Table 4 Open in new tab Taxa where...

Species	Post‐ or late‐glacial invasion	Contact region	net p‐dist. (%)	n Pac / n Atl	τ	τ / L (%)	References
Bivalves
Hiatella L ^a	NP → NWA ^d	NWA	1.10	59/26			Laakkonen, Strelkov, and Väinölä (2015)
Hiatella L ^a	NP → NWA	NWA ^f	0.02	59/48	0.65	0.10	Laakkonen, Strelkov, and Väinölä (2015)
Macoma balthica	NP → NEA ^g	NEA	0.09	26/26	0.55	0.09	Nikula, Strelkov, and Väinölä (2007)
Macoma calcarea ^a	NEP/A/NWA/NEA ^b		0.30	20/85	0.24	0.04	This study, Layton et al. 2013
Mytilus trossulus	NP → NWA/NEA ^g	NWA/NEA	0.08	194/68	0.53	0.10	Marko et al. 2010, this study
Gastropods
Acanthodoris pilosa	NA → NEP	NEP	0.11	2/15			BOLD
Dendronotus venustus/frondosus	NEA → NEP	NEP	0.51	2/10			Dewaard 2017, Korshunova et al. 2019, Pola & Gosliner 2010,
							Ekimova et al. 2016
Limacina helicina	^f		0.28	209/138			Abyzova et al. 2018, Chichvarkhin 2016, Shimizu et al. 2017, Hunt et al. 2010, Layton, Martel & Hebert 2014, Jennings et al. 2010
Velutina velutina	?		0.47	2/8			BOLD
Crustaceans
Balanus crenatus	NP → NWA ^d/NEA ^d	NWA/NEA	0.22	9/24	1.58	0.08	This study
Balanus crenatus	(NP → NWA/NEA) ^h	(NWA/NEA)	0.00	4/57			This study
Centropages abdominalis	NA → NEP		0.34	6/19			Young 2016, BOLD
Pandalus borealis	NP → ARC ← NA	ARC ^f	0.70	5/20			This study, BOLD, Radulovici et al 2009
Gammarus setosus ^a	NWP/NA	NWP					This study, BOLD, Radulovici et al 2009
Pleopsis polyphaemoides	(NA → NEP)^h	(NEP)	0.27	2/20			Durbin et al. (2008)
Podon leukcartii	(NA → NEP)^h	(NEP)	0.04	6/12			Durbin et al. (2008)
Echinoderms
Echinarachnius parma	NP → NWA ^d		0.30	63/53	0.53	0.08	This study
Henricia cf. oculata	NEP → NWA		0.34	3/4			Corstorphine (2010)
Henricia sp. AAB9183	NEP → NWA	NWA	0.49	2/13			Layton, Corstorphine & Hebert 2016
Henricia sp. EAC06	NEP/NWA						Corstorphine (2010)
Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis	NP → NWA ^d	NWA ^f	0.41	33/115	1.28	0.31	Palumbi & Kessing 1991, Addison and Hart (2005), this study
Strongylocentrotus pallidus	NP/NWA/NEA						Balakirev et al 2008, Corstophine 2010, Hardy et al. 2011
Polychaetes
Glycera capitata	Ber/NWA/NEA						Carr et al. (2011), Hardy et al. 2011
Harmothoe imbricata group	NEP/ARC/NWA	NEP/ARC/NWA					Carr et al. (2011), Hardy et al. 2011
Harmothoe rarispina CMC03	NWA → NEP	NEP	0.11	8/17			Carr et al. (2011), BOLD
Nereis pelagica CMC03	NWA → Ber			1/26			Hardy et al. 2010, Carr et al. (2011), BOLD
Nereis pelagica CMC03^a	Ber/NWA	NWA					Carr et al. (2011), Hardy et al. 2011
Phyllodoce sp. CMC01^a	Ber/ARC‐NWA						Carr et al. (2011)
Pholoe baltica A	Ber/ARC‐NWA						Carr et al. (2011)
Pholoe minuta A	Ber/ARC‐NWA		0.55	4/29			Carr et al. (2011)
	NEP/NEA	NEA					This study
Fishes
Anisarchus medius ^a	NP → ARC ← NWA (?)	ARC					Mecklenburg et al. (2011)
Aspidophoroides monopterygius	NP ^c → NWA	NWA					Mecklenburg et al. (2011)
Clupea pallasii	NWP → NEA ^g	NEA	0.06	111/242	2.32	0.21	Laakkonen et al. (2013)
Eumesogrammus praecisus ^a	NP ^c → ARC ← NWA	ARC ^f					Mecklenburg et al. (2011)
Gadus chalcogrammus (G. finnmarchicus)	NP → NEA	NEA					Ursvik et al. (2007),Gorbachev et al. 2014
Gadus macrocephalus (G. ogac)	NP → NWA	NWA					Coulson et al. (2006)
Gymnocanthus tricuspis	NA → NP	Ber					Yamazaki et al. 2013
Leptagonus decagonus ^a	NWP ^c → ARC ← NA	ARC ^f					McCusker et al. 2012, BOLD
Leptoclinus maculatus ^a	NP → ARC ← NA	ARC ^f					Mecklenburg et al. (2011)
Liopsetta glacialis	NWP → NEA ^b		0.16	7/17			This study, Kartavtsev et al. (2014)
Lumpenus fabricii	NP → NEA	NEA ^e					This study, Mecklenburg et al. (2011)
Mallotus villosus	NP → ARC/NWA	NWA					Dodson et al. (2007)
Myoxocephalus scorpius ^a	NEA/NWA → NEP	NEP					This study, Mecklenburg et al. (2011)
Osmerus dentex	NWP → ARC/NEA	NEA	0.22	4/9			Kovpak et al. 2011, Skurikhina et al. 2013
Reinhardtius hippoglossoides ^a	NP/NWA/NEA		0.06	5/280			Vis et al. 1997, Kartavtsev et al. (2014)
Mammals
Phoca hispida (sspp. hispida & ochotensis)^a	NEA /ARC/ NWP ^b						This study

