List of amphi‐oceanic boreal–arctic taxa included in the study, and the distributional and phylogeographic patterns identified. Only clades where the common ancestor is considered to post‐date the opening of the Bering Strait are included. When more than one nominal species is involved in a basin, the taxon that is ‘original’ in the given ocean basin is indicated. A refers to an arctic–boreal taxon, whose distribution is not necessarily discontinuous through the Arctic basin. In each taxon (genus), the different species and deep phylogeographic lineages (plausibly >150 ky old) are identified by the numerals 1, 2, …, and their presence in five biogeographical regions is indicated in the middle panel. Brackets mark assumed human‐mediated invasion. Lineages of putative late‐ and post‐glacial age (<130 ky) are referred to with the same numeral. Additionally, an inferred trans‐arctic contact of such lineages is indicated with a + (e.g. 1+ indicates a post‐glacial reinvasion of a late‐glacial sister lineage to the region indicated). Intra‐oceanic late‐glacial phenomena are not considered. Data references for previously published data are listed in Table S2
| Amphi‐boreal and boreal–arctic taxa | Distribution of lineages | Pattern | Data references | |||||
| Pacific Ocean | Atlantic Ocean | NWP | NEP | Bering/ Chukchi–Beaufort | NWA | NEA | ||
| Molluscs: Bivalves | ||||||||
| Hiatella sp. LA | Hiatella sp. KA | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1+ | 2 | b c d | Laakkonen, Strelkov, and Väinölä (2015) |
| Limecola balthica/ L. petalum | L. balthica/ L. petalum | 1 | 1b(4) | 1 | 2 4 | 1 3 | b c d | Nikula et al. (2007) |
| Macoma calcarea A | M. calcarea A | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1b | 1 | d | This study, Layton et al. (2014) |
| Modiolus modiolus | M. modiolus | 1 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | a | Halanych et al., 2013, this study | |
| Mytilus trossulus | M. edulis | 1 | 1 | 1 2 | 1 2 | b c d | Marko et al. (2010), this study | |
| Turtonia minuta | T. minuta | 1 | 2 | ? | 3 | a | This study | |
| Molluscs: Gastropods | ||||||||
| Acanthodoris atrogriseata/pilosa | A. pilosa | ? | 1 2 | 2 | 2 | b c d | BOLD | |
| Aeolidia papillosa | A. papillosa | 1 | 1 2 | 1 | 1 3 | b c | Carmona et al., (2013), this study | |
| Alderia modesta | A. modesta | 1 | 1 | ? | 2 | a | Ellingson and Krug (2006) | |
| Ariadnaria insignis | A. borealis | ? | 1 | ? | 2 | a | BOLD | |
| Dendronotus dalli | D. niveus | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | a | Ekimova et al. (2015), Leray, Paulay & Mulcahy (2019), Valdés et al. (2017) | |
| Dendronotus kamchaticus | D. lacteus | 1 | 1 | ? | 2 | a | Ekimova et al. (2015), Ekimova et al. (2016), Korshunova et al. (2016), Pola & Gosliner (2010), Korshunova et al. (2017) | |
| Dendronotus venustus | D. frondosus | 1 2 | 2 | ??d | Dewaard (2017), Korshunova et al. (2019), Pola & Gosliner (2010), Ekimova et al. (2016) | |||
| Doris montereyensis | D. pseudoargus | ? | 1 | ? | 2 | a | BOLD | |
| Flabellina trophina/fusca | F. gracilis | 1 | 1 | ? | 2 | a | Shields (2009), Korshunova et al. (2017), BOLD | |
| Lacuna vincta | L. vincta | 1 | 2 | 2b | a1 | Leray & Paulay GenBank MH242817, Layton, Martel & Hebert (2014), Castelin et al. (2016), BOLD | ||
| Limacina helicina | L. helicina | 1 | 1 | ? | 1 | 1 | d | Abyzova et al. (2018), Chichvarkhin (2016), Shimizu et al. (2017), Hunt et al. (2010), Layton, Martel & Hebert (2014), Jennings et al. (2010) |
| Littorina aleutica | L. obtusata | 1 | 2 | a | Reid, (1990), Wares and Cunningham (2001), Reid et al. (2012) | |||
| Littorina squalida | L. littorea | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | a | Reid, (1990), Giribet et al. (2006), Reid et al. (2012), Layton et al. (2014) |
| Nucella heysiana | N. lapillus | 1 | 2 | 2 | a | Collins et al. (1996), Wares and Cunningham (2001), Marko et al. (2014) | ||
| Onchidoris muricata | O. muricata | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | a1 | Hallas & Gosliner (2015), Martynov & Korshunova (2017), Chichvarkhin et al. (2018), BOLD | |
| Velutina velutina | V. velutina | ? | 1 | 1 | 1 | d | BOLD | |
| Crustaceans | ||||||||
| Balanus crenatus | B. crenatus | 1 2 | 1 2 | 2 | 2+ | 2 | b c d | This study |
| Calliopius laeviusculus | C. laeviusculus | 1 | ? | 2 | 3 | a | This study, Radulovici et al. (2009) | |
| Centropages abdominalis | C. abdominalis | 1 | 1 | 1 | d | Young (2016), Sun, Wang & Liu (2008), BOLD | ||
| Eusergestes similis | E. articus | ? | 1 | 2 | 2 | a | BOLD | |
| Evadne nordmanni | E. nordmanni | 2 | 1 | 1 | a | Durbin et al. (2008) | ||
| Gammarus setosus A | G. setosus A | 1 2 | 1 | ? | 2+ | 2+ | b c d | This study |
| Neomysis awatschensis | N. americana/integer | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | a | This study, Radulovici et al. (2009), Remerie et al. (2009) | |
| Pandalus borealis | P. borealis | 1 | 1 | 1+ | 1 | 1 | e | This study, Steinke: BOLD, Radulovici et al (2009) |
| Pleopsis polyphaemoides | P. polyphaemoides | 2 (1) | 1 | a ? | Durbin et al. (2008) | |||
| Podon leuckartii | P. leuckartii | 2 (1) | ? | 1 | 1 | a1 | Durbin et al. (2008) | |
| Pseudocalanus moultoni | P. moultoni | 1 | 2 | 2 | a1 | Aarbakke et al. (2011), Laakmann et al. (2013), Young (2016), BOLD a | ||
| Semibalanus balanoides | S. balanoides | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | a | This study, Wares and Cunningham (2001), Wares et al. (2009) | |
| Tortanus discaudatus | T. discaudatus | 1 | 2 | a | Young (2016), BOLD a | |||
| Echinodems | ||||||||
| Asterias amurensis | A. rubens, A. forbesi | 1 | 2 (3) | 3 | a | Wares (2001), Matsubara et al. (2005) | ||
| Crossaster papposus | C. papposus | 1 | 2 | a1 | Corstorphine (2010) | |||
