmHg/s)	−9638 ± 463	−12 147 ± 508*	−9670 ± 262	−1088 ± 385**	−9285 ± 545	−9625 ± 625	10 151 ± 582	11 199 ± 821
Dob +dP/dt_max (mmHg/s)	13 980 ± 673***	14 623 ± 492***	14 824 ± 611***	14 987 ± 282***	12 758 ± 557***	13 007 ± 305***	13 242 ± 796***	13 905 ± 858***

Cre− (NPPA controls)

Nppa-Cre+

Cre− (Tie2 controls)

Tie2-Cre+

Sedentary

Swim

Sedentary

Swim

Sedentary

Swim

Sedentary

Swim

Body parameters n

Body weight (BW) (g)

39.7 ± 0.6

34.6 ± 0.3*

38.6 ± 0.8

34.0 ± 0.5**

38.9 ± 0.9

35.1 ± 0.4*

39.1 ± 0.7

34.6 ± 0.4

Tibia length (mm)

19.2 ± 0.1

19.3 ± 0.1

19.2 ± 0.1

19.1 ± 0.1

19.2 ± 0.1

Ventricle weight (mg)

164.2 ± 3.4

149.9 ± 3.7*

160.2 ± 3.6

155.3 ± 3.8

161.2 ± 3.6

148.3 ± 3.5*

165.1 ± 3.9

153.6 ± 3.8

Ventricle/tibia length (mg/mm)

8.55 ± 0.26

7.77 ± 0.27

8.30 ± 0.23

8.09 ± 0.24

8.44 ± 0.29

7.72 ± 0.30

8.60 ± 0.32

8.00 ± 0.29

Echocardiography n

LVDd (mm)

4.26 ± 0.05

4.50 ± 0.06*

4.24 ± 0.06

4.41 ± 0.04**

4.16 ± 0.09

4.48 ± 0.07

4.13 ± 0.07

4.48 ± 0.08

LVDs (mm)

2.83 ± 0.09

3.10 ± 0.07*

2.83 ± 0.08

2.99 ± 0.04

2.68 ± 0.09

3.03 ± 0.07

2.68 ± 0.07

3.07 ± 0.07

EF (%)

62.8 ± 1.9

59.2 ± 1.2

62.3 ± 1.7

60.2 ± 0.7

65.4 ± 1.2

61.0 ± 0.9

64.9 ± 1.5

59.7 ± 0.9

FS (%)

33.8 ± 1.4

31.3 ± 0.8

33.5 ± 1.2

32.1 ± 0.4

35.6 ± 0.9

32.7 ± 0.6

35.2 ± 1.1

31.8 ± 0.6

CO (mL/min)

26.5 ± 1.0

25.7 ± 0.7

26.2 ± 0.7

25.0 ± 0.7

27.0 ± 1.2

24.4 ± 1.3

25.6 ± 0.9

22.6 ± 1.3

HR (BPM)

537 ± 19

475 ± 16*

529 ± 17

471 ± 11**

539 ± 16

434 ± 13

522 ± 17

414 ± 18

LVPWth (mm)

0.82 ± 0.02

0.77 ± 0.03*

0.81 ± 0.02

0.77 ± 0.01**

0.80 ± 0.01

0.77 ± 0.02

0.80 ± 0.01

0.76 ± 0.01

Haemodynamics n

MAP (mmHg)

93.6 ± 3.2

102.1 ± 3.2

95.9 ± 3.2

92.1 ± 3.6

92.0 ± 4.1

91.5 ± 4.3

92.4 ± 3.6

94.1 ± 3.1

LVPs (mmHg)

113.2 ± 2.3

114.8 ± 3.4

109.3 ± 2.9

108.0 ± 2.6

106.4 ± 3.0

104.9 ± 4.2

105.8 ± 3.2

108.1 ± 2.6

LV +dP/dt_max (mmHg/s)

8930 ± 374

10 166 ± 316*

9073 ± 296

10 077 ± 256**

9047 ± 470

10 295 ± 413

9834 ± 371

10 310 ± 573

LV −dP/dt_min (mmHg/s)

−9638 ± 463

−12 147 ± 508*

−9670 ± 262

−1088 ± 385**

−9285 ± 545

−9625 ± 625

10 151 ± 582

11 199 ± 821

Dob +dP/dt_max (mmHg/s)

