| . | Univariate analysis . | Multivariate analysis A = PD vs. HC B = MSA vs. HC C = PD vs. MSA D = PD vs. MSA, adjusted for RBD . | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Type of facial movements . | MSA (n = 11) . | PD (n = 38) . | HC (n = 13) . | P-value . | Effect size, [CI 95%], P value . |
| Eyes closing | 5.82 ± 10.79 | 2.53 ± 2.81 | 0.69 ± 1.31 | .0359* | A: ES = 0.36, [0.39; 0.69], p = .029* B: ES = 0.66, [0.06; 1.27], p = .032* C: ES = 0.10, [−0.42; 0.23], p = .556 D: ES = 0, [0.33; 0.33], p = .996 |
| Frowning eyebrows | 0.82 ± 0.87 | 0.62 ± 1.03 | 0 | .0190* | A: ES = 0.37, [0; 0.70], p = .026* B: ES = 0.73, [0.13; 1.33], p = .019* C: ES = 0.13, [−0.46; 1.19], p = .418 D: ES = 0.21, [0.04; 0.96], p = .229 |
| Raising eyebrows | 5.27 ± 4.63 | 5.24 ± 8.47 | 0.30 ± 0.48 | .0007** | A: ES = 0.61, [0.28; 0.93], p = .000* B: ES = 0.82, [0.21; 1.42], p = .001* C: ES = 0.10, [−0.42; 0.23], p = .559 D: ES = 0.01, [−0.33; 0.32], p = .09 |
| Smiling | 2.89 ± 5.09 | 0.62 ± 1.634 | 0.08 ± 0.28 | .0291* | A: ES = 0.19, [−0.52; 0.52], p = .24 B: ES = 0.82, [0.21; 1.42], p = .009* C: ES = −0.55, [−0.68; −0.03], p = .035* D: ES = 0.19, [0.04; 1.0], p = .38 |
| Mouth movements | 3.09 ± 5.26 | 1.13 ± 2.34 | 0.08 ± 0.27 | .0534 | A: ES = 0.24, [−0.08; 0.57], p = .083 B: ES = 1.11, [0.50; 1.71], p = .019* C: ES = 0.43, [−0.82; 0.17], p = .20 D: ES = 0.31, [−0.59; −0.03], p = .496 |
| Strained face | 8.36 ± 20.30 | 0.87 ± 1.80 | 0.07 ± 0.28 | .0051* | A: ES = 0.24, [−0.08; 0.57], p = .144 B: ES = 1.11, [0.50; 1.71], p = .001* C: ES = 0.49, [−0.82; −0.17], p = .004** D: ES = 0.36, [−0.59; −0.03], p = .031* |
| Total | 26.27 ± 37.01 | 11.053 ± 12.63 | 1.23 ± 1.64 | .0001** | A: ES = 1.23, [0.70; 1.75], p < .0001** B: ES = 1.37, [0.76; 1.97], p < .0001** C: ES = 0.19, [−0.51; 0.14], p = .248 D: ES = 0.09, [0.042; 0.23], p = .56 |
| . | Univariate analysis . | Multivariate analysis A = PD vs. HC B = MSA vs. HC C = PD vs. MSA D = PD vs. MSA, adjusted for RBD . | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Type of facial movements . | MSA (n = 11) . | PD (n = 38) . | HC (n = 13) . | P-value . | Effect size, [CI 95%], P value . |
| Eyes closing | 5.82 ± 10.79 | 2.53 ± 2.81 | 0.69 ± 1.31 | .0359* | A: ES = 0.36, [0.39; 0.69], p = .029* B: ES = 0.66, [0.06; 1.27], p = .032* C: ES = 0.10, [−0.42; 0.23], p = .556 D: ES = 0, [0.33; 0.33], p = .996 |
| Frowning eyebrows | 0.82 ± 0.87 | 0.62 ± 1.03 | 0 | .0190* | A: ES = 0.37, [0; 0.70], p = .026* B: ES = 0.73, [0.13; 1.33], p = .019* C: ES = 0.13, [−0.46; 1.19], p = .418 D: ES = 0.21, [0.04; 0.96], p = .229 |
| Raising eyebrows | 5.27 ± 4.63 | 5.24 ± 8.47 | 0.30 ± 0.48 | .0007** | A: ES = 0.61, [0.28; 0.93], p = .000* B: ES = 0.82, [0.21; 1.42], p = .001* C: ES = 0.10, [−0.42; 0.23], p = .559 D: ES = 0.01, [−0.33; 0.32], p = .09 |