Species	Post‐ or late‐glacial invasion	Contact region	net p‐dist. (%)	n Pac / n Atl	τ	τ / L (%)	References
Bivalves
Hiatella L ^a	NP → NWA ^d	NWA	1.10	59/26			Laakkonen, Strelkov, and Väinölä (2015)
Hiatella L ^a	NP → NWA	NWA ^f	0.02	59/48	0.65	0.10	Laakkonen, Strelkov, and Väinölä (2015)
Macoma balthica	NP → NEA ^g	NEA	0.09	26/26	0.55	0.09	Nikula, Strelkov, and Väinölä (2007)
Macoma calcarea ^a	NEP/A/NWA/NEA ^b		0.30	20/85	0.24	0.04	This study, Layton et al. 2013
Mytilus trossulus	NP → NWA/NEA ^g	NWA/NEA	0.08	194/68	0.53	0.10	Marko et al. 2010, this study
Gastropods
Acanthodoris pilosa	NA → NEP	NEP	0.11	2/15			BOLD
Dendronotus venustus/frondosus	NEA → NEP	NEP	0.51	2/10			Dewaard 2017, Korshunova et al. 2019, Pola & Gosliner 2010,
							Ekimova et al. 2016
Limacina helicina	^f		0.28	209/138			Abyzova et al. 2018, Chichvarkhin 2016, Shimizu et al. 2017, Hunt et al. 2010, Layton, Martel & Hebert 2014, Jennings et al. 2010
Velutina velutina	?		0.47	2/8			BOLD
Crustaceans
Balanus crenatus	NP → NWA ^d/NEA ^d	NWA/NEA	0.22	9/24	1.58	0.08	This study
Balanus crenatus	(NP → NWA/NEA) ^h	(NWA/NEA)	0.00	4/57			This study
Centropages abdominalis	NA → NEP		0.34	6/19			Young 2016, BOLD
Pandalus borealis	NP → ARC ← NA	ARC ^f	0.70	5/20			This study, BOLD, Radulovici et al 2009
Gammarus setosus ^a	NWP/NA	NWP					This study, BOLD, Radulovici et al 2009
Pleopsis polyphaemoides	(NA → NEP)^h	(NEP)	0.27	2/20			Durbin et al. (2008)
Podon leukcartii	(NA → NEP)^h	(NEP)	0.04	6/12			Durbin et al. (2008)
Echinoderms
Echinarachnius parma	NP → NWA ^d		0.30	63/53	0.53	0.08	This study
Henricia cf. oculata	NEP → NWA		0.34	3/4			Corstorphine (2010)
Henricia sp. AAB9183	NEP → NWA	NWA	0.49	2/13			Layton, Corstorphine & Hebert 2016
Henricia sp. EAC06	NEP/NWA						Corstorphine (2010)
Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis	NP → NWA ^d	NWA ^f	0.41	33/115	1.28	0.31	Palumbi & Kessing 1991, Addison and Hart (2005), this study
Strongylocentrotus pallidus	NP/NWA/NEA						Balakirev et al 2008, Corstophine 2010, Hardy et al. 2011
Polychaetes
Glycera capitata	Ber/NWA/NEA						Carr et al. (2011), Hardy et al. 2011
Harmothoe imbricata group	NEP/ARC/NWA	NEP/ARC/NWA					Carr et al. (2011), Hardy et al. 2011
Harmothoe rarispina CMC03	NWA → NEP	NEP	0.11	8/17			Carr et al. (2011), BOLD
Nereis pelagica CMC03	NWA → Ber			1/26			Hardy et al. 2010, Carr et al. (2011), BOLD
Nereis pelagica CMC03^a	Ber/NWA	NWA					Carr et al. (2011), Hardy et al. 2011
Phyllodoce sp. CMC01^a	Ber/ARC‐NWA						Carr et al. (2011)
Pholoe baltica A	Ber/ARC‐NWA						Carr et al. (2011)
Pholoe minuta A	Ber/ARC‐NWA		0.55	4/29			Carr et al. (2011)
	NEP/NEA	NEA					This study
Fishes
Anisarchus medius ^a	NP → ARC ← NWA (?)	ARC					Mecklenburg et al. (2011)
Aspidophoroides monopterygius	NP ^c → NWA	NWA					Mecklenburg et al. (2011)
Clupea pallasii	NWP → NEA ^g	NEA	0.06	111/242	2.32	0.21	Laakkonen et al. (2013)
Eumesogrammus praecisus ^a	NP ^c → ARC ← NWA	ARC ^f					Mecklenburg et al. (2011)
Gadus chalcogrammus (G. finnmarchicus)	NP → NEA	NEA					Ursvik et al. (2007),Gorbachev et al. 2014
Gadus macrocephalus (G. ogac)	NP → NWA	NWA					Coulson et al. (2006)
Gymnocanthus tricuspis	NA → NP	Ber					Yamazaki et al. 2013
Leptagonus decagonus ^a	NWP ^c → ARC ← NA	ARC ^f					McCusker et al. 2012, BOLD
Leptoclinus maculatus ^a	NP → ARC ← NA	ARC ^f					Mecklenburg et al. (2011)
Liopsetta glacialis	NWP → NEA ^b		0.16	7/17			This study, Kartavtsev et al. (2014)
Lumpenus fabricii	NP → NEA	NEA ^e					This study, Mecklenburg et al. (2011)
Mallotus villosus	NP → ARC/NWA	NWA					Dodson et al. (2007)
Myoxocephalus scorpius ^a	NEA/NWA → NEP	NEP					This study, Mecklenburg et al. (2011)
Osmerus dentex	NWP → ARC/NEA	NEA	0.22	4/9			Kovpak et al. 2011, Skurikhina et al. 2013
Reinhardtius hippoglossoides ^a	NP/NWA/NEA		0.06	5/280			Vis et al. 1997, Kartavtsev et al. (2014)
Mammals
Phoca hispida (sspp. hispida & ochotensis)^a	NEA /ARC/ NWP ^b						This study