| Echinarachnius parma | E. parma | 1 | 1 | 1+ | d | This study | ||
| Henricia cf. oculata | H. cf. oculata | 1 | 1 | d | Corstorphine (2010) | |||
| Henricia sp. EAC06 | Henricia sp. EAC06 | 1 | 1 | d | Corstorphine (2010) | |||
| Henricia sp. AAB9183 | Henricia sp. AAD3482 | ? | 1 | 1 2 | b c d | Layton, Corstorphine & Hebert (2016) | ||
| Pteraster militaris | P. militaris | 1 | 2 | a1 | Corstorphine (2010) | |||
| Solaster endeca | S. endeca | 1 | 2 | a1 | Corstorphine (2010) | |||
| Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis | S. droebachiensis | 1 | 1+ | 1+ | 1 | b c d | Addison and Hart (2005), this study | |
| Strongylocentrotus pallidus | S. pallidus | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | d | Corstophine (2010), Hardy et al. (2011) |
| Polychaetes | ||||||||
| Alitta virens | A. virens | 1 | 2 | ? | a | Carr, Hardy, Brown, Macdonald, and Hebert (2011) | ||
| Glycera capitata A | G. capitata A | 1 Ber | 1 | 1 | d | Carr et al. (2011) | ||
| Harmothoe imbricata groupA | H. imbricata groupA | 7 | 1 4 | 1 5 | 1 2 3 5 | 2 3 | b c d | Carr et al. (2011), Hardy et al. (2011) |
| Harmothoe rarispina groupA | H. rarispina group A | 1 2 | 1 | 1 | ? | b c d | Carr et al. (2011), BOLD | |
| Hediste atoka | H. diversicolor | 1 | 2 3 | a | Audzijonyte et al. (2008), Tosuji & Sato (2010) | |||
| Lepidonotus squamatus CMC02 | L. squamatus CMC01 | 1 | 2 | a | Carr et al. (2011), Hardy et al. (2011) | |||
| Myxicola infundibulum CMC02 | M. infundibulum CMC01 | 1 | 2 | a | Carr et al. (2011) | |||
| Nereis pelagica CMC01, CMC03A | N. pelagica CMC02, CMC03A | 1 | 3 | 2 3 | 2 | b c d | Carr et al. (2011), Hardy et al. (2011), BOLD | |
| Nothria conchylega CMC01A | N. conchylega CMC02 | 1 | 2 | a | Carr et al. (2011) | |||
| Pectinaria granulata CMC01 | P. granulata CMC02 A | 1 | 2 | a | Carr et al. (2011) | |||
| Pholoe baltica A | P. baltica A | 1 Ber | 1 | ? | d | Carr et al. (2011) | ||
| Pholoe minuta A | P. minuta A | 1 Ber | 1 | d | Carr et al. (2011) | |||
| Phyllodoce sp. CMC01A | P. sp. CMC01A | 1 Ber | 1 | d | Carr et al. (2011) | |||
| Priapulida | ||||||||
| Priapulus cf. caudatus | P. caudatus sp. 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 2 3 4 | b d | This study |
| Fishes | ||||||||
| Anisarchus medius A | A. medius A | ? | ? | 1 | 1 | ? | e | Mecklenburg et al. (2011) |
| Aspidophoroides monopterygius | A. olrikii | 1b 2b | 1b 2b | 1 2 | 1 2 | 2b | b c d | Mecklenburg et al. (2011) |
| Clupea pallasii | C. harengus | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 2 | b c d | Laakkonen et al. (2013) |
| Eleginus nawaga | E. gracilis | 1 | 1b | 1 | 2 | a | This study | |
| Eumesogrammus praecisusA | E. praecisusA | 1a | 1a | 1+ | 1+ | e | Mecklenburg et al. (2011) | |
| Gadus chalcogrammus (finnmarchicus) | G. morhua | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 2 | b c d | Ursvik et al. (2007), Gorbachev et al. (2014) |
| Gadus macrocephalus (ogac) | G. morhua | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 2 | 2 | b c d | Coulson et al. (2006) |
| Gasterosteus aculeatus | G. aculeatus | 1 | 1 2 | 1 2 | 3+ | 3+ | a1 | Ortí et al. (1994), Mäkinen & Merilä (2008), Lescak et al. (2015), this study |
| Glyptocephalus stelleri | G. cynoglossus | 1 | 2 | 3 | a | Vinnikov, Thomson & Munroe (2018), Kartavtsev et al. (2016), Noren et al. (2009) | ||
| Gymnocanthus spp. | G. tricuspis | 12345 | 1a 2a | 123456 | 4a | 4a | b c d | Yamazaki et al. (2013) |
| Hippoglossoides dubius / robustus | H. platessoides | 1 | 2 | 2 | a | Vinnikov et al. (2018), Noren et al. (2009) | ||
| Hippoglossoides robustus | H. platessoides | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2+ | a | BOLD |
| Hippoglossus stenolepis | H. hippoglossus | 1 | 1 | 1b | 2 | 2 | a | Sanjuan & Comesaña (2002), Espineira et al. (2008), Mjelle et al. (2008), Mecklenburg et al. (2011) |
| Leptagonus decagonus A | L. decagonus A | 1a | 1+ | 1 | 1 | e | McCusker et al. (2012), BOLD | |
| Leptoclinus maculatusA | L. maculatusA | 1 | 1a | 1+ | 1 | 1 | e | Mecklenburg et al. (2011) |
| Limanda aspera | L. limanda | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | a | This study | |
| Liopsetta pinnifasciata A | L. glacialis A | 1 + 2 | ? | 1 2 | b c d | This study, Kartavtsev et al. (2014) | ||
| Lumpenus fabricii | L. lampretaeformis | ? | ? | 1 Ber | ?/2 | 2 1 | b c | This study, Mecklenburg et al. (2011) |
| Mallotus villosus A | M. villosus g A | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 3 | 4 | b c d | Dodson et al. (2007) |
| Megalocottus platycephalus | Myoxocephalus quadricornis | 1 | 1a | 1 2a | 2 | 2 | a | Kontula & Väinölä (2003), Podlesnykh & Moreva (2014) |
| Myoxocephalus stelleri + others | M. scorpius A | 1? | 1 2a | 1 2 | 2+ | 2+ | b c d | This study, Mecklenburg et al. (2011) |
| Osmerus dentex | O. dentex | 1 | 1a | 1 | 1 | d | Skurikhina et al. (2013) | |
| Pholis laeta | P. gunnellus | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | a | Steinke et al. (2009) |
| Platichthys stellatus | P. flesus | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | a | This study | |
| Pleuronectes quadrituberculatus | P. platessa | ? | ? | 1 | 2 | a | Vinnikov, Thomson & Munroe (2018), Kartavtsev et al. (2016) | |
| Pungitius pungitius | P. pungitius | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2+ | 2 | a1 | Shikano et al. (2010), Mecklenburg et al. (2011) |
| Reinhardtius hippoglossoidesA | R.. hippoglossoides A | 1b | 1b | 1 Ber‐Chu | 1 | 1 | d | Vis et al. (1997), Mecklenburg et al. (2011), Kartavtsev et al. (2014) |
| Zoarces fedorovi | Z. viviparus | 1 | 2 | a1 | This study | |||
| Mammals (seals) | ||||||||
| Pusa hispida ochotensis A | P. h. hispida A/ladogensis | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | d | This study | |
