| . | Model 1 . | Model 2 . | Model 3 . | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | Std. Coef. . | SE . | Std. Coef. . | SE . | Std. Coef. . | SE . |
| SMW level t−1 | 2.818** | (1.204) | 3.164*** | (1.092) | 3.504*** | (1.046) |
| SMW | −2.867** | (1.221) | −3.061** | (1.182) | −3.336** | (1.123) |
| Coordination t−1 | −0.148 | (0.107) | −0.142 | (0.105) | −0.196 | (0.102) |
| TB generosity, sh t−1 | 0.466** | (0.227) | 0.479*** | (0.166) | 0.481** | (0.185) |
| SMW level × TB gen. t−1 | 0.422*** | (0.101) | 0.426*** | (0.108) | ||
| Collective bargaining coverage | −2.025*** | (0.684) | −2.279*** | (0.697) | −2.591*** | (0.520) |
| Unemployment rate | −0.716*** | (0.224) | −0.219*** | (0.230) | −0.604** | (0.199) |
| Share of service employment | 0.354 | (0.888) | 0.345 | (0.819) | −0.320 | (0.652) |
| Trade openness | −1.206 | (0.772) | −1.123 | (0.634) | −0.770 | (0.530) |
| Time | −0.169 | (0.283) | −0.045 | (0.057) | −0.111 | (0.251) |
| Constant | 15.012*** | (0.221) | 15.272*** | (0.499) | 15.138*** | (0.819) |
| F-test | 0.011 | 0.003 | 0.000 | |||
| Fixed effect | Yes | Yes | No | |||
| R2 within | 0.222 | 0.265 | 0.255 | |||
| R2 between | 0.340 | 0.354 | 0.507 | |||
| R2 overall | 0.361 | 0.369 | 0.474 | |||
| Obs | 277 | 277 | 277 | |||
| N | 28 | 28 | 28 | |||
| . | Model 1 . | Model 2 . | Model 3 . | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | Std. Coef. . | SE . | Std. Coef. . | SE . | Std. Coef. . | SE . |
| SMW level t−1 | 2.818** | (1.204) | 3.164*** | (1.092) | 3.504*** | (1.046) |
| SMW | −2.867** | (1.221) | −3.061** | (1.182) | −3.336** | (1.123) |
| Coordination t−1 | −0.148 | (0.107) | −0.142 | (0.105) | −0.196 | (0.102) |
| TB generosity, sh t−1 | 0.466** | (0.227) | 0.479*** | (0.166) | 0.481** | (0.185) |
| SMW level × TB gen. t−1 | 0.422*** | (0.101) | 0.426*** | (0.108) | ||
| Collective bargaining coverage | −2.025*** | (0.684) | −2.279*** | (0.697) | −2.591*** | (0.520) |
| Unemployment rate | −0.716*** | (0.224) | −0.219*** | (0.230) | −0.604** | (0.199) |
| Share of service employment | 0.354 | (0.888) | 0.345 | (0.819) | −0.320 | (0.652) |
| Trade openness | −1.206 | (0.772) | −1.123 | (0.634) | −0.770 | (0.530) |
| Time | −0.169 | (0.283) | −0.045 | (0.057) | −0.111 | (0.251) |
| Constant | 15.012*** | (0.221) | 15.272*** | (0.499) | 15.138*** | (0.819) |
| F-test | 0.011 | 0.003 | 0.000 | |||
| Fixed effect | Yes | Yes | No | |||
| R2 within | 0.222 | 0.265 | 0.255 | |||
| R2 between | 0.340 | 0.354 | 0.507 | |||
| R2 overall | 0.361 | 0.369 | 0.474 | |||
| Obs | 277 | 277 | 277 | |||
| N | 28 | 28 | 28 | |||
***P<0.01
**P<0.05
P<0.10.
