Table 1 Open in new tab Baseline...

n (sample size) N (weighted population estimate)	Frail n = 1442 N = 7210	Robust n = 9274 N = 46,370	P-value
Patient characteristics, n (%)
Female sex	1008 (69.9%)	6851 (73.9%)	0.002
Age, years (mean [SD])	71.26 (11.89)	62.43 (14.41)	<0.001
<40 years	16 (1.1%)	736 (7.9%)
40–65 years	388 (26.0%)	4150 (44.7%)
>65 years	1038 (72.0%)	4388 (47.3%)
Race
White	1178 (81.7%)	7529 (81.2%)	0.003
Black	126 (8.7%)	638 (6.9%)
Hispanic	93 (6.4%)	816 (8.8%)
Others	45 (3.1%)	291 (3.1%)
BMI (kg/m²)
<30	116 (8.0%)	749 (8.1%)	0.98
30–34.9	84 (5.8%)	547 (5.9%)
35–39.9	87 (6.0%)	560 (6.0%)
≥40	16 (1.1%)	86 (0.9%)
Insurance
Medicare	1114 (77.3%)	4799 (51.7%)	<0.001
Medicaid	85 (5.9%)	757 (8.2%)
Private insurance	215 (14.9%)	3347 (36.1%)
Self-pay	10 (0.7%)	145 (1.6%)
Others	18 (1.2%)	226 (2.4%)
Residential income
First quartile (lowest)	395 (27.9%)	2056 (22.6%)	<0.001
Second quartile	373 (26.3%)	2398 (26.3%)
Third quartile	375 (26.4%)	2447 (26.8%)
Fourth quartile (highest)	275 (19.4%)	2215 (24.3%)
Elixhauser comorbidity score (mean[SD])	2.62 (1.95)	2.32 (1.76)	<0.001
Score 0–1	473 (32.8%)	3384 (36.5%)
Score 2	294 (20.4%)	2175 (23.5%)
Score ≥ 3	674 (46.8%)	3708 (40.0%)
Disease characteristics, n (%)
Type of admission
Elective	950 (6.1%)	7190 (77.9%)	<0.001
Emergency	488 (33.9%)	2043 (22.1%)
Surgical approach
Minimally invasive	1121 (77.7%)	7713 (83.2%)	<0.001
Open	321 (22.3%)	1561 (16.8%)
Mesh use
Yes	18 (1.2%)	128 (1.4%)	0.69
No	1424 (98.8%)	9146 (98.6%)
Concurrent fundoplication
Yes	757 (52.5%)	5324 (57.4%)	<0.001
No	685 (47.5%)	3950 (42.6%)
Concurrent gastropexy
Yes	160 (11.1%)	734 (7.9%)	<0.001
No	1282 (88.9%)	8540 (92.1%)
Concurrent gastrectomy
Yes	74 (5.1%)	548 (5.9%)	0.24
No	1368 (94.9%)	8726 (94.1%)
Hospital characteristics, n (%)
Hospital location
Urban	1368 (96.0%)	8893 (95.9%)	0.88
Rural	58 (4.0%)	381 (4.1%)
Teaching status
Non-teaching	282 (19.6%)	1899 (20.5%)	0.42
Teaching	1160 (80.4%)	7375 (79.5%)
Hospital region
Northeast	305 (21.2%)	1920 (20.7%)	0.11
Midwest	330 (22.9%)	2026 (21.8%)
South	568 (39.6%)	3539 (38.2%)
West	239 (16.6%)	1789 (19.3%)
Hospital bed size
Small	196 (13.6%)	1438 (15.5%)	0.16
Medium	394 (27.3%)	2438 (26.3%)
Large	852 (59.1%)	5398 (58.2%)

n (sample size) N (weighted population estimate)

Frail n = 1442 N = 7210

Robust n = 9274 N = 46,370

P-value

Patient characteristics, n (%)

Female sex

1008 (69.9%)

6851 (73.9%)

0.002

Age, years (mean [SD])

71.26 (11.89)

62.43 (14.41)

<0.001

<40 years

16 (1.1%)

736 (7.9%)

40–65 years

388 (26.0%)

4150 (44.7%)

>65 years

1038 (72.0%)

4388 (47.3%)

Race

White

1178 (81.7%)

7529 (81.2%)

0.003

Black

126 (8.7%)

638 (6.9%)

Hispanic

93 (6.4%)

816 (8.8%)

Others

45 (3.1%)

291 (3.1%)

BMI (kg/m²)

<30

116 (8.0%)

749 (8.1%)

0.98

30–34.9

84 (5.8%)

547 (5.9%)