13 980 ± 673***

14 623 ± 492***

14 824 ± 611***

14 987 ± 282***

12 758 ± 557***

13 007 ± 305***

13 242 ± 796***

13 905 ± 858***

	Cre− (NPPA controls)	Nppa-Cre+	Cre− (Tie2 controls)	Tie2-Cre+
Body parameters n	8	8	8	8	4	6	4	6
Body weight (BW) (g)	39.7 ± 0.6	34.6 ± 0.3*	38.6 ± 0.8	34.0 ± 0.5**	38.9 ± 0.9	35.1 ± 0.4*	39.1 ± 0.7	34.6 ± 0.4
Tibia length (mm)	19.2 ± 0.1	19.3 ± 0.1	19.3 ± 0.1	19.2 ± 0.1	19.1 ± 0.1	19.2 ± 0.1	19.2 ± 0.1	19.2 ± 0.1
Ventricle weight (mg)	164.2 ± 3.4	149.9 ± 3.7*	160.2 ± 3.6	155.3 ± 3.8	161.2 ± 3.6	148.3 ± 3.5*	165.1 ± 3.9	153.6 ± 3.8
Ventricle/tibia length (mg/mm)	8.55 ± 0.26	7.77 ± 0.27	8.30 ± 0.23	8.09 ± 0.24	8.44 ± 0.29	7.72 ± 0.30	8.60 ± 0.32	8.00 ± 0.29
Echocardiography n	12	17	15	17	14	18	14	24
LVDd (mm)	4.26 ± 0.05	4.50 ± 0.06*	4.24 ± 0.06	4.41 ± 0.04**	4.16 ± 0.09	4.48 ± 0.07	4.13 ± 0.07	4.48 ± 0.08
LVDs (mm)	2.83 ± 0.09	3.10 ± 0.07*	2.83 ± 0.08	2.99 ± 0.04	2.68 ± 0.09	3.03 ± 0.07	2.68 ± 0.07	3.07 ± 0.07
EF (%)	62.8 ± 1.9	59.2 ± 1.2	62.3 ± 1.7	60.2 ± 0.7	65.4 ± 1.2	61.0 ± 0.9	64.9 ± 1.5	59.7 ± 0.9
FS (%)	33.8 ± 1.4	31.3 ± 0.8	33.5 ± 1.2	32.1 ± 0.4	35.6 ± 0.9	32.7 ± 0.6	35.2 ± 1.1	31.8 ± 0.6
CO (mL/min)	26.5 ± 1.0	25.7 ± 0.7	26.2 ± 0.7	25.0 ± 0.7	27.0 ± 1.2	24.4 ± 1.3	25.6 ± 0.9	22.6 ± 1.3
HR (BPM)	537 ± 19	475 ± 16*	529 ± 17	471 ± 11**	539 ± 16	434 ± 13	522 ± 17	414 ± 18
LVPWth (mm)	0.82 ± 0.02	0.77 ± 0.03*	0.81 ± 0.02	0.77 ± 0.01**	0.80 ± 0.01	0.77 ± 0.02	0.80 ± 0.01	0.76 ± 0.01
Haemodynamics n	9	12	11	19	9	7	7	9
MAP (mmHg)	93.6 ± 3.2	102.1 ± 3.2	95.9 ± 3.2	92.1 ± 3.6	92.0 ± 4.1	91.5 ± 4.3	92.4 ± 3.6	94.1 ± 3.1
LVPs (mmHg)	113.2 ± 2.3	114.8 ± 3.4	109.3 ± 2.9	108.0 ± 2.6	106.4 ± 3.0	104.9 ± 4.2	105.8 ± 3.2	108.1 ± 2.6
LV +dP/dt_max (mmHg/s)	8930 ± 374	10 166 ± 316*	9073 ± 296	10 077 ± 256**	9047 ± 470	10 295 ± 413	9834 ± 371	10 310 ± 573
LV −dP/dt_min (mmHg/s)	−9638 ± 463	−12 147 ± 508*	−9670 ± 262	−1088 ± 385**	−9285 ± 545	−9625 ± 625	10 151 ± 582	11 199 ± 821
Dob +dP/dt_max (mmHg/s)	13 980 ± 673***	14 623 ± 492***	14 824 ± 611***	14 987 ± 282***	12 758 ± 557***	13 007 ± 305***	13 242 ± 796***	13 905 ± 858***

