Key parameter constraints from SARAS3, HERA, and the joint analysis. Here, the SARAS3 and HERA limits are taken from the respective papers. All the reported limits correspond to regions that are excluded with 68 per cent confidence. In the top two rows, we show the type of signal targeted by each set of analysis and the corresponding redshifts. The joint analysis produces improved constraints on the radio and X-ray backgrounds while retaining the constraining power of SARAS3 on the star formation properties of early galaxies. L_r is measured in W Hz⁻¹ M|$_\odot ^{-1}$| yr at a reference frequency of 150 MHz, L_X in erg s⁻¹ M|$_\odot ^{-1}$| yr, and is calculated by integrating X-ray spectral distribution of sources between 0.2 and 95 keV assuming an X-ray SED consistent with that for X-ray binaries (Fragos et al. 2013). The halo mass, M, is measured in solar masses. These constraints are derived from Kernel Density estimates (KDE) of the marginal 1D and 2D posterior distributions.