Table 4

Taxa where post‐glacial or late‐glacial inter‐oceanic relationships were inferred (or suspected), and divergence estimates

Species	Post‐ or late‐glacial invasion	Contact region	net p‐dist. (%)	n Pac / n Atl	τ	τ / L (%)	References
Bivalves
Hiatella L ^a	NP → NWA ^d	NWA	1.10	59/26			Laakkonen, Strelkov, and Väinölä (2015)
Hiatella L ^a	NP → NWA	NWA ^f	0.02	59/48	0.65	0.10	Laakkonen, Strelkov, and Väinölä (2015)
Macoma balthica	NP → NEA ^g	NEA	0.09	26/26	0.55	0.09	Nikula, Strelkov, and Väinölä (2007)
Macoma calcarea ^a	NEP/A/NWA/NEA ^b		0.30	20/85	0.24	0.04	This study, Layton et al. 2013
Mytilus trossulus	NP → NWA/NEA ^g	NWA/NEA	0.08	194/68	0.53	0.10	Marko et al. 2010, this study
Gastropods
Acanthodoris pilosa	NA → NEP	NEP	0.11	2/15			BOLD
Dendronotus venustus/frondosus	NEA → NEP	NEP	0.51	2/10			Dewaard 2017, Korshunova et al. 2019, Pola & Gosliner 2010,
							Ekimova et al. 2016
Limacina helicina	^f		0.28	209/138			Abyzova et al. 2018, Chichvarkhin 2016, Shimizu et al. 2017, Hunt et al. 2010, Layton, Martel & Hebert 2014, Jennings et al. 2010
Velutina velutina	?		0.47	2/8			BOLD
Crustaceans
Balanus crenatus	NP → NWA ^d/NEA ^d	NWA/NEA	0.22	9/24	1.58	0.08	This study
Balanus crenatus	(NP → NWA/NEA) ^h	(NWA/NEA)	0.00	4/57			This study
Centropages abdominalis	NA → NEP		0.34	6/19			Young 2016, BOLD
Pandalus borealis	NP → ARC ← NA	ARC ^f	0.70	5/20			This study, BOLD, Radulovici et al 2009
Gammarus setosus ^a	NWP/NA	NWP					This study, BOLD, Radulovici et al 2009
Pleopsis polyphaemoides	(NA → NEP)^h	(NEP)	0.27	2/20			Durbin et al. (2008)
Podon leukcartii	(NA → NEP)^h	(NEP)	0.04	6/12			Durbin et al. (2008)
Echinoderms
Echinarachnius parma	NP → NWA ^d		0.30	63/53	0.53	0.08	This study
Henricia cf. oculata	NEP → NWA		0.34	3/4			Corstorphine (2010)
Henricia sp. AAB9183	NEP → NWA	NWA	0.49	2/13			Layton, Corstorphine & Hebert 2016
Henricia sp. EAC06	NEP/NWA						Corstorphine (2010)
Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis	NP → NWA ^d	NWA ^f	0.41	33/115	1.28	0.31	Palumbi & Kessing 1991, Addison and Hart (2005), this study