Table 1

Open in new tab

Effects of swim exercise on left ventricular structure and function

	Cre− (NPPA controls)		Nppa-Cre+		Cre− (Tie2 controls)		Tie2-Cre+
	Sedentary	Swim	Sedentary	Swim	Sedentary	Swim	Sedentary	Swim
Body parameters n	8	8	8	8	4	6	4	6
Body weight (BW) (g)	39.7 ± 0.6	34.6 ± 0.3*	38.6 ± 0.8	34.0 ± 0.5**	38.9 ± 0.9	35.1 ± 0.4*	39.1 ± 0.7	34.6 ± 0.4
Tibia length (mm)	19.2 ± 0.1	19.3 ± 0.1	19.3 ± 0.1	19.2 ± 0.1	19.1 ± 0.1	19.2 ± 0.1	19.2 ± 0.1	19.2 ± 0.1
Ventricle weight (mg)	164.2 ± 3.4	149.9 ± 3.7*	160.2 ± 3.6	155.3 ± 3.8	161.2 ± 3.6	148.3 ± 3.5*	165.1 ± 3.9	153.6 ± 3.8
Ventricle/tibia length (mg/mm)	8.55 ± 0.26	7.77 ± 0.27	8.30 ± 0.23	8.09 ± 0.24	8.44 ± 0.29	7.72 ± 0.30	8.60 ± 0.32	8.00 ± 0.29
Echocardiography n	12	17	15	17	14	18	14	24
LVDd (mm)	4.26 ± 0.05	4.50 ± 0.06*	4.24 ± 0.06	4.41 ± 0.04**	4.16 ± 0.09	4.48 ± 0.07	4.13 ± 0.07	4.48 ± 0.08
LVDs (mm)	2.83 ± 0.09	3.10 ± 0.07*	2.83 ± 0.08	2.99 ± 0.04	2.68 ± 0.09	3.03 ± 0.07	2.68 ± 0.07	3.07 ± 0.07
EF (%)	62.8 ± 1.9	59.2 ± 1.2	62.3 ± 1.7	60.2 ± 0.7	65.4 ± 1.2	61.0 ± 0.9	64.9 ± 1.5	59.7 ± 0.9
FS (%)	33.8 ± 1.4	31.3 ± 0.8	33.5 ± 1.2	32.1 ± 0.4	35.6 ± 0.9	32.7 ± 0.6	35.2 ± 1.1	31.8 ± 0.6
CO (mL/min)	26.5 ± 1.0	25.7 ± 0.7	26.2 ± 0.7	25.0 ± 0.7	27.0 ± 1.2	24.4 ± 1.3	25.6 ± 0.9	22.6 ± 1.3
HR (BPM)	537 ± 19	475 ± 16*	529 ± 17	471 ± 11**	539 ± 16	434 ± 13	522 ± 17	414 ± 18
LVPWth (mm)	0.82 ± 0.02	0.77 ± 0.03*	0.81 ± 0.02	0.77 ± 0.01**	0.80 ± 0.01	0.77 ± 0.02	0.80 ± 0.01	0.76 ± 0.01
Haemodynamics n	9	12	11	19	9	7	7	9
MAP (mmHg)	93.6 ± 3.2	102.1 ± 3.2	95.9 ± 3.2	92.1 ± 3.6	92.0 ± 4.1	91.5 ± 4.3	92.4 ± 3.6	94.1 ± 3.1
LVPs (mmHg)	113.2 ± 2.3	114.8 ± 3.4	109.3 ± 2.9	108.0 ± 2.6	106.4 ± 3.0	104.9 ± 4.2	105.8 ± 3.2	108.1 ± 2.6
LV +dP/dt_max (mmHg/s)	8930 ± 374	10 166 ± 316*	9073 ± 296	10 077 ± 256**	9047 ± 470	10 295 ± 413	9834 ± 371	10 310 ± 573
LV −dP/dt_min (mmHg/s)	−9638 ± 463	−12 147 ± 508*	−9670 ± 262	−1088 ± 385**	−9285 ± 545	−9625 ± 625	10 151 ± 582	11 199 ± 821
Dob +dP/dt_max (mmHg/s)	13 980 ± 673***	14 623 ± 492***	14 824 ± 611***	14 987 ± 282***	12 758 ± 557***	13 007 ± 305***	13 242 ± 796***	13 905 ± 858***

