Results of social stigma related to onchocerciasis, schistosomiasis, leishmaniasis, Chagas disease, human African trypanosomiasis, soil-transmitted helminthiasis and trachoma
| Study (first author, year) . | Type of stigma (enacted; anticipated; internalized) . | Consequences (social; health; psychological) . | Reasons . | Measures . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Onchocerciasis | ||||
| Brieger, 199861 | Enacted, anticipated and internalized | Social and psychological | Appearance Fear of contagion Inability to fulfil certain gender role | No measures mentioned |
| PASGOSD, 199562,a | Enacted, anticipated and internalized | Social, health and psychological | Appearance Fear of contagion Inability to fulfil certain societal role | Disease management |
| Tchounkneu, 201263,a | Enacted and internalized | Social and psychological | Believed hereditary aspect Appearance Fear of contagion | Health education Disease management |
| Vlassoff, 200064,a | Enacted, anticipated and internalized | Social | Believed hereditary aspect Appearance Fear of contagion Inability to fulfil certain gender role Burden on family | Health education Disease management |
| Wagbatsoma, 200460,a | Enacted, anticipated and internalized | Social and psychological | Appearance Fear of contagion | Health education Disease management |
| Schistosomiasis | ||||
| Musuva, 201465,a | Enacted, anticipated and internalized | Social, health and psychological | Fear of contagion Promiscuity | Health education |
| Mwanga, 200467,a | Enacted, anticipated and internalized | Social, health and psychological | Fear of contagion Promiscuity | Health education Disease management |
| Odhiambo, 201466,a | Enacted, anticipated and internalized | Social, health and psychological | Fear of contagion Burden on family Promiscuity Curse/witchcraft | Health education Disease management |
| Takougang, 200468,a | Enacted and internalized | Social and health | Fear of contagion | Health education Disease management |
| Leishmaniasis | ||||
| Reithinger, 200569,a | Enacted and internalized | Social | Appearance Fear of contagion Inability to fulfil certain gender role | Health education Disease management |
| Yanik, 200470,a | Enacted and internalized | Social and psychological | Appearance Fear of contagion | No measures mentioned |
| Chagas disease | ||||
| Guariento, 199971,a | Enacted stigma | Social | Performance impediment | No measures mentioned |
| Human African trypanosomiasis | ||||
| Robays, 200772,a | Enacted and internalized | Social and health | Performance impediment | Disease management |
| Soil-transmitted helminthiasis | ||||
| Schuster, 201173,a | Enacted, anticipated and internalized | Social and psychological | Appearance Fear of contagion | Disease management |
| Trachoma | ||||
| Palmer, 201474,a | Enacted, anticipated and internalized | Social and psychological | Appearance Fear of contagion Inability to fulfil certain gender role Burden on family | Health education Disease management |
| Study (first author, year) . | Type of stigma (enacted; anticipated; internalized) . | Consequences (social; health; psychological) . | Reasons . | Measures . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Onchocerciasis | ||||
| Brieger, 199861 | Enacted, anticipated and internalized | Social and psychological | Appearance Fear of contagion Inability to fulfil certain gender role | No measures mentioned |
| PASGOSD, 199562,a | Enacted, anticipated and internalized | Social, health and psychological | Appearance Fear of contagion Inability to fulfil certain societal role | Disease management |
| Tchounkneu, 201263,a | Enacted and internalized | Social and psychological | Believed hereditary aspect Appearance Fear of contagion | Health education Disease management |
| Vlassoff, 200064,a | Enacted, anticipated and internalized | Social | Believed hereditary aspect Appearance Fear of contagion Inability to fulfil certain gender role Burden on family | Health education Disease management |
| Wagbatsoma, 200460,a | Enacted, anticipated and internalized | Social and psychological | Appearance Fear of contagion | Health education Disease management |
| Schistosomiasis | ||||
| Musuva, 201465,a | Enacted, anticipated and internalized | Social, health and psychological | Fear of contagion Promiscuity | Health education |
| Mwanga, 200467,a | Enacted, anticipated and internalized | Social, health and psychological | Fear of contagion Promiscuity | Health education Disease management |
| Odhiambo, 201466,a | Enacted, anticipated and internalized | Social, health and psychological | Fear of contagion Burden on family Promiscuity Curse/witchcraft | Health education Disease management |
| Takougang, 200468,a | Enacted and internalized | Social and health | Fear of contagion | Health education Disease management |
| Leishmaniasis | ||||
| Reithinger, 200569,a | Enacted and internalized | Social | Appearance Fear of contagion Inability to fulfil certain gender role | Health education Disease management |
| Yanik, 200470,a | Enacted and internalized | Social and psychological | Appearance Fear of contagion | No measures mentioned |
| Chagas disease | ||||
| Guariento, 199971,a | Enacted stigma | Social | Performance impediment | No measures mentioned |
| Human African trypanosomiasis | ||||
| Robays, 200772,a | Enacted and internalized | Social and health | Performance impediment | Disease management |
| Soil-transmitted helminthiasis | ||||
| Schuster, 201173,a | Enacted, anticipated and internalized | Social and psychological | Appearance Fear of contagion | Disease management |
| Trachoma | ||||
| Palmer, 201474,a | Enacted, anticipated and internalized | Social and psychological | Appearance Fear of contagion Inability to fulfil certain gender role Burden on family | Health education Disease management |
PASGOD: Pan-African Study Group on Onchocercal Skin Disease.
a Authors report general stigma and make no difference between different types of stigma (labelling done by reviewer).