Fixed-effect models estimated with country cluster robust standard errors and random effect model with robust standard errors. TB: tax-benefit; sh: low-earning single household.
| . | Model 1 . | Model 2 . | Model 3 . | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | Std. Coef. . | SE . | Std. Coef. . | SE . | Std. Coef. . | SE . |
| SMW level t−1 | 2.818** | (1.204) | 3.164*** | (1.092) | 3.504*** | (1.046) |
| SMW | −2.867** | (1.221) | −3.061** | (1.182) | −3.336** | (1.123) |
| Coordination t−1 | −0.148 | (0.107) | −0.142 | (0.105) | −0.196 | (0.102) |
| TB generosity, sh t−1 | 0.466** | (0.227) | 0.479*** | (0.166) | 0.481** | (0.185) |
| SMW level × TB gen. t−1 | 0.422*** | (0.101) | 0.426*** | (0.108) | ||
| Collective bargaining coverage | −2.025*** | (0.684) | −2.279*** | (0.697) | −2.591*** | (0.520) |
| Unemployment rate | −0.716*** | (0.224) | −0.219*** | (0.230) | −0.604** | (0.199) |
| Share of service employment | 0.354 | (0.888) | 0.345 | (0.819) | −0.320 | (0.652) |
| Trade openness | −1.206 | (0.772) | −1.123 | (0.634) | −0.770 | (0.530) |
| Time | −0.169 | (0.283) | −0.045 | (0.057) | −0.111 | (0.251) |
| Constant | 15.012*** | (0.221) | 15.272*** | (0.499) | 15.138*** | (0.819) |
| F-test | 0.011 | 0.003 | 0.000 | |||
| Fixed effect | Yes | Yes | No | |||
| R2 within | 0.222 | 0.265 | 0.255 | |||
| R2 between | 0.340 | 0.354 | 0.507 | |||
| R2 overall | 0.361 | 0.369 | 0.474 | |||
| Obs | 277 | 277 | 277 | |||
| N | 28 | 28 | 28 | |||
| . | Model 1 . | Model 2 . | Model 3 . | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | Std. Coef. . | SE . | Std. Coef. . | SE . | Std. Coef. . | SE . |
| SMW level t−1 | 2.818** | (1.204) | 3.164*** | (1.092) | 3.504*** | (1.046) |
| SMW | −2.867** | (1.221) | −3.061** | (1.182) | −3.336** | (1.123) |
| Coordination t−1 | −0.148 | (0.107) | −0.142 | (0.105) | −0.196 | (0.102) |
| TB generosity, sh t−1 | 0.466** | (0.227) | 0.479*** | (0.166) | 0.481** | (0.185) |
| SMW level × TB gen. t−1 | 0.422*** | (0.101) | 0.426*** | (0.108) | ||
| Collective bargaining coverage | −2.025*** | (0.684) | −2.279*** | (0.697) | −2.591*** | (0.520) |
| Unemployment rate | −0.716*** | (0.224) | −0.219*** | (0.230) | −0.604** | (0.199) |
| Share of service employment | 0.354 | (0.888) | 0.345 | (0.819) | −0.320 | (0.652) |
| Trade openness | −1.206 | (0.772) | −1.123 | (0.634) | −0.770 | (0.530) |
| Time | −0.169 | (0.283) | −0.045 | (0.057) | −0.111 | (0.251) |
| Constant | 15.012*** | (0.221) | 15.272*** | (0.499) | 15.138*** | (0.819) |
| F-test | 0.011 | 0.003 | 0.000 | |||
| Fixed effect | Yes | Yes | No | |||
| R2 within | 0.222 | 0.265 | 0.255 | |||
| R2 between | 0.340 | 0.354 | 0.507 | |||
| R2 overall | 0.361 | 0.369 | 0.474 | |||
| Obs | 277 | 277 | 277 | |||
| N | 28 | 28 | 28 | |||
***P<0.01
**P<0.05
P<0.10.
Fixed-effect models estimated with country cluster robust standard errors and random effect model with robust standard errors. TB: tax-benefit; sh: low-earning single household.
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