Summary of exercise regimens and effect on various vessel structure and function parameters across selected studies.
| Author and year . | Intervention, co-interventions and controls . | Grip strength . | Effect size on vein calibre in intervention arm . | Effect size on vein calibre