Strongylocentrotus pallidus	NP/NWA/NEA						Balakirev et al 2008, Corstophine 2010, Hardy et al. 2011
Polychaetes
Glycera capitata	Ber/NWA/NEA						Carr et al. (2011), Hardy et al. 2011
Harmothoe imbricata group	NEP/ARC/NWA	NEP/ARC/NWA					Carr et al. (2011), Hardy et al. 2011
Harmothoe rarispina CMC03	NWA → NEP	NEP	0.11	8/17			Carr et al. (2011), BOLD
Nereis pelagica CMC03	NWA → Ber			1/26			Hardy et al. 2010, Carr et al. (2011), BOLD
Nereis pelagica CMC03^a	Ber/NWA	NWA					Carr et al. (2011), Hardy et al. 2011
Phyllodoce sp. CMC01^a	Ber/ARC‐NWA						Carr et al. (2011)
Pholoe baltica A	Ber/ARC‐NWA						Carr et al. (2011)
Pholoe minuta A	Ber/ARC‐NWA		0.55	4/29			Carr et al. (2011)
	NEP/NEA	NEA					This study
Fishes
Anisarchus medius ^a	NP → ARC ← NWA (?)	ARC					Mecklenburg et al. (2011)
Aspidophoroides monopterygius	NP ^c → NWA	NWA					Mecklenburg et al. (2011)
Clupea pallasii	NWP → NEA ^g	NEA	0.06	111/242	2.32	0.21	Laakkonen et al. (2013)
Eumesogrammus praecisus ^a	NP ^c → ARC ← NWA	ARC ^f					Mecklenburg et al. (2011)
Gadus chalcogrammus (G. finnmarchicus)	NP → NEA	NEA					Ursvik et al. (2007),Gorbachev et al. 2014
Gadus macrocephalus (G. ogac)	NP → NWA	NWA					Coulson et al. (2006)
Gymnocanthus tricuspis	NA → NP	Ber					Yamazaki et al. 2013
Leptagonus decagonus ^a	NWP ^c → ARC ← NA	ARC ^f					McCusker et al. 2012, BOLD
Leptoclinus maculatus ^a	NP → ARC ← NA	ARC ^f					Mecklenburg et al. (2011)
Liopsetta glacialis	NWP → NEA ^b		0.16	7/17			This study, Kartavtsev et al. (2014)
Lumpenus fabricii	NP → NEA	NEA ^e					This study, Mecklenburg et al. (2011)
Mallotus villosus	NP → ARC/NWA	NWA					Dodson et al. (2007)
Myoxocephalus scorpius ^a	NEA/NWA → NEP	NEP					This study, Mecklenburg et al. (2011)
Osmerus dentex	NWP → ARC/NEA	NEA	0.22	4/9			Kovpak et al. 2011, Skurikhina et al. 2013
Reinhardtius hippoglossoides ^a	NP/NWA/NEA		0.06	5/280			Vis et al. 1997, Kartavtsev et al. (2014)
Mammals
Phoca hispida (sspp. hispida & ochotensis)^a	NEA /ARC/ NWP ^b						This study