| Phoca vitulina | P. largha | 12 | 1a2 | 1 | 2a | 2 | b c | Nakagawa et al. (2010), Stanley et. al (1996) |
| Amphi‐boreal and boreal–arctic taxa | Distribution of lineages | Pattern | Data references | |||||
| Pacific Ocean | Atlantic Ocean | NWP | NEP | Bering/ Chukchi–Beaufort | NWA | NEA | ||
| Molluscs: Bivalves | ||||||||
| Hiatella sp. LA | Hiatella sp. KA | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1+ | 2 | b c d | Laakkonen, Strelkov, and Väinölä (2015) |
| Limecola balthica/ L. petalum | L. balthica/ L. petalum | 1 | 1b(4) | 1 | 2 4 | 1 3 | b c d | Nikula et al. (2007) |
| Macoma calcarea A | M. calcarea A | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1b | 1 | d | This study, Layton et al. (2014) |
| Modiolus modiolus | M. modiolus | 1 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | a | Halanych et al., 2013, this study | |
| Mytilus trossulus | M. edulis | 1 | 1 | 1 2 | 1 2 | b c d | Marko et al. (2010), this study | |
| Turtonia minuta | T. minuta | 1 | 2 | ? | 3 | a | This study | |
| Molluscs: Gastropods | ||||||||
| Acanthodoris atrogriseata/pilosa | A. pilosa | ? | 1 2 | 2 | 2 | b c d | BOLD | |
| Aeolidia papillosa | A. papillosa | 1 | 1 2 | 1 | 1 3 | b c | Carmona et al., (2013), this study | |
| Alderia modesta | A. modesta | 1 | 1 | ? | 2 | a | Ellingson and Krug (2006) | |
| Ariadnaria insignis | A. borealis | ? | 1 | ? | 2 | a | BOLD | |
| Dendronotus dalli | D. niveus | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | a | Ekimova et al. (2015), Leray, Paulay & Mulcahy (2019), Valdés et al. (2017) | |
| Dendronotus kamchaticus | D. lacteus | 1 | 1 | ? | 2 | a | Ekimova et al. (2015), Ekimova et al. (2016), Korshunova et al. (2016), Pola & Gosliner (2010), Korshunova et al. (2017) | |
| Dendronotus venustus | D. frondosus | 1 2 | 2 | ??d | Dewaard (2017), Korshunova et al. (2019), Pola & Gosliner (2010), Ekimova et al. (2016) | |||
| Doris montereyensis | D. pseudoargus | ? | 1 | ? | 2 | a | BOLD | |
| Flabellina trophina/fusca | F. gracilis | 1 | 1 | ? | 2 | a | Shields (2009), Korshunova et al. (2017), BOLD | |
| Lacuna vincta | L. vincta | 1 | 2 | 2b | a1 | Leray & Paulay GenBank MH242817, Layton, Martel & Hebert (2014), Castelin et al. (2016), BOLD | ||
| Limacina helicina | L. helicina | 1 | 1 | ? | 1 | 1 | d | Abyzova et al. (2018), Chichvarkhin (2016), Shimizu et al. (2017), Hunt et al. (2010), Layton, Martel & Hebert (2014), Jennings et al. (2010) |
| Littorina aleutica | L. obtusata | 1 | 2 | a | Reid, (1990), Wares and Cunningham (2001), Reid et al. (2012) | |||
| Littorina squalida | L. littorea | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | a | Reid, (1990), Giribet et al. (2006), Reid et al. (2012), Layton et al. (2014) |
| Nucella heysiana | N. lapillus | 1 | 2 | 2 | a | Collins et al. (1996), Wares and Cunningham (2001), Marko et al. (2014) | ||
| Onchidoris muricata | O. muricata | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | a1 | Hallas & Gosliner (2015), Martynov & Korshunova (2017), Chichvarkhin et al. (2018), BOLD | |
| Velutina velutina | V. velutina | ? | 1 | 1 | 1 | d | BOLD | |
| Crustaceans | ||||||||
| Balanus crenatus | B. crenatus | 1 2 | 1 2 | 2 | 2+ | 2 | b c d | This study |
| Calliopius laeviusculus | C. laeviusculus | 1 | ? | 2 | 3 | a | This study, Radulovici et al. (2009) | |
| Centropages abdominalis | C. abdominalis | 1 | 1 | 1 | d | Young (2016), Sun, Wang & Liu (2008), BOLD | ||
| Eusergestes similis | E. articus | ? | 1 | 2 | 2 | a | BOLD | |
| Evadne nordmanni | E. nordmanni | 2 | 1 | 1 | a | Durbin et al. (2008) | ||
| Gammarus setosus A | G. setosus A | 1 2 | 1 | ? | 2+ | 2+ | b c d | This study |
| Neomysis awatschensis | N. americana/integer | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | a | This study, Radulovici et al. (2009), Remerie et al. (2009) | |
| Pandalus borealis | P. borealis | 1 | 1 | 1+ | 1 | 1 | e | This study, Steinke: BOLD, Radulovici et al (2009) |
| Pleopsis polyphaemoides | P. polyphaemoides | 2 (1) | 1 | a ? | Durbin et al. (2008) | |||
| Podon leuckartii | P. leuckartii | 2 (1) | ? | 1 | 1 | a1 | Durbin et al. (2008) | |
| Pseudocalanus moultoni | P. moultoni | 1 | 2 | 2 | a1 | Aarbakke et al. (2011), Laakmann et al. (2013), Young (2016), BOLD a | ||
| Semibalanus balanoides | S. balanoides | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | a | This study, Wares and Cunningham (2001), Wares et al. (2009) | |
| Tortanus discaudatus | T. discaudatus | 1 | 2 | a | Young (2016), BOLD a | |||
| Echinodems | ||||||||
| Asterias amurensis | A. rubens, A. forbesi | 1 | 2 (3) | 3 | a | Wares (2001), Matsubara et al. (2005) | ||
| Crossaster papposus | C. papposus | 1 | 2 | a1 | Corstorphine (2010) | |||
| Echinarachnius parma | E. parma | 1 | 1 | 1+ | d | This study | ||
| Henricia cf. oculata | H. cf. oculata | 1 | 1 | d | Corstorphine (2010) | |||
| Henricia sp. EAC06 | Henricia sp. EAC06 | 1 | 1 | d | Corstorphine (2010) | |||
| Henricia sp. AAB9183 | Henricia sp. AAD3482 | ? | 1 | 1 2 | b c d | Layton, Corstorphine & Hebert (2016) | ||
| Pteraster militaris | P. militaris | 1 | 2 | a1 | Corstorphine (2010) | |||
| Solaster endeca | S. endeca | 1 | 2 | a1 | Corstorphine (2010) | |||
| Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis | S. droebachiensis | 1 | 1+ | 1+ | 1 | b c d | Addison and Hart (2005), this study | |
| Strongylocentrotus pallidus | S. pallidus | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | d | Corstophine (2010), Hardy et al. (2011) |
| Polychaetes | ||||||||
| Alitta virens | A. virens | 1 | 2 | ? | a | Carr, Hardy, Brown, Macdonald, and Hebert (2011) | ||
| Glycera capitata A | G. capitata A | 1 Ber | 1 | 1 | d | Carr et al. (2011) | ||
| Harmothoe imbricata groupA | H. imbricata groupA | 7 | 1 4 | 1 5 | 1 2 3 5 | 2 3 | b c d | Carr et al. (2011), Hardy et al. (2011) |