	Cre− (NPPA controls)		Nppa-Cre+		Cre− (Tie2 controls)		Tie2-Cre+
	Sedentary	Swim	Sedentary	Swim	Sedentary	Swim	Sedentary	Swim
Body parameters n	8	8	8	8	4	6	4	6
Body weight (BW) (g)	39.7 ± 0.6	34.6 ± 0.3*	38.6 ± 0.8	34.0 ± 0.5**	38.9 ± 0.9	35.1 ± 0.4*	39.1 ± 0.7	34.6 ± 0.4
Tibia length (mm)	19.2 ± 0.1	19.3 ± 0.1	19.3 ± 0.1	19.2 ± 0.1	19.1 ± 0.1	19.2 ± 0.1	19.2 ± 0.1	19.2 ± 0.1
Ventricle weight (mg)	164.2 ± 3.4	149.9 ± 3.7*	160.2 ± 3.6	155.3 ± 3.8	161.2 ± 3.6	148.3 ± 3.5*	165.1 ± 3.9	153.6 ± 3.8
Ventricle/tibia length (mg/mm)	8.55 ± 0.26	7.77 ± 0.27	8.30 ± 0.23	8.09 ± 0.24	8.44 ± 0.29	7.72 ± 0.30	8.60 ± 0.32	8.00 ± 0.29
Echocardiography n	12	17	15	17	14	18	14	24
LVDd (mm)	4.26 ± 0.05	4.50 ± 0.06*	4.24 ± 0.06	4.41 ± 0.04**	4.16 ± 0.09	4.48 ± 0.07	4.13 ± 0.07	4.48 ± 0.08
LVDs (mm)	2.83 ± 0.09	3.10 ± 0.07*	2.83 ± 0.08	2.99 ± 0.04	2.68 ± 0.09	3.03 ± 0.07	2.68 ± 0.07	3.07 ± 0.07
EF (%)	62.8 ± 1.9	59.2 ± 1.2	62.3 ± 1.7	60.2 ± 0.7	65.4 ± 1.2	61.0 ± 0.9	64.9 ± 1.5	59.7 ± 0.9
FS (%)	33.8 ± 1.4	31.3 ± 0.8	33.5 ± 1.2	32.1 ± 0.4	35.6 ± 0.9	32.7 ± 0.6	35.2 ± 1.1	31.8 ± 0.6
CO (mL/min)	26.5 ± 1.0	25.7 ± 0.7	26.2 ± 0.7	25.0 ± 0.7	27.0 ± 1.2	24.4 ± 1.3	25.6 ± 0.9	22.6 ± 1.3
HR (BPM)	537 ± 19	475 ± 16*	529 ± 17	471 ± 11**	539 ± 16	434 ± 13	522 ± 17	414 ± 18
LVPWth (mm)	0.82 ± 0.02	0.77 ± 0.03*	0.81 ± 0.02	0.77 ± 0.01**	0.80 ± 0.01	0.77 ± 0.02	0.80 ± 0.01	0.76 ± 0.01
Haemodynamics n	9	12	11	19	9	7	7	9
MAP (mmHg)	93.6 ± 3.2	102.1 ± 3.2	95.9 ± 3.2	92.1 ± 3.6	92.0 ± 4.1	91.5 ± 4.3	92.4 ± 3.6	94.1 ± 3.1
LVPs (mmHg)	113.2 ± 2.3	114.8 ± 3.4	109.3 ± 2.9	108.0 ± 2.6	106.4 ± 3.0	104.9 ± 4.2	105.8 ± 3.2	108.1 ± 2.6
LV +dP/dt_max (mmHg/s)	8930 ± 374	10 166 ± 316*	9073 ± 296	10 077 ± 256**	9047 ± 470	10 295 ± 413	9834 ± 371	10 310 ± 573
LV −dP/dt_min (mmHg/s)	−9638 ± 463	−12 147 ± 508*	−9670 ± 262	−1088 ± 385**	−9285 ± 545	−9625 ± 625	10 151 ± 582	11 199 ± 821
Dob +dP/dt_max (mmHg/s)	13 980 ± 673***	14 623 ± 492***	14 824 ± 611***	14 987 ± 282***	12 758 ± 557***	13 007 ± 305***	13 242 ± 796***	13 905 ± 858***

CO, cardiac output; EF, ejection fraction; FS, fractional shortening; HR, heart rate; LVDd, left ventricular end-diastolic diameter; LVDs, left ventricular end-systolic diameter; LVPWth, left ventricular posterior wall thickness; LVPs, left ventricular systolic pressure; LV +dP/dt_max, maximum rate of left ventricular pressure development; LV −dP/dt_min, minimum rate of left ventricular pressure development; MAP, mean arterial pressure.

^*P < 0.05 Student’s t-test vs. Cre− for Nppa or Tie2 sedentary.

^**P < 0.05 Student’s t-test vs. Nppa-Cre+ or Tie2-Cre+ sedentary.

^***P < 0.05 two-way ANOVA pre–post dobutamine.

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