35–39.9

87 (6.0%)

560 (6.0%)

≥40

16 (1.1%)

86 (0.9%)

Insurance

Medicare

1114 (77.3%)

4799 (51.7%)

<0.001

Medicaid

85 (5.9%)

757 (8.2%)

Private insurance

215 (14.9%)

3347 (36.1%)

Self-pay

10 (0.7%)

145 (1.6%)

Others

18 (1.2%)

226 (2.4%)

Residential income

First quartile (lowest)

395 (27.9%)

2056 (22.6%)

<0.001

Second quartile

373 (26.3%)

2398 (26.3%)

Third quartile

375 (26.4%)

2447 (26.8%)

Fourth quartile (highest)

275 (19.4%)

2215 (24.3%)

Elixhauser comorbidity score (mean[SD])

2.62 (1.95)

2.32 (1.76)

<0.001

Score 0–1

473 (32.8%)

3384 (36.5%)

Score 2

294 (20.4%)

2175 (23.5%)

Score ≥ 3

674 (46.8%)

3708 (40.0%)

Disease characteristics, n (%)

Type of admission

Elective

950 (6.1%)

7190 (77.9%)

<0.001

Emergency

488 (33.9%)

2043 (22.1%)

Surgical approach

Minimally invasive

1121 (77.7%)

7713 (83.2%)

<0.001

Open

321 (22.3%)

1561 (16.8%)

Mesh use

Yes

18 (1.2%)

128 (1.4%)

0.69

1424 (98.8%)

9146 (98.6%)

Concurrent fundoplication

Yes

757 (52.5%)

5324 (57.4%)

<0.001

685 (47.5%)

3950 (42.6%)

Concurrent gastropexy

Yes

160 (11.1%)

734 (7.9%)

<0.001

1282 (88.9%)

8540 (92.1%)

Concurrent gastrectomy

Yes

74 (5.1%)

548 (5.9%)

0.24

1368 (94.9%)

8726 (94.1%)

Hospital characteristics, n (%)

Hospital location

Urban

1368 (96.0%)

8893 (95.9%)

0.88

Rural

58 (4.0%)

381 (4.1%)

Teaching status

Non-teaching

282 (19.6%)

1899 (20.5%)

0.42

Teaching

1160 (80.4%)

7375 (79.5%)

Hospital region

Northeast

305 (21.2%)

1920 (20.7%)

0.11

Midwest

330 (22.9%)

2026 (21.8%)

South

568 (39.6%)

3539 (38.2%)

West

239 (16.6%)

1789 (19.3%)

Hospital bed size

Small

196 (13.6%)

1438 (15.5%)

0.16

Medium

394 (27.3%)

2438 (26.3%)

Large

852 (59.1%)

5398 (58.2%)

n (sample size) N (weighted population estimate)	Frail n = 1442 N = 7210	Robust n = 9274 N = 46,370	P-value
Patient characteristics, n (%)
Female sex	1008 (69.9%)	6851 (73.9%)	0.002
Age, years (mean [SD])	71.26 (11.89)	62.43 (14.41)	<0.001
<40 years	16 (1.1%)	736 (7.9%)
40–65 years	388 (26.0%)	4150 (44.7%)
>65 years	1038 (72.0%)	4388 (47.3%)
Race
White	1178 (81.7%)	7529 (81.2%)	0.003
Black	126 (8.7%)	638 (6.9%)
Hispanic	93 (6.4%)	816 (8.8%)
Others	45 (3.1%)	291 (3.1%)
BMI (kg/m²)
<30	116 (8.0%)	749 (8.1%)	0.98
30–34.9	84 (5.8%)	547 (5.9%)
35–39.9	87 (6.0%)	560 (6.0%)
≥40	16 (1.1%)	86 (0.9%)
Insurance
Medicare	1114 (77.3%)	4799 (51.7%)	<0.001
Medicaid	85 (5.9%)	757 (8.2%)
Private insurance	215 (14.9%)	3347 (36.1%)
Self-pay	10 (0.7%)	145 (1.6%)
Others	18 (1.2%)	226 (2.4%)
Residential income
First quartile (lowest)	395 (27.9%)	2056 (22.6%)	<0.001
Second quartile	373 (26.3%)	2398 (26.3%)
Third quartile	375 (26.4%)	2447 (26.8%)
Fourth quartile (highest)	275 (19.4%)	2215 (24.3%)
Elixhauser comorbidity score (mean[SD])	2.62 (1.95)	2.32 (1.76)	<0.001
Score 0–1	473 (32.8%)	3384 (36.5%)
Score 2	294 (20.4%)	2175 (23.5%)
Score ≥ 3	674 (46.8%)	3708 (40.0%)
Disease characteristics, n (%)
Type of admission
Elective	950 (6.1%)	7190 (77.9%)	<0.001
Emergency	488 (33.9%)	2043 (22.1%)
Surgical approach
Minimally invasive	1121 (77.7%)	7713 (83.2%)	<0.001
Open	321 (22.3%)	1561 (16.8%)
Mesh use
Yes	18 (1.2%)	128 (1.4%)	0.69
No	1424 (98.8%)	9146 (98.6%)
Concurrent fundoplication
Yes	757 (52.5%)	5324 (57.4%)	<0.001
No	685 (47.5%)	3950 (42.6%)
Concurrent gastropexy
Yes	160 (11.1%)	734 (7.9%)	<0.001
No	1282 (88.9%)	8540 (92.1%)
Concurrent gastrectomy
Yes	74 (5.1%)	548 (5.9%)	0.24
No	1368 (94.9%)	8726 (94.1%)
Hospital characteristics, n (%)
Hospital location
Urban	1368 (96.0%)	8893 (95.9%)	0.88
Rural	58 (4.0%)	381 (4.1%)
Teaching status
Non-teaching	282 (19.6%)	1899 (20.5%)	0.42
Teaching	1160 (80.4%)	7375 (79.5%)
Hospital region
Northeast	305 (21.2%)	1920 (20.7%)	0.11
Midwest	330 (22.9%)	2026 (21.8%)
South	568 (39.6%)	3539 (38.2%)
West	239 (16.6%)	1789 (19.3%)
Hospital bed size
Small	196 (13.6%)	1438 (15.5%)	0.16
Medium	394 (27.3%)	2438 (26.3%)
Large	852 (59.1%)	5398 (58.2%)