| Harmothoe rarispina groupA | H. rarispina group A | 1 2 | 1 | 1 | ? | b c d | Carr et al. (2011), BOLD | |
| Hediste atoka | H. diversicolor | 1 | 2 3 | a | Audzijonyte et al. (2008), Tosuji & Sato (2010) | |||
| Lepidonotus squamatus CMC02 | L. squamatus CMC01 | 1 | 2 | a | Carr et al. (2011), Hardy et al. (2011) | |||
| Myxicola infundibulum CMC02 | M. infundibulum CMC01 | 1 | 2 | a | Carr et al. (2011) | |||
| Nereis pelagica CMC01, CMC03A | N. pelagica CMC02, CMC03A | 1 | 3 | 2 3 | 2 | b c d | Carr et al. (2011), Hardy et al. (2011), BOLD | |
| Nothria conchylega CMC01A | N. conchylega CMC02 | 1 | 2 | a | Carr et al. (2011) | |||
| Pectinaria granulata CMC01 | P. granulata CMC02 A | 1 | 2 | a | Carr et al. (2011) | |||
| Pholoe baltica A | P. baltica A | 1 Ber | 1 | ? | d | Carr et al. (2011) | ||
| Pholoe minuta A | P. minuta A | 1 Ber | 1 | d | Carr et al. (2011) | |||
| Phyllodoce sp. CMC01A | P. sp. CMC01A | 1 Ber | 1 | d | Carr et al. (2011) | |||
| Priapulida | ||||||||
| Priapulus cf. caudatus | P. caudatus sp. 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 2 3 4 | b d | This study |
| Fishes | ||||||||
| Anisarchus medius A | A. medius A | ? | ? | 1 | 1 | ? | e | Mecklenburg et al. (2011) |
| Aspidophoroides monopterygius | A. olrikii | 1b 2b | 1b 2b | 1 2 | 1 2 | 2b | b c d | Mecklenburg et al. (2011) |
| Clupea pallasii | C. harengus | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 2 | b c d | Laakkonen et al. (2013) |
| Eleginus nawaga | E. gracilis | 1 | 1b | 1 | 2 | a | This study | |
| Eumesogrammus praecisusA | E. praecisusA | 1a | 1a | 1+ | 1+ | e | Mecklenburg et al. (2011) | |
| Gadus chalcogrammus (finnmarchicus) | G. morhua | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 2 | b c d | Ursvik et al. (2007), Gorbachev et al. (2014) |
| Gadus macrocephalus (ogac) | G. morhua | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 2 | 2 | b c d | Coulson et al. (2006) |
| Gasterosteus aculeatus | G. aculeatus | 1 | 1 2 | 1 2 | 3+ | 3+ | a1 | Ortí et al. (1994), Mäkinen & Merilä (2008), Lescak et al. (2015), this study |
| Glyptocephalus stelleri | G. cynoglossus | 1 | 2 | 3 | a | Vinnikov, Thomson & Munroe (2018), Kartavtsev et al. (2016), Noren et al. (2009) | ||
| Gymnocanthus spp. | G. tricuspis | 12345 | 1a 2a | 123456 | 4a | 4a | b c d | Yamazaki et al. (2013) |
| Hippoglossoides dubius / robustus | H. platessoides | 1 | 2 | 2 | a | Vinnikov et al. (2018), Noren et al. (2009) | ||
| Hippoglossoides robustus | H. platessoides | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2+ | a | BOLD |
| Hippoglossus stenolepis | H. hippoglossus | 1 | 1 | 1b | 2 | 2 | a | Sanjuan & Comesaña (2002), Espineira et al. (2008), Mjelle et al. (2008), Mecklenburg et al. (2011) |
| Leptagonus decagonus A | L. decagonus A | 1a | 1+ | 1 | 1 | e | McCusker et al. (2012), BOLD | |
| Leptoclinus maculatusA | L. maculatusA | 1 | 1a | 1+ | 1 | 1 | e | Mecklenburg et al. (2011) |
| Limanda aspera | L. limanda | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | a | This study | |
| Liopsetta pinnifasciata A | L. glacialis A | 1 + 2 | ? | 1 2 | b c d | This study, Kartavtsev et al. (2014) | ||
| Lumpenus fabricii | L. lampretaeformis | ? | ? | 1 Ber | ?/2 | 2 1 | b c | This study, Mecklenburg et al. (2011) |
| Mallotus villosus A | M. villosus g A | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 3 | 4 | b c d | Dodson et al. (2007) |
| Megalocottus platycephalus | Myoxocephalus quadricornis | 1 | 1a | 1 2a | 2 | 2 | a | Kontula & Väinölä (2003), Podlesnykh & Moreva (2014) |
| Myoxocephalus stelleri + others | M. scorpius A | 1? | 1 2a | 1 2 | 2+ | 2+ | b c d | This study, Mecklenburg et al. (2011) |
| Osmerus dentex | O. dentex | 1 | 1a | 1 | 1 | d | Skurikhina et al. (2013) | |
| Pholis laeta | P. gunnellus | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | a | Steinke et al. (2009) |
| Platichthys stellatus | P. flesus | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | a | This study | |
| Pleuronectes quadrituberculatus | P. platessa | ? | ? | 1 | 2 | a | Vinnikov, Thomson & Munroe (2018), Kartavtsev et al. (2016) | |
| Pungitius pungitius | P. pungitius | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2+ | 2 | a1 | Shikano et al. (2010), Mecklenburg et al. (2011) |
| Reinhardtius hippoglossoidesA | R.. hippoglossoides A | 1b | 1b | 1 Ber‐Chu | 1 | 1 | d | Vis et al. (1997), Mecklenburg et al. (2011), Kartavtsev et al. (2014) |
| Zoarces fedorovi | Z. viviparus | 1 | 2 | a1 | This study | |||
| Mammals (seals) | ||||||||
| Pusa hispida ochotensis A | P. h. hispida A/ladogensis | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | d | This study | |
| Phoca vitulina | P. largha | 12 | 1a2 | 1 | 2a | 2 | b c | Nakagawa et al. (2010), Stanley et. al (1996) |
NEP, Northeast Pacific; NWP, Northwest Pacific; NEA, Northeast Atlantic; NWA, Northwest Atlantic.
Samples from the Bering Strait region ‘Ber’ are included in the Chukchi column:
Classification of inferred biogeographical patterns (Figure 2):
a) long vicariant histories (descending from the Pliocene–Early Pleistocene)
a1) more recent vicariant histories (descending from the Middle Pleistocene, 1–0.2 Myr).
b) minimum of two distinct trans‐Arctic divergence events.
c) possible secondary contact following repeated trans‐Arctic dispersal.
d) incomplete lineage sorting or close relationship, interpreted as post‐ or late‐glacial dispersal.
e) hypothesized post‐glacial Arctic contact following short vicariance (e.g. late‐glacial).
?—Presence of the taxon, but without genetic assignment.
Absence of genetic data (but presence of the morphologically identified species).
Inference based on unpublished data or on indirect evidence (not critical for the conclusions).