| Smiling | 2.89 ± 5.09 | 0.62 ± 1.634 | 0.08 ± 0.28 | .0291* | A: ES = 0.19, [−0.52; 0.52], p = .24 B: ES = 0.82, [0.21; 1.42], p = .009* C: ES = −0.55, [−0.68; −0.03], p = .035* D: ES = 0.19, [0.04; 1.0], p = .38 |
| Mouth movements | 3.09 ± 5.26 | 1.13 ± 2.34 | 0.08 ± 0.27 | .0534 | A: ES = 0.24, [−0.08; 0.57], p = .083 B: ES = 1.11, [0.50; 1.71], p = .019* C: ES = 0.43, [−0.82; 0.17], p = .20 D: ES = 0.31, [−0.59; −0.03], p = .496 |
| Strained face | 8.36 ± 20.30 | 0.87 ± 1.80 | 0.07 ± 0.28 | .0051* | A: ES = 0.24, [−0.08; 0.57], p = .144 B: ES = 1.11, [0.50; 1.71], p = .001* C: ES = 0.49, [−0.82; −0.17], p = .004** D: ES = 0.36, [−0.59; −0.03], p = .031* |
| Total | 26.27 ± 37.01 | 11.053 ± 12.63 | 1.23 ± 1.64 | .0001** | A: ES = 1.23, [0.70; 1.75], p < .0001** B: ES = 1.37, [0.76; 1.97], p < .0001** C: ES = 0.19, [−0.51; 0.14], p = .248 D: ES = 0.09, [0.042; 0.23], p = .56 |
Results of the univariate analysis and multivariate analysis. Results of univariate analysis are expressed as mean ± standard deviation. Results of the multivariate analysis are expressed in terms of effect size, 95% confidence interval (CI), and p value. Comparisons between the three groups were adjusted for age and duration of NREM sleep. A and B represent comparison between PD and MSA vs. Healthy Controls, C represents comparison between PD group vs. MSA group, and D represents the same comparison adjusted for the presence of RBD.*α<0.05; **α<0.005
| . | Univariate analysis . | Multivariate analysis A = PD vs. HC B = MSA vs. HC C = PD vs. MSA D = PD vs. MSA, adjusted for RBD . | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Type of facial movements . | MSA (n = 11) . | PD (n = 38) . | HC (n = 13) . | P-value . | Effect size, [CI 95%], P value . |
| Eyes closing | 5.82 ± 10.79 | 2.53 ± 2.81 | 0.69 ± 1.31 | .0359* | A: ES = 0.36, [0.39; 0.69], p = .029* B: ES = 0.66, [0.06; 1.27], p = .032* C: ES = 0.10, [−0.42; 0.23], p = .556 D: ES = 0, [0.33; 0.33], p = .996 |
| Frowning eyebrows | 0.82 ± 0.87 | 0.62 ± 1.03 | 0 | .0190* | A: ES = 0.37, [0; 0.70], p = .026* B: ES = 0.73, [0.13; 1.33], p = .019* C: ES = 0.13, [−0.46; 1.19], p = .418 D: ES = 0.21, [0.04; 0.96], p = .229 |
| Raising eyebrows | 5.27 ± 4.63 | 5.24 ± 8.47 | 0.30 ± 0.48 | .0007** | A: ES = 0.61, [0.28; 0.93], p = .000* B: ES = 0.82, [0.21; 1.42], p = .001* C: ES = 0.10, [−0.42; 0.23], p = .559 D: ES = 0.01, [−0.33; 0.32], p = .09 |
| Smiling | 2.89 ± 5.09 | 0.62 ± 1.634 | 0.08 ± 0.28 | .0291* | A: ES = 0.19, [−0.52; 0.52], p = .24 B: ES = 0.82, [0.21; 1.42], p = .009* C: ES = −0.55, [−0.68; −0.03], p = .035* D: ES = 0.19, [0.04; 1.0], p = .38 |
| Mouth movements | 3.09 ± 5.26 | 1.13 ± 2.34 | 0.08 ± 0.27 | .0534 | A: ES = 0.24, [−0.08; 0.57], p = .083 B: ES = 1.11, [0.50; 1.71], p = .019* C: ES = 0.43, [−0.82; 0.17], p = .20 D: ES = 0.31, [−0.59; −0.03], p = .496 |
