Table 7.1
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Overview of studies investigating the system impact of electricity storage and other flexibility options on a low-carbon power system in Great Britain. System value in some studies reported explicitly for electricity storage. Other studies report system value for deployment of flexibility options in general. VRE—Variable renewable energy.
Study, Year (Institution)Time horizonVRE share*Storage capacity**System valueFlexibility optionsStorage options

BEIS, 2017 (Government)9

2015–2035

25–55%

 

32–62%

0.007–0.023% 5–18%

-

Storage, Interconnection

-

BNEF, 2018 (Industry)10

2030, 2040

43–75% 56–85%

0.011–0.027% 12–57%

2% TSC reduction or 0.7 GBP/MWhel (67% VRE, 16.5 GW vs 11.7 GW electricity storage)

OCGT, Storage Interconnection, Hydropower, DSR, Other

Pumped storage, Small-scale batteries, Utility-scale batteries

Carbon Trust, 2016 (Government)11

2020, 2030, 2050

25–34% 37–48%

0.005–0.020% 4–23%

1.4–2.4 GBPbn p.a. (net) (100gCO2/kWhel target, deployment of flexibility options)

OCGT, Storage Interconnection, DSR

Pumped storage, Bulk storage, Distributed storage

CCC, 2015 (Government)12

2030

0–83% 0–75%

0.004–0.024% 3–20%

3–3.8 GBPbn p.a. (gross) (100gCO2/kWhel target, deployment of flexibility options)

OCGT, Storage Interconnection, Hydropower

Pumped storage, Other dedicated storage

Edmunds, 2014 (Academic)13

2020–2030

16–39% 24–54%

0.009–0.027% 4–6%

-

Storage, Interconnection, Hydropower

Pumped storage

Heuberger, 2017 (Academic)2

2035

-

 

49–60%

-

 

0–10%

15% TSC reduction or 515 GBP/kWcap (70 GBP/tCO2, 9.5 GW vs 0 GW electricity storage)

OCGT, Storage Interconnection

Compressed air

Heuberger, 2018 (Academic)14

2015–2050

14–76% 27–86%

0.007–0.023% 5–18%

-

OCGT, Storage Interconnection

Pumped storage, Battery

National Grid, 2018 (Industry)15

2020–2050

26–63%

 

35–74%

0.007–0.019% 10–38%

-

Storage Interconnection, Hydropower, DSR

Pumped storage, Decentral battery, Grid-scale battery, Fuel cells, Liquid air, Vehicle to grid, Compressed air

Pfenninger, 2015 (Academic)16

-

−85%

− 5− 25%

50–130 GBP/MWhel (90% VRE, scenarios with vs without storage)

OCGT, Storage Interconnection, Hydropower, Tidal

Pumped storage, Grid-scale batteries

Price, 2018 (Academic)17

2050

52–87%

 

68–85%

0.006–0.024% 6–24%

-

OCGT, Storage Interconnection,

Pumped hydro, Sodium sulphur

Zeyringer, 2018 (Academic)18

2050

49, 76% 73, 91%

0.009, 0.015% 8,14%

-

OCGT, Storage Interconnection

Pumped hydro, Sodium sulphur

Study, Year (Institution)Time horizonVRE share*Storage capacity**System valueFlexibility optionsStorage options

BEIS, 2017 (Government)9

2015–2035

25–55%

 

32–62%

0.007–0.023% 5–18%

-

Storage, Interconnection

-

BNEF, 2018 (Industry)10

2030, 2040

43–75% 56–85%

0.011–0.027% 12–57%

2% TSC reduction or 0.7 GBP/MWhel (67% VRE, 16.5 GW vs 11.7 GW electricity storage)

OCGT, Storage Interconnection, Hydropower, DSR, Other

Pumped storage, Small-scale batteries, Utility-scale batteries

Carbon Trust, 2016 (Government)11

2020, 2030, 2050

25–34% 37–48%

0.005–0.020% 4–23%

1.4–2.4 GBPbn p.a. (net) (100gCO2/kWhel target, deployment of flexibility options)

OCGT, Storage Interconnection, DSR

Pumped storage, Bulk storage, Distributed storage

CCC, 2015 (Government)12

2030

0–83% 0–75%

0.004–0.024% 3–20%

3–3.8 GBPbn p.a. (gross) (100gCO2/kWhel target, deployment of flexibility options)

OCGT, Storage Interconnection, Hydropower

Pumped storage, Other dedicated storage

Edmunds, 2014 (Academic)13

2020–2030

16–39% 24–54%

0.009–0.027% 4–6%

-

Storage, Interconnection, Hydropower

Pumped storage

Heuberger, 2017 (Academic)2

2035

-

 

49–60%

-

 

0–10%

15% TSC reduction or 515 GBP/kWcap (70 GBP/tCO2, 9.5 GW vs 0 GW electricity storage)

OCGT, Storage Interconnection

Compressed air

Heuberger, 2018 (Academic)14

2015–2050

14–76% 27–86%

0.007–0.023% 5–18%

-

OCGT, Storage Interconnection

Pumped storage, Battery

National Grid, 2018 (Industry)15

2020–2050

26–63%

 

35–74%

0.007–0.019% 10–38%

-

Storage Interconnection, Hydropower, DSR

Pumped storage, Decentral battery, Grid-scale battery, Fuel cells, Liquid air, Vehicle to grid, Compressed air

Pfenninger, 2015 (Academic)16

-

−85%

− 5− 25%

50–130 GBP/MWhel (90% VRE, scenarios with vs without storage)

OCGT, Storage Interconnection, Hydropower, Tidal

Pumped storage, Grid-scale batteries

Price, 2018 (Academic)17

2050

52–87%

 

68–85%

0.006–0.024% 6–24%

-

OCGT, Storage Interconnection,

Pumped hydro, Sodium sulphur

Zeyringer, 2018 (Academic)18

2050

49, 76% 73, 91%

0.009, 0.015% 8,14%

-

OCGT, Storage Interconnection

Pumped hydro, Sodium sulphur

*

Upper value: Energy generation, Lower value: Power capacity

**

Upper value: Energy capacity relative to annual electricity demand, Lower value: Power capacity relative to peak demand

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