List of amphi‐oceanic boreal–arctic taxa included in the study, and the distributional and phylogeographic patterns identified. Only clades where the common ancestor is considered to post‐date the opening of the Bering Strait are included. When more than one nominal species is involved in a basin, the taxon that is ‘original’ in the given ocean basin is indicated. A refers to an arctic–boreal taxon, whose distribution is not necessarily discontinuous through the Arctic basin. In each taxon (genus), the different species and deep phylogeographic lineages (plausibly >150 ky old) are identified by the numerals 1, 2, …, and their presence in five biogeographical regions is indicated in the middle panel. Brackets mark assumed human‐mediated invasion. Lineages of putative late‐ and post‐glacial age (<130 ky) are referred to with the same numeral. Additionally, an inferred trans‐arctic contact of such lineages is indicated with a + (e.g. 1+ indicates a post‐glacial reinvasion of a late‐glacial sister lineage to the region indicated). Intra‐oceanic late‐glacial phenomena are not considered. Data references for previously published data are listed in Table S2
| Amphi‐boreal and boreal–arctic taxa | Distribution of lineages | Pattern | Data references | |||||
| Pacific Ocean | Atlantic Ocean | NWP | NEP | Bering/ Chukchi–Beaufort | NWA | NEA | ||
| Molluscs: Bivalves | ||||||||
| Hiatella sp. LA | Hiatella sp. KA | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1+ | 2 | b c d | Laakkonen, Strelkov, and Väinölä (2015) |
| Limecola balthica/ L. petalum | L. balthica/ L. petalum | 1 | 1b(4) | 1 | 2 4 | 1 3 | b c d | Nikula et al. (2007) |
| Macoma calcarea A | M. calcarea A | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1b | 1 | d | This study, Layton et al. (2014) |
| Modiolus modiolus | M. modiolus | 1 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | a | Halanych et al., 2013, this study | |
| Mytilus trossulus | M. edulis | 1 | 1 | 1 2 | 1 2 | b c d | Marko et al. (2010), this study | |
| Turtonia minuta | T. minuta | 1 | 2 | ? | 3 | a | This study | |
| Molluscs: Gastropods | ||||||||
| Acanthodoris atrogriseata/pilosa | A. pilosa | ? | 1 2 | 2 | 2 | b c d | BOLD | |
| Aeolidia papillosa | A. papillosa | 1 | 1 2 | 1 | 1 3 | b c | Carmona et al., (2013), this study | |
| Alderia modesta | A. modesta | 1 | 1 | ? | 2 | a | Ellingson and Krug (2006) | |
| Ariadnaria insignis | A. borealis | ? | 1 | ? | 2 | a | BOLD | |
| Dendronotus dalli | D. niveus | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | a | Ekimova et al. (2015), Leray, Paulay & Mulcahy (2019), Valdés et al. (2017) | |
| Dendronotus kamchaticus | D. lacteus | 1 | 1 | ? | 2 | a | Ekimova et al. (2015), Ekimova et al. (2016), Korshunova et al. (2016), Pola & Gosliner (2010), Korshunova et al. (2017) | |
| Dendronotus venustus | D. frondosus | 1 2 | 2 | ??d | Dewaard (2017), Korshunova et al. (2019), Pola & Gosliner (2010), Ekimova et al. (2016) | |||
| Doris montereyensis | D. pseudoargus | ? | 1 | ? | 2 | a | BOLD | |
| Flabellina trophina/fusca | F. gracilis | 1 | 1 | ? | 2 | a | Shields (2009), Korshunova et al. (2017), BOLD | |
| Lacuna vincta | L. vincta | 1 | 2 | 2b | a1 | Leray & Paulay GenBank MH242817, Layton, Martel & Hebert (2014), Castelin et al. (2016), BOLD | ||
| Limacina helicina | L. helicina | 1 | 1 | ? | 1 | 1 | d | Abyzova et al. (2018), Chichvarkhin (2016), Shimizu et al. (2017), Hunt et al. (2010), Layton, Martel & Hebert (2014), Jennings et al. (2010) |
| Littorina aleutica | L. obtusata | 1 | 2 | a | Reid, (1990), Wares and Cunningham (2001), Reid et al. (2012) | |||
| Littorina squalida | L. littorea | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | a | Reid, (1990), Giribet et al. (2006), Reid et al. (2012), Layton et al. (2014) |
| Nucella heysiana | N. lapillus | 1 | 2 | 2 | a | Collins et al. (1996), Wares and Cunningham (2001), Marko et al. (2014) | ||
| Onchidoris muricata | O. muricata | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | a1 | Hallas & Gosliner (2015), Martynov & Korshunova (2017), Chichvarkhin et al. (2018), BOLD | |
| Velutina velutina | V. velutina | ? | 1 | 1 | 1 | d | BOLD | |
| Crustaceans | ||||||||
| Balanus crenatus | B. crenatus | 1 2 | 1 2 | 2 | 2+ | 2 | b c d | This study |
| Calliopius laeviusculus | C. laeviusculus | 1 | ? | 2 | 3 | a | This study, Radulovici et al. (2009) | |
| Centropages abdominalis | C. abdominalis | 1 | 1 | 1 | d | Young (2016), Sun, Wang & Liu (2008), BOLD | ||
| Eusergestes similis | E. articus | ? | 1 | 2 | 2 | a | BOLD | |
| Evadne nordmanni | E. nordmanni | 2 | 1 | 1 | a | Durbin et al. (2008) | ||
| Gammarus setosus A | G. setosus A | 1 2 | 1 | ? | 2+ | 2+ | b c d | This study |
| Neomysis awatschensis | N. americana/integer | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | a | This study, Radulovici et al. (2009), Remerie et al. (2009) | |
| Pandalus borealis | P. borealis | 1 | 1 | 1+ | 1 | 1 | e | This study, Steinke: BOLD, Radulovici et al (2009) |
| Pleopsis polyphaemoides | P. polyphaemoides | 2 (1) | 1 | a ? | Durbin et al. (2008) | |||
| Podon leuckartii | P. leuckartii | 2 (1) | ? | 1 | 1 | a1 | Durbin et al. (2008) | |
| Pseudocalanus moultoni | P. moultoni | 1 | 2 | 2 | a1 | Aarbakke et al. (2011), Laakmann et al. (2013), Young (2016), BOLD a | ||
| Semibalanus balanoides | S. balanoides | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | a | This study, Wares and Cunningham (2001), Wares et al. (2009) | |
| Tortanus discaudatus | T. discaudatus | 1 | 2 | a | Young (2016), BOLD a | |||
| Echinodems | ||||||||
| Asterias amurensis | A. rubens, A. forbesi | 1 | 2 (3) | 3 | a | Wares (2001), Matsubara et al. (2005) | ||
| Crossaster papposus | C. papposus | 1 | 2 | a1 | Corstorphine (2010) | |||