Species	Post‐ or late‐glacial invasion	Contact region	net p‐dist. (%)	n Pac / n Atl	τ	τ / L (%)	References
Bivalves
Hiatella L ^a	NP → NWA ^d	NWA	1.10	59/26			Laakkonen, Strelkov, and Väinölä (2015)
Hiatella L ^a	NP → NWA	NWA ^f	0.02	59/48	0.65	0.10	Laakkonen, Strelkov, and Väinölä (2015)
Macoma balthica	NP → NEA ^g	NEA	0.09	26/26	0.55	0.09	Nikula, Strelkov, and Väinölä (2007)
Macoma calcarea ^a	NEP/A/NWA/NEA ^b		0.30	20/85	0.24	0.04	This study, Layton et al. 2013
Mytilus trossulus	NP → NWA/NEA ^g	NWA/NEA	0.08	194/68	0.53	0.10	Marko et al. 2010, this study
Gastropods
Acanthodoris pilosa	NA → NEP	NEP	0.11	2/15			BOLD
Dendronotus venustus/frondosus	NEA → NEP	NEP	0.51	2/10			Dewaard 2017, Korshunova et al. 2019, Pola & Gosliner 2010,
							Ekimova et al. 2016
Limacina helicina	^f		0.28	209/138			Abyzova et al. 2018, Chichvarkhin 2016, Shimizu et al. 2017, Hunt et al. 2010, Layton, Martel & Hebert 2014, Jennings et al. 2010
Velutina velutina	?		0.47	2/8			BOLD
Crustaceans
Balanus crenatus	NP → NWA ^d/NEA ^d	NWA/NEA	0.22	9/24	1.58	0.08	This study
Balanus crenatus	(NP → NWA/NEA) ^h	(NWA/NEA)	0.00	4/57			This study
Centropages abdominalis	NA → NEP		0.34	6/19			Young 2016, BOLD
Pandalus borealis	NP → ARC ← NA	ARC ^f	0.70	5/20			This study, BOLD, Radulovici et al 2009
Gammarus setosus ^a	NWP/NA	NWP					This study, BOLD, Radulovici et al 2009
Pleopsis polyphaemoides	(NA → NEP)^h	(NEP)	0.27	2/20			Durbin et al. (2008)
Podon leukcartii	(NA → NEP)^h	(NEP)	0.04	6/12			Durbin et al. (2008)
Echinoderms
Echinarachnius parma	NP → NWA ^d		0.30	63/53	0.53	0.08	This study
Henricia cf. oculata	NEP → NWA		0.34	3/4			Corstorphine (2010)
Henricia sp. AAB9183	NEP → NWA	NWA	0.49	2/13			Layton, Corstorphine & Hebert 2016
Henricia sp. EAC06	NEP/NWA						Corstorphine (2010)
Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis	NP → NWA ^d	NWA ^f	0.41	33/115	1.28	0.31	Palumbi & Kessing 1991, Addison and Hart (2005), this study
Strongylocentrotus pallidus	NP/NWA/NEA						Balakirev et al 2008, Corstophine 2010, Hardy et al. 2011
Polychaetes
Glycera capitata	Ber/NWA/NEA						Carr et al. (2011), Hardy et al. 2011
Harmothoe imbricata group	NEP/ARC/NWA	NEP/ARC/NWA					Carr et al. (2011), Hardy et al. 2011
Harmothoe rarispina CMC03	NWA → NEP	NEP	0.11	8/17			Carr et al. (2011), BOLD
Nereis pelagica CMC03	NWA → Ber			1/26			Hardy et al. 2010, Carr et al. (2011), BOLD
Nereis pelagica CMC03^a	Ber/NWA	NWA					Carr et al. (2011), Hardy et al. 2011
Phyllodoce sp. CMC01^a	Ber/ARC‐NWA						Carr et al. (2011)
Pholoe baltica A	Ber/ARC‐NWA						Carr et al. (2011)
Pholoe minuta A	Ber/ARC‐NWA		0.55	4/29			Carr et al. (2011)
	NEP/NEA	NEA					This study
Fishes
Anisarchus medius ^a	NP → ARC ← NWA (?)	ARC					Mecklenburg et al. (2011)
Aspidophoroides monopterygius	NP ^c → NWA	NWA					Mecklenburg et al. (2011)
Clupea pallasii	NWP → NEA ^g	NEA	0.06	111/242	2.32	0.21	Laakkonen et al. (2013)
Eumesogrammus praecisus ^a	NP ^c → ARC ← NWA	ARC ^f					Mecklenburg et al. (2011)
Gadus chalcogrammus (G. finnmarchicus)	NP → NEA	NEA					Ursvik et al. (2007),Gorbachev et al. 2014
Gadus macrocephalus (G. ogac)	NP → NWA	NWA					Coulson et al. (2006)
Gymnocanthus tricuspis	NA → NP	Ber					Yamazaki et al. 2013
Leptagonus decagonus ^a	NWP ^c → ARC ← NA	ARC ^f					McCusker et al. 2012, BOLD
Leptoclinus maculatus ^a	NP → ARC ← NA	ARC ^f					Mecklenburg et al. (2011)
Liopsetta glacialis	NWP → NEA ^b		0.16	7/17			This study, Kartavtsev et al. (2014)
Lumpenus fabricii	NP → NEA	NEA ^e					This study, Mecklenburg et al. (2011)
Mallotus villosus	NP → ARC/NWA	NWA					Dodson et al. (2007)
Myoxocephalus scorpius ^a	NEA/NWA → NEP	NEP					This study, Mecklenburg et al. (2011)
Osmerus dentex	NWP → ARC/NEA	NEA	0.22	4/9			Kovpak et al. 2011, Skurikhina et al. 2013
Reinhardtius hippoglossoides ^a	NP/NWA/NEA		0.06	5/280			Vis et al. 1997, Kartavtsev et al. (2014)
Mammals
Phoca hispida (sspp. hispida & ochotensis)^a	NEA /ARC/ NWP ^b						This study

IMa analysis was performed only for taxa with sample sizes n > 10 in both basins: τ is an estimate of distance in terms of the number of observed inter‐oceanic nucleotide differences, and τ / L is the relative distance (per site), from the IMa analysis. The genetically documented distribution of the invading lineage and the inferred direction of post‐glacial spread and possible intra‐generic contact regions are indicated. References for previously published sequence data are listed in Table S2.

Net distance estimates between relevant clades are indicated, if sequence data were available (n > 2 for each population). Estimates were calculated with MEGA (Tamura et al. 2013). For a subset of comparisons, the population split time estimate from the IM analysis, translated to per‐site distance units, is also given.

Boreal–arctic species with possibly continuous range through the Arctic.

Post‐glacial spread without refugial disjunction.

No sequence data (from the actual basin).

Inferred spread in the last interglacial (ca 110–130 kya).

Other intra‐species contacts (not related to trans‐Arctic dispersal).

Contacts of late‐glacial lineages.

Instances where hybridization has been documented.

Suspected anthropogenic invasion.

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