Table 3.

Exogenous health model: performance of the benchmark model.

MomentsModelDataSources
Medical expenses/Y|$16.5\%$||$15.2\%$|NHEA (2020b)
Gini medical spending0.56*0.60MEPS 1999–2009
Gini gross income0.40*0.46MEPS 1999–2009
Gini labor income0.55*0.54MEPS 1999–2009
Gini assets0.580.69PSID 1999–2009
Frisch labor supply elasticities1.19–1.511.1–1.7Fiorito and Zanella (2012)
Interest rate: r|$5.9\%$||$5.2\%$||$5.9\%$|Gomme, Ravikumar, and Rupert (2011)
Size of Medicare/Y|$5.5\%$||$4.4\%\, (3.47\%)^{**}$|NHEA (2020a)
Size of Medicaid/Y|$0.68\%$||$1.7\%\, (2.65\%)^{***}$|NHEA (2020a)
MomentsModelDataSources
Medical expenses/Y|$16.5\%$||$15.2\%$|NHEA (2020b)
Gini medical spending0.56*0.60MEPS 1999–2009
Gini gross income0.40*0.46MEPS 1999–2009
Gini labor income0.55*0.54MEPS 1999–2009
Gini assets0.580.69PSID 1999–2009
Frisch labor supply elasticities1.19–1.511.1–1.7Fiorito and Zanella (2012)
Interest rate: r|$5.9\%$||$5.2\%$||$5.9\%$|Gomme, Ravikumar, and Rupert (2011)
Size of Medicare/Y|$5.5\%$||$4.4\%\, (3.47\%)^{**}$|NHEA (2020a)
Size of Medicaid/Y|$0.68\%$||$1.7\%\, (2.65\%)^{***}$|NHEA (2020a)

Notes: These are not calibration targets.*The Gini coefficients of flow variables from the model are based on 5 year averages, whereas the Gini coefficients based on MEPS data are based on annual flow variables. MEPS is an overlapping panel, where individuals are only observed over two consecutive years so that 5 year averages cannot be computed for a particular individual.**We do not distinguish between Medicare and Medicaid for the population older than 65. We therefore compare the size of Medicare in the model to the spending of Medicare plus Medicaid on individuals older than 65 to capture the out-of-pocket spending of the older generation more realistically without explicitly modeling Medicaid past the age of 65. According to NHEA (2010) aggregate, Medicare spending in 2010 was approximately 3.47% of GDP. More details are provided in Section 3.5. ***Medicaid in the model refers to the portion of Medicaid that targets the working age population. According to NHEA (2010) aggregate, Medicaid payments for individuals younger than 65 in 2010 was approximately 1.7% of GDP. More details are provided in Section 3.5.

Table 3.

Exogenous health model: performance of the benchmark model.

MomentsModelDataSources
Medical expenses/Y|$16.5\%$||$15.2\%$|NHEA (2020b)
Gini medical spending0.56*0.60MEPS 1999–2009
Gini gross income0.40*0.46MEPS 1999–2009
Gini labor income0.55*0.54MEPS 1999–2009
Gini assets0.580.69PSID 1999–2009
Frisch labor supply elasticities1.19–1.511.1–1.7Fiorito and Zanella (2012)
Interest rate: r|$5.9\%$||$5.2\%$||$5.9\%$|Gomme, Ravikumar, and Rupert (2011)
Size of Medicare/Y|$5.5\%$||$4.4\%\, (3.47\%)^{**}$|NHEA (2020a)
Size of Medicaid/Y|$0.68\%$||$1.7\%\, (2.65\%)^{***}$|NHEA (2020a)
MomentsModelDataSources
Medical expenses/Y|$16.5\%$||$15.2\%$|NHEA (2020b)
Gini medical spending0.56*0.60MEPS 1999–2009
Gini gross income0.40*0.46MEPS 1999–2009
Gini labor income0.55*0.54MEPS 1999–2009
Gini assets0.580.69PSID 1999–2009
Frisch labor supply elasticities1.19–1.511.1–1.7Fiorito and Zanella (2012)
Interest rate: r|$5.9\%$||$5.2\%$||$5.9\%$|Gomme, Ravikumar, and Rupert (2011)
Size of Medicare/Y|$5.5\%$||$4.4\%\, (3.47\%)^{**}$|NHEA (2020a)
Size of Medicaid/Y|$0.68\%$||$1.7\%\, (2.65\%)^{***}$|NHEA (2020a)

Notes: These are not calibration targets.*The Gini coefficients of flow variables from the model are based on 5 year averages, whereas the Gini coefficients based on MEPS data are based on annual flow variables. MEPS is an overlapping panel, where individuals are only observed over two consecutive years so that 5 year averages cannot be computed for a particular individual.**We do not distinguish between Medicare and Medicaid for the population older than 65. We therefore compare the size of Medicare in the model to the spending of Medicare plus Medicaid on individuals older than 65 to capture the out-of-pocket spending of the older generation more realistically without explicitly modeling Medicaid past the age of 65. According to NHEA (2010) aggregate, Medicare spending in 2010 was approximately 3.47% of GDP. More details are provided in Section 3.5. ***Medicaid in the model refers to the portion of Medicaid that targets the working age population. According to NHEA (2010) aggregate, Medicaid payments for individuals younger than 65 in 2010 was approximately 1.7% of GDP. More details are provided in Section 3.5.

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