Table 1

Open in new tab

Baseline characteristics of patients undergoing hiatal hernia repair

n (sample size) N (weighted population estimate)	Frail n = 1442 N = 7210	Robust n = 9274 N = 46,370	P-value
Patient characteristics, n (%)
Female sex	1008 (69.9%)	6851 (73.9%)	0.002
Age, years (mean [SD])	71.26 (11.89)	62.43 (14.41)	<0.001
<40 years	16 (1.1%)	736 (7.9%)
40–65 years	388 (26.0%)	4150 (44.7%)
>65 years	1038 (72.0%)	4388 (47.3%)
Race
White	1178 (81.7%)	7529 (81.2%)	0.003
Black	126 (8.7%)	638 (6.9%)
Hispanic	93 (6.4%)	816 (8.8%)
Others	45 (3.1%)	291 (3.1%)
BMI (kg/m²)
<30	116 (8.0%)	749 (8.1%)	0.98
30–34.9	84 (5.8%)	547 (5.9%)
35–39.9	87 (6.0%)	560 (6.0%)
≥40	16 (1.1%)	86 (0.9%)
Insurance
Medicare	1114 (77.3%)	4799 (51.7%)	<0.001
Medicaid	85 (5.9%)	757 (8.2%)
Private insurance	215 (14.9%)	3347 (36.1%)
Self-pay	10 (0.7%)	145 (1.6%)
Others	18 (1.2%)	226 (2.4%)
Residential income
First quartile (lowest)	395 (27.9%)	2056 (22.6%)	<0.001
Second quartile	373 (26.3%)	2398 (26.3%)
Third quartile	375 (26.4%)	2447 (26.8%)
Fourth quartile (highest)	275 (19.4%)	2215 (24.3%)
Elixhauser comorbidity score (mean[SD])	2.62 (1.95)	2.32 (1.76)	<0.001
Score 0–1	473 (32.8%)	3384 (36.5%)
Score 2	294 (20.4%)	2175 (23.5%)
Score ≥ 3	674 (46.8%)	3708 (40.0%)
Disease characteristics, n (%)
Type of admission
Elective	950 (6.1%)	7190 (77.9%)	<0.001
Emergency	488 (33.9%)	2043 (22.1%)
Surgical approach
Minimally invasive	1121 (77.7%)	7713 (83.2%)	<0.001
Open	321 (22.3%)	1561 (16.8%)
Mesh use
Yes	18 (1.2%)	128 (1.4%)	0.69
No	1424 (98.8%)	9146 (98.6%)
Concurrent fundoplication
Yes	757 (52.5%)	5324 (57.4%)	<0.001
No	685 (47.5%)	3950 (42.6%)
Concurrent gastropexy
Yes	160 (11.1%)	734 (7.9%)	<0.001
No	1282 (88.9%)	8540 (92.1%)
Concurrent gastrectomy
Yes	74 (5.1%)	548 (5.9%)	0.24
No	1368 (94.9%)	8726 (94.1%)
Hospital characteristics, n (%)
Hospital location
Urban	1368 (96.0%)	8893 (95.9%)	0.88
Rural	58 (4.0%)	381 (4.1%)
Teaching status
Non-teaching	282 (19.6%)	1899 (20.5%)	0.42
Teaching	1160 (80.4%)	7375 (79.5%)
Hospital region
Northeast	305 (21.2%)	1920 (20.7%)	0.11
Midwest	330 (22.9%)	2026 (21.8%)
South	568 (39.6%)	3539 (38.2%)
West	239 (16.6%)	1789 (19.3%)
Hospital bed size
Small	196 (13.6%)	1438 (15.5%)	0.16
Medium	394 (27.3%)	2438 (26.3%)
Large	852 (59.1%)	5398 (58.2%)