| Echinarachnius parma | E. parma | 1 | 1 | 1+ | d | This study | ||
| Henricia cf. oculata | H. cf. oculata | 1 | 1 | d | Corstorphine (2010) | |||
| Henricia sp. EAC06 | Henricia sp. EAC06 | 1 | 1 | d | Corstorphine (2010) | |||
| Henricia sp. AAB9183 | Henricia sp. AAD3482 | ? | 1 | 1 2 | b c d | Layton, Corstorphine & Hebert (2016) | ||
| Pteraster militaris | P. militaris | 1 | 2 | a1 | Corstorphine (2010) | |||
| Solaster endeca | S. endeca | 1 | 2 | a1 | Corstorphine (2010) | |||
| Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis | S. droebachiensis | 1 | 1+ | 1+ | 1 | b c d | Addison and Hart (2005), this study | |
| Strongylocentrotus pallidus | S. pallidus | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | d | Corstophine (2010), Hardy et al. (2011) |
| Polychaetes | ||||||||
| Alitta virens | A. virens | 1 | 2 | ? | a | Carr, Hardy, Brown, Macdonald, and Hebert (2011) | ||
| Glycera capitata A | G. capitata A | 1 Ber | 1 | 1 | d | Carr et al. (2011) | ||
| Harmothoe imbricata groupA | H. imbricata groupA | 7 | 1 4 | 1 5 | 1 2 3 5 | 2 3 | b c d | Carr et al. (2011), Hardy et al. (2011) |
| Harmothoe rarispina groupA | H. rarispina group A | 1 2 | 1 | 1 | ? | b c d | Carr et al. (2011), BOLD | |
| Hediste atoka | H. diversicolor | 1 | 2 3 | a | Audzijonyte et al. (2008), Tosuji & Sato (2010) | |||
| Lepidonotus squamatus CMC02 | L. squamatus CMC01 | 1 | 2 | a | Carr et al. (2011), Hardy et al. (2011) | |||
| Myxicola infundibulum CMC02 | M. infundibulum CMC01 | 1 | 2 | a | Carr et al. (2011) | |||
| Nereis pelagica CMC01, CMC03A | N. pelagica CMC02, CMC03A | 1 | 3 | 2 3 | 2 | b c d | Carr et al. (2011), Hardy et al. (2011), BOLD | |
| Nothria conchylega CMC01A | N. conchylega CMC02 | 1 | 2 | a | Carr et al. (2011) | |||
| Pectinaria granulata CMC01 | P. granulata CMC02 A | 1 | 2 | a | Carr et al. (2011) | |||
| Pholoe baltica A | P. baltica A | 1 Ber | 1 | ? | d | Carr et al. (2011) | ||
| Pholoe minuta A | P. minuta A | 1 Ber | 1 | d | Carr et al. (2011) | |||
| Phyllodoce sp. CMC01A | P. sp. CMC01A | 1 Ber | 1 | d | Carr et al. (2011) | |||
| Priapulida | ||||||||
| Priapulus cf. caudatus | P. caudatus sp. 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 2 3 4 | b d | This study |
| Fishes | ||||||||
| Anisarchus medius A | A. medius A | ? | ? | 1 | 1 | ? | e | Mecklenburg et al. (2011) |
| Aspidophoroides monopterygius | A. olrikii | 1b 2b | 1b 2b | 1 2 | 1 2 | 2b | b c d | Mecklenburg et al. (2011) |
| Clupea pallasii | C. harengus | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 2 | b c d | Laakkonen et al. (2013) |
| Eleginus nawaga | E. gracilis | 1 | 1b | 1 | 2 | a | This study | |
| Eumesogrammus praecisusA | E. praecisusA | 1a | 1a | 1+ | 1+ | e | Mecklenburg et al. (2011) | |
| Gadus chalcogrammus (finnmarchicus) | G. morhua | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 2 | b c d | Ursvik et al. (2007), Gorbachev et al. (2014) |
| Gadus macrocephalus (ogac) | G. morhua | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 2 | 2 | b c d | Coulson et al. (2006) |
| Gasterosteus aculeatus | G. aculeatus | 1 | 1 2 | 1 2 | 3+ | 3+ | a1 | Ortí et al. (1994), Mäkinen & Merilä (2008), Lescak et al. (2015), this study |
| Glyptocephalus stelleri | G. cynoglossus | 1 | 2 | 3 | a | Vinnikov, Thomson & Munroe (2018), Kartavtsev et al. (2016), Noren et al. (2009) | ||
| Gymnocanthus spp. | G. tricuspis | 12345 | 1a 2a | 123456 | 4a | 4a | b c d | Yamazaki et al. (2013) |
| Hippoglossoides dubius / robustus | H. platessoides | 1 | 2 | 2 | a | Vinnikov et al. (2018), Noren et al. (2009) | ||
| Hippoglossoides robustus | H. platessoides | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2+ | a | BOLD |
| Hippoglossus stenolepis | H. hippoglossus | 1 | 1 | 1b | 2 | 2 | a | Sanjuan & Comesaña (2002), Espineira et al. (2008), Mjelle et al. (2008), Mecklenburg et al. (2011) |
| Leptagonus decagonus A | L. decagonus A | 1a | 1+ | 1 | 1 | e | McCusker et al. (2012), BOLD | |
| Leptoclinus maculatusA | L. maculatusA | 1 | 1a | 1+ | 1 | 1 | e | Mecklenburg et al. (2011) |
| Limanda aspera | L. limanda | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | a | This study | |
| Liopsetta pinnifasciata A | L. glacialis A | 1 + 2 | ? | 1 2 | b c d | This study, Kartavtsev et al. (2014) | ||
| Lumpenus fabricii | L. lampretaeformis | ? | ? | 1 Ber | ?/2 | 2 1 | b c | This study, Mecklenburg et al. (2011) |
| Mallotus villosus A | M. villosus g A | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 3 | 4 | b c d | Dodson et al. (2007) |
| Megalocottus platycephalus | Myoxocephalus quadricornis | 1 | 1a | 1 2a | 2 | 2 | a | Kontula & Väinölä (2003), Podlesnykh & Moreva (2014) |
| Myoxocephalus stelleri + others | M. scorpius A | 1? | 1 2a | 1 2 | 2+ | 2+ | b c d | This study, Mecklenburg et al. (2011) |
| Osmerus dentex | O. dentex | 1 | 1a | 1 | 1 | d | Skurikhina et al. (2013) | |
| Pholis laeta | P. gunnellus | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | a | Steinke et al. (2009) |
| Platichthys stellatus | P. flesus | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | a | This study | |
| Pleuronectes quadrituberculatus | P. platessa | ? | ? | 1 | 2 | a | Vinnikov, Thomson & Munroe (2018), Kartavtsev et al. (2016) | |
| Pungitius pungitius | P. pungitius | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2+ | 2 | a1 | Shikano et al. (2010), Mecklenburg et al. (2011) |
| Reinhardtius hippoglossoidesA | R.. hippoglossoides A | 1b | 1b | 1 Ber‐Chu | 1 | 1 | d | Vis et al. (1997), Mecklenburg et al. (2011), Kartavtsev et al. (2014) |
| Zoarces fedorovi | Z. viviparus | 1 | 2 | a1 | This study | |||
| Mammals (seals) | ||||||||
| Pusa hispida ochotensis A | P. h. hispida A/ladogensis | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | d | This study | |