Results of social stigma related to onchocerciasis, schistosomiasis, leishmaniasis, Chagas disease, human African trypanosomiasis, soil-transmitted helminthiasis and trachoma
| Study (first author, year) . | Type of stigma (enacted; anticipated; internalized) . | Consequences (social; health; psychological) . | Reasons . | Measures . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Onchocerciasis | ||||
| Brieger, 199861 | Enacted, anticipated and internalized | Social and psychological | Appearance Fear of contagion Inability to fulfil certain gender role | No measures mentioned |
| PASGOSD, 199562,a | Enacted, anticipated and internalized | Social, health and psychological | Appearance Fear of contagion Inability to fulfil certain societal role | Disease management |
| Tchounkneu, 201263,a | Enacted and internalized | Social and psychological | Believed hereditary aspect Appearance Fear of contagion | Health education Disease management |
| Vlassoff, 200064,a | Enacted, anticipated and internalized | Social | Believed hereditary aspect Appearance Fear of contagion Inability to fulfil certain gender role Burden on family | Health education Disease management |
| Wagbatsoma, 200460,a | Enacted, anticipated and internalized | Social and psychological | Appearance Fear of contagion | Health education Disease management |
| Schistosomiasis | ||||
| Musuva, 201465,a | Enacted, anticipated and internalized | Social, health and psychological | Fear of contagion Promiscuity | Health education |
| Mwanga, 200467,a | Enacted, anticipated and internalized | Social, health and psychological | Fear of contagion Promiscuity | Health education Disease management |
| Odhiambo, 201466,a | Enacted, anticipated and internalized | Social, health and psychological | Fear of contagion Burden on family Promiscuity Curse/witchcraft | Health education Disease management |
| Takougang, 200468,a | Enacted and internalized | Social and health | Fear of contagion | Health education Disease management |
| Leishmaniasis | ||||
| Reithinger, 200569,a | Enacted and internalized | Social | Appearance Fear of contagion Inability to fulfil certain gender role | Health education Disease management |
| Yanik, 200470,a | Enacted and internalized | Social and psychological | Appearance Fear of contagion | No measures mentioned |
| Chagas disease | ||||
| Guariento, 199971,a | Enacted stigma | Social | Performance impediment | No measures mentioned |
| Human African trypanosomiasis | ||||
| Robays, 200772,a | Enacted and internalized | Social and health | Performance impediment | Disease management |
| Soil-transmitted helminthiasis | ||||
| Schuster, 201173,a | Enacted, anticipated and internalized | Social and psychological | Appearance Fear of contagion | Disease management |
| Trachoma | ||||
| Palmer, 201474,a | Enacted, anticipated and internalized | Social and psychological | Appearance Fear of contagion Inability to fulfil certain gender role Burden on family | Health education Disease management |
| Study (first author, year) . | Type of stigma (enacted; anticipated; internalized) . | Consequences (social; health; psychological) . | Reasons . | Measures . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Onchocerciasis | ||||
| Brieger, 199861 | Enacted, anticipated and internalized | Social and psychological | Appearance Fear of contagion Inability to fulfil certain gender role | No measures mentioned |
| PASGOSD, 199562,a | Enacted, anticipated and internalized | Social, health and psychological | Appearance Fear of contagion Inability to fulfil certain societal role | Disease management |
| Tchounkneu, 201263,a | Enacted and internalized | Social and psychological | Believed hereditary aspect Appearance Fear of contagion | Health education Disease management |
| Vlassoff, 200064,a | Enacted, anticipated and internalized | Social | Believed hereditary aspect Appearance Fear of contagion Inability to fulfil certain gender role Burden on family | Health education Disease management |
| Wagbatsoma, 200460,a | Enacted, anticipated and internalized | Social and psychological | Appearance Fear of contagion | Health education Disease management |
| Schistosomiasis | ||||
| Musuva, 201465,a | Enacted, anticipated and internalized | Social, health and psychological | Fear of contagion Promiscuity | Health education |
| Mwanga, 200467,a | Enacted, anticipated and internalized | Social, health and psychological | Fear of contagion Promiscuity | Health education Disease management |
| Odhiambo, 201466,a | Enacted, anticipated and internalized | Social, health and psychological | Fear of contagion Burden on family Promiscuity Curse/witchcraft | Health education Disease management |
| Takougang, 200468,a | Enacted and internalized | Social and health | Fear of contagion | Health education Disease management |
| Leishmaniasis | ||||
| Reithinger, 200569,a | Enacted and internalized | Social | Appearance Fear of contagion Inability to fulfil certain gender role | Health education Disease management |
| Yanik, 200470,a | Enacted and internalized | Social and psychological | Appearance Fear of contagion | No measures mentioned |
| Chagas disease | ||||
| Guariento, 199971,a | Enacted stigma | Social | Performance impediment | No measures mentioned |
| Human African trypanosomiasis | ||||
| Robays, 200772,a | Enacted and internalized | Social and health | Performance impediment | Disease management |
| Soil-transmitted helminthiasis | ||||
| Schuster, 201173,a | Enacted, anticipated and internalized | Social and psychological | Appearance Fear of contagion | Disease management |
| Trachoma | ||||
| Palmer, 201474,a | Enacted, anticipated and internalized | Social and psychological | Appearance Fear of contagion Inability to fulfil certain gender role Burden on family | Health education Disease management |
PASGOD: Pan-African Study Group on Onchocercal Skin Disease.
a Authors report general stigma and make no difference between different types of stigma (labelling done by reviewer).
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