n (sample size) N (weighted population estimate)	Frail n = 1442 N = 7210	Robust n = 9274 N = 46,370	P-value
Patient characteristics, n (%)
Female sex	1008 (69.9%)	6851 (73.9%)	0.002
Age, years (mean [SD])	71.26 (11.89)	62.43 (14.41)	<0.001
<40 years	16 (1.1%)	736 (7.9%)
40–65 years	388 (26.0%)	4150 (44.7%)
>65 years	1038 (72.0%)	4388 (47.3%)
Race
White	1178 (81.7%)	7529 (81.2%)	0.003
Black	126 (8.7%)	638 (6.9%)
Hispanic	93 (6.4%)	816 (8.8%)
Others	45 (3.1%)	291 (3.1%)
BMI (kg/m²)
<30	116 (8.0%)	749 (8.1%)	0.98
30–34.9	84 (5.8%)	547 (5.9%)
35–39.9	87 (6.0%)	560 (6.0%)
≥40	16 (1.1%)	86 (0.9%)
Insurance
Medicare	1114 (77.3%)	4799 (51.7%)	<0.001
Medicaid	85 (5.9%)	757 (8.2%)
Private insurance	215 (14.9%)	3347 (36.1%)
Self-pay	10 (0.7%)	145 (1.6%)
Others	18 (1.2%)	226 (2.4%)
Residential income
First quartile (lowest)	395 (27.9%)	2056 (22.6%)	<0.001
Second quartile	373 (26.3%)	2398 (26.3%)
Third quartile	375 (26.4%)	2447 (26.8%)
Fourth quartile (highest)	275 (19.4%)	2215 (24.3%)
Elixhauser comorbidity score (mean[SD])	2.62 (1.95)	2.32 (1.76)	<0.001
Score 0–1	473 (32.8%)	3384 (36.5%)
Score 2	294 (20.4%)	2175 (23.5%)
Score ≥ 3	674 (46.8%)	3708 (40.0%)
Disease characteristics, n (%)
Type of admission
Elective	950 (6.1%)	7190 (77.9%)	<0.001
Emergency	488 (33.9%)	2043 (22.1%)
Surgical approach
Minimally invasive	1121 (77.7%)	7713 (83.2%)	<0.001
Open	321 (22.3%)	1561 (16.8%)
Mesh use
Yes	18 (1.2%)	128 (1.4%)	0.69
No	1424 (98.8%)	9146 (98.6%)
Concurrent fundoplication
Yes	757 (52.5%)	5324 (57.4%)	<0.001
No	685 (47.5%)	3950 (42.6%)
Concurrent gastropexy
Yes	160 (11.1%)	734 (7.9%)	<0.001
No	1282 (88.9%)	8540 (92.1%)
Concurrent gastrectomy
Yes	74 (5.1%)	548 (5.9%)	0.24
No	1368 (94.9%)	8726 (94.1%)
Hospital characteristics, n (%)
Hospital location
Urban	1368 (96.0%)	8893 (95.9%)	0.88
Rural	58 (4.0%)	381 (4.1%)
Teaching status
Non-teaching	282 (19.6%)	1899 (20.5%)	0.42
Teaching	1160 (80.4%)	7375 (79.5%)
Hospital region
Northeast	305 (21.2%)	1920 (20.7%)	0.11
Midwest	330 (22.9%)	2026 (21.8%)
South	568 (39.6%)	3539 (38.2%)
West	239 (16.6%)	1789 (19.3%)
Hospital bed size
Small	196 (13.6%)	1438 (15.5%)	0.16
Medium	394 (27.3%)	2438 (26.3%)
Large	852 (59.1%)	5398 (58.2%)

All n are analytic samples; all % and means (SD) are survey-weighted to reflect national estimates

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