| Phoca vitulina | P. largha | 12 | 1a2 | 1 | 2a | 2 | b c | Nakagawa et al. (2010), Stanley et. al (1996) |
| Amphi‐boreal and boreal–arctic taxa | Distribution of lineages | Pattern | Data references | |||||
| Pacific Ocean | Atlantic Ocean | NWP | NEP | Bering/ Chukchi–Beaufort | NWA | NEA | ||
| Molluscs: Bivalves | ||||||||
| Hiatella sp. LA | Hiatella sp. KA | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1+ | 2 | b c d | Laakkonen, Strelkov, and Väinölä (2015) |
| Limecola balthica/ L. petalum | L. balthica/ L. petalum | 1 | 1b(4) | 1 | 2 4 | 1 3 | b c d | Nikula et al. (2007) |
| Macoma calcarea A | M. calcarea A | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1b | 1 | d | This study, Layton et al. (2014) |
| Modiolus modiolus | M. modiolus | 1 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | a | Halanych et al., 2013, this study | |
| Mytilus trossulus | M. edulis | 1 | 1 | 1 2 | 1 2 | b c d | Marko et al. (2010), this study | |
| Turtonia minuta | T. minuta | 1 | 2 | ? | 3 | a | This study | |
| Molluscs: Gastropods | ||||||||
| Acanthodoris atrogriseata/pilosa | A. pilosa | ? | 1 2 | 2 | 2 | b c d | BOLD | |
| Aeolidia papillosa | A. papillosa | 1 | 1 2 | 1 | 1 3 | b c | Carmona et al., (2013), this study | |
| Alderia modesta | A. modesta | 1 | 1 | ? | 2 | a | Ellingson and Krug (2006) | |
| Ariadnaria insignis | A. borealis | ? | 1 | ? | 2 | a | BOLD | |
| Dendronotus dalli | D. niveus | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | a | Ekimova et al. (2015), Leray, Paulay & Mulcahy (2019), Valdés et al. (2017) | |
| Dendronotus kamchaticus | D. lacteus | 1 | 1 | ? | 2 | a | Ekimova et al. (2015), Ekimova et al. (2016), Korshunova et al. (2016), Pola & Gosliner (2010), Korshunova et al. (2017) | |
| Dendronotus venustus | D. frondosus | 1 2 | 2 | ??d | Dewaard (2017), Korshunova et al. (2019), Pola & Gosliner (2010), Ekimova et al. (2016) | |||
| Doris montereyensis | D. pseudoargus | ? | 1 | ? | 2 | a | BOLD | |
| Flabellina trophina/fusca | F. gracilis | 1 | 1 | ? | 2 | a | Shields (2009), Korshunova et al. (2017), BOLD | |
| Lacuna vincta | L. vincta | 1 | 2 | 2b | a1 | Leray & Paulay GenBank MH242817, Layton, Martel & Hebert (2014), Castelin et al. (2016), BOLD | ||
| Limacina helicina | L. helicina | 1 | 1 | ? | 1 | 1 | d | Abyzova et al. (2018), Chichvarkhin (2016), Shimizu et al. (2017), Hunt et al. (2010), Layton, Martel & Hebert (2014), Jennings et al. (2010) |
| Littorina aleutica | L. obtusata | 1 | 2 | a | Reid, (1990), Wares and Cunningham (2001), Reid et al. (2012) | |||
| Littorina squalida | L. littorea | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | a | Reid, (1990), Giribet et al. (2006), Reid et al. (2012), Layton et al. (2014) |
| Nucella heysiana | N. lapillus | 1 | 2 | 2 | a | Collins et al. (1996), Wares and Cunningham (2001), Marko et al. (2014) | ||
| Onchidoris muricata | O. muricata | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | a1 | Hallas & Gosliner (2015), Martynov & Korshunova (2017), Chichvarkhin et al. (2018), BOLD | |
| Velutina velutina | V. velutina | ? | 1 | 1 | 1 | d | BOLD | |
| Crustaceans | ||||||||
| Balanus crenatus | B. crenatus | 1 2 | 1 2 | 2 | 2+ | 2 | b c d | This study |
| Calliopius laeviusculus | C. laeviusculus | 1 | ? | 2 | 3 | a | This study, Radulovici et al. (2009) | |
| Centropages abdominalis | C. abdominalis | 1 | 1 | 1 | d | Young (2016), Sun, Wang & Liu (2008), BOLD | ||
| Eusergestes similis | E. articus | ? | 1 | 2 | 2 | a | BOLD | |
| Evadne nordmanni | E. nordmanni | 2 | 1 | 1 | a | Durbin et al. (2008) | ||
| Gammarus setosus A | G. setosus A | 1 2 | 1 | ? | 2+ | 2+ | b c d | This study |
| Neomysis awatschensis | N. americana/integer | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | a | This study, Radulovici et al. (2009), Remerie et al. (2009) | |
| Pandalus borealis | P. borealis | 1 | 1 | 1+ | 1 | 1 | e | This study, Steinke: BOLD, Radulovici et al (2009) |
| Pleopsis polyphaemoides | P. polyphaemoides | 2 (1) | 1 | a ? | Durbin et al. (2008) | |||
| Podon leuckartii | P. leuckartii | 2 (1) | ? | 1 | 1 | a1 | Durbin et al. (2008) | |
| Pseudocalanus moultoni | P. moultoni | 1 | 2 | 2 | a1 | Aarbakke et al. (2011), Laakmann et al. (2013), Young (2016), BOLD a | ||
| Semibalanus balanoides | S. balanoides | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | a | This study, Wares and Cunningham (2001), Wares et al. (2009) | |
| Tortanus discaudatus | T. discaudatus | 1 | 2 | a | Young (2016), BOLD a | |||
| Echinodems | ||||||||
| Asterias amurensis | A. rubens, A. forbesi | 1 | 2 (3) | 3 | a | Wares (2001), Matsubara et al. (2005) | ||
| Crossaster papposus | C. papposus | 1 | 2 | a1 | Corstorphine (2010) | |||
| Echinarachnius parma | E. parma | 1 | 1 | 1+ | d | This study | ||
| Henricia cf. oculata | H. cf. oculata | 1 | 1 | d | Corstorphine (2010) | |||
| Henricia sp. EAC06 | Henricia sp. EAC06 | 1 | 1 | d | Corstorphine (2010) | |||
| Henricia sp. AAB9183 | Henricia sp. AAD3482 | ? | 1 | 1 2 | b c d | Layton, Corstorphine & Hebert (2016) | ||
| Pteraster militaris | P. militaris | 1 | 2 | a1 | Corstorphine (2010) | |||
| Solaster endeca | S. endeca | 1 | 2 | a1 | Corstorphine (2010) | |||
| Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis | S. droebachiensis | 1 | 1+ | 1+ | 1 | b c d | Addison and Hart (2005), this study | |
| Strongylocentrotus pallidus | S. pallidus | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | d | Corstophine (2010), Hardy et al. (2011) |
| Polychaetes | ||||||||
| Alitta virens | A. virens | 1 | 2 | ? | a | Carr, Hardy, Brown, Macdonald, and Hebert (2011) | ||
| Glycera capitata A | G. capitata A | 1 Ber | 1 | 1 | d | Carr et al. (2011) | ||
| Harmothoe imbricata groupA | H. imbricata groupA | 7 | 1 4 | 1 5 | 1 2 3 5 | 2 3 | b c d | Carr et al. (2011), Hardy et al. (2011) |