| Strained face | 8.36 ± 20.30 | 0.87 ± 1.80 | 0.07 ± 0.28 | .0051* | A: ES = 0.24, [−0.08; 0.57], p = .144 B: ES = 1.11, [0.50; 1.71], p = .001* C: ES = 0.49, [−0.82; −0.17], p = .004** D: ES = 0.36, [−0.59; −0.03], p = .031* |
| Total | 26.27 ± 37.01 | 11.053 ± 12.63 | 1.23 ± 1.64 | .0001** | A: ES = 1.23, [0.70; 1.75], p < .0001** B: ES = 1.37, [0.76; 1.97], p < .0001** C: ES = 0.19, [−0.51; 0.14], p = .248 D: ES = 0.09, [0.042; 0.23], p = .56 |
| . | Univariate analysis . | Multivariate analysis A = PD vs. HC B = MSA vs. HC C = PD vs. MSA D = PD vs. MSA, adjusted for RBD . | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Type of facial movements . | MSA (n = 11) . | PD (n = 38) . | HC (n = 13) . | P-value . | Effect size, [CI 95%], P value . |
| Eyes closing | 5.82 ± 10.79 | 2.53 ± 2.81 | 0.69 ± 1.31 | .0359* | A: ES = 0.36, [0.39; 0.69], p = .029* B: ES = 0.66, [0.06; 1.27], p = .032* C: ES = 0.10, [−0.42; 0.23], p = .556 D: ES = 0, [0.33; 0.33], p = .996 |
| Frowning eyebrows | 0.82 ± 0.87 | 0.62 ± 1.03 | 0 | .0190* | A: ES = 0.37, [0; 0.70], p = .026* B: ES = 0.73, [0.13; 1.33], p = .019* C: ES = 0.13, [−0.46; 1.19], p = .418 D: ES = 0.21, [0.04; 0.96], p = .229 |
| Raising eyebrows | 5.27 ± 4.63 | 5.24 ± 8.47 | 0.30 ± 0.48 | .0007** | A: ES = 0.61, [0.28; 0.93], p = .000* B: ES = 0.82, [0.21; 1.42], p = .001* C: ES = 0.10, [−0.42; 0.23], p = .559 D: ES = 0.01, [−0.33; 0.32], p = .09 |
| Smiling | 2.89 ± 5.09 | 0.62 ± 1.634 | 0.08 ± 0.28 | .0291* | A: ES = 0.19, [−0.52; 0.52], p = .24 B: ES = 0.82, [0.21; 1.42], p = .009* C: ES = −0.55, [−0.68; −0.03], p = .035* D: ES = 0.19, [0.04; 1.0], p = .38 |
| Mouth movements | 3.09 ± 5.26 | 1.13 ± 2.34 | 0.08 ± 0.27 | .0534 | A: ES = 0.24, [−0.08; 0.57], p = .083 B: ES = 1.11, [0.50; 1.71], p = .019* C: ES = 0.43, [−0.82; 0.17], p = .20 D: ES = 0.31, [−0.59; −0.03], p = .496 |
| Strained face | 8.36 ± 20.30 | 0.87 ± 1.80 | 0.07 ± 0.28 | .0051* | A: ES = 0.24, [−0.08; 0.57], p = .144 B: ES = 1.11, [0.50; 1.71], p = .001* C: ES = 0.49, [−0.82; −0.17], p = .004** D: ES = 0.36, [−0.59; −0.03], p = .031* |
| Total | 26.27 ± 37.01 | 11.053 ± 12.63 | 1.23 ± 1.64 | .0001** | A: ES = 1.23, [0.70; 1.75], p < .0001** B: ES = 1.37, [0.76; 1.97], p < .0001** C: ES = 0.19, [−0.51; 0.14], p = .248 D: ES = 0.09, [0.042; 0.23], p = .56 |
Results of the univariate analysis and multivariate analysis. Results of univariate analysis are expressed as mean ± standard deviation. Results of the multivariate analysis are expressed in terms of effect size, 95% confidence interval (CI), and p value. Comparisons between the three groups were adjusted for age and duration of NREM sleep. A and B represent comparison between PD and MSA vs. Healthy Controls, C represents comparison between PD group vs. MSA group, and D represents the same comparison adjusted for the presence of RBD.*α<0.05; **α<0.005
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