| Harmothoe rarispina groupA | H. rarispina group A | 1 2 | 1 | 1 | ? | b c d | Carr et al. (2011), BOLD | |
| Hediste atoka | H. diversicolor | 1 | 2 3 | a | Audzijonyte et al. (2008), Tosuji & Sato (2010) | |||
| Lepidonotus squamatus CMC02 | L. squamatus CMC01 | 1 | 2 | a | Carr et al. (2011), Hardy et al. (2011) | |||
| Myxicola infundibulum CMC02 | M. infundibulum CMC01 | 1 | 2 | a | Carr et al. (2011) | |||
| Nereis pelagica CMC01, CMC03A | N. pelagica CMC02, CMC03A | 1 | 3 | 2 3 | 2 | b c d | Carr et al. (2011), Hardy et al. (2011), BOLD | |
| Nothria conchylega CMC01A | N. conchylega CMC02 | 1 | 2 | a | Carr et al. (2011) | |||
| Pectinaria granulata CMC01 | P. granulata CMC02 A | 1 | 2 | a | Carr et al. (2011) | |||
| Pholoe baltica A | P. baltica A | 1 Ber | 1 | ? | d | Carr et al. (2011) | ||
| Pholoe minuta A | P. minuta A | 1 Ber | 1 | d | Carr et al. (2011) | |||
| Phyllodoce sp. CMC01A | P. sp. CMC01A | 1 Ber | 1 | d | Carr et al. (2011) | |||
| Priapulida | ||||||||
| Priapulus cf. caudatus | P. caudatus sp. 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 2 3 4 | b d | This study |
| Fishes | ||||||||
| Anisarchus medius A | A. medius A | ? | ? | 1 | 1 | ? | e | Mecklenburg et al. (2011) |
| Aspidophoroides monopterygius | A. olrikii | 1b 2b | 1b 2b | 1 2 | 1 2 | 2b | b c d | Mecklenburg et al. (2011) |
| Clupea pallasii | C. harengus | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 2 | b c d | Laakkonen et al. (2013) |
| Eleginus nawaga | E. gracilis | 1 | 1b | 1 | 2 | a | This study | |
| Eumesogrammus praecisusA | E. praecisusA | 1a | 1a | 1+ | 1+ | e | Mecklenburg et al. (2011) | |
| Gadus chalcogrammus (finnmarchicus) | G. morhua | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 2 | b c d | Ursvik et al. (2007), Gorbachev et al. (2014) |
| Gadus macrocephalus (ogac) | G. morhua | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 2 | 2 | b c d | Coulson et al. (2006) |
| Gasterosteus aculeatus | G. aculeatus | 1 | 1 2 | 1 2 | 3+ | 3+ | a1 | Ortí et al. (1994), Mäkinen & Merilä (2008), Lescak et al. (2015), this study |
| Glyptocephalus stelleri | G. cynoglossus | 1 | 2 | 3 | a | Vinnikov, Thomson & Munroe (2018), Kartavtsev et al. (2016), Noren et al. (2009) | ||
| Gymnocanthus spp. | G. tricuspis | 12345 | 1a 2a | 123456 | 4a | 4a | b c d | Yamazaki et al. (2013) |
| Hippoglossoides dubius / robustus | H. platessoides | 1 | 2 | 2 | a | Vinnikov et al. (2018), Noren et al. (2009) | ||
| Hippoglossoides robustus | H. platessoides | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2+ | a | BOLD |
| Hippoglossus stenolepis | H. hippoglossus | 1 | 1 | 1b | 2 | 2 | a | Sanjuan & Comesaña (2002), Espineira et al. (2008), Mjelle et al. (2008), Mecklenburg et al. (2011) |
| Leptagonus decagonus A | L. decagonus A | 1a | 1+ | 1 | 1 | e | McCusker et al. (2012), BOLD | |
| Leptoclinus maculatusA | L. maculatusA | 1 | 1a | 1+ | 1 | 1 | e | Mecklenburg et al. (2011) |
| Limanda aspera | L. limanda | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | a | This study | |
| Liopsetta pinnifasciata A | L. glacialis A | 1 + 2 | ? | 1 2 | b c d | This study, Kartavtsev et al. (2014) | ||
| Lumpenus fabricii | L. lampretaeformis | ? | ? | 1 Ber | ?/2 | 2 1 | b c | This study, Mecklenburg et al. (2011) |
| Mallotus villosus A | M. villosus g A | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 3 | 4 | b c d | Dodson et al. (2007) |
| Megalocottus platycephalus | Myoxocephalus quadricornis | 1 | 1a | 1 2a | 2 | 2 | a | Kontula & Väinölä (2003), Podlesnykh & Moreva (2014) |
| Myoxocephalus stelleri + others | M. scorpius A | 1? | 1 2a | 1 2 | 2+ | 2+ | b c d | This study, Mecklenburg et al. (2011) |
| Osmerus dentex | O. dentex | 1 | 1a | 1 | 1 | d | Skurikhina et al. (2013) | |
| Pholis laeta | P. gunnellus | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | a | Steinke et al. (2009) |
| Platichthys stellatus | P. flesus | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | a | This study | |
| Pleuronectes quadrituberculatus | P. platessa | ? | ? | 1 | 2 | a | Vinnikov, Thomson & Munroe (2018), Kartavtsev et al. (2016) | |
| Pungitius pungitius | P. pungitius | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2+ | 2 | a1 | Shikano et al. (2010), Mecklenburg et al. (2011) |
| Reinhardtius hippoglossoidesA | R.. hippoglossoides A | 1b | 1b | 1 Ber‐Chu | 1 | 1 | d | Vis et al. (1997), Mecklenburg et al. (2011), Kartavtsev et al. (2014) |
| Zoarces fedorovi | Z. viviparus | 1 | 2 | a1 | This study | |||
| Mammals (seals) | ||||||||
| Pusa hispida ochotensis A | P. h. hispida A/ladogensis | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | d | This study | |
| Phoca vitulina | P. largha | 12 | 1a2 | 1 | 2a | 2 | b c | Nakagawa et al. (2010), Stanley et. al (1996) |
NEP, Northeast Pacific; NWP, Northwest Pacific; NEA, Northeast Atlantic; NWA, Northwest Atlantic.
Samples from the Bering Strait region ‘Ber’ are included in the Chukchi column:
Classification of inferred biogeographical patterns (Figure 2):
a) long vicariant histories (descending from the Pliocene–Early Pleistocene)
a1) more recent vicariant histories (descending from the Middle Pleistocene, 1–0.2 Myr).
b) minimum of two distinct trans‐Arctic divergence events.
c) possible secondary contact following repeated trans‐Arctic dispersal.
d) incomplete lineage sorting or close relationship, interpreted as post‐ or late‐glacial dispersal.
e) hypothesized post‐glacial Arctic contact following short vicariance (e.g. late‐glacial).
?—Presence of the taxon, but without genetic assignment.
Absence of genetic data (but presence of the morphologically identified species).
Inference based on unpublished data or on indirect evidence (not critical for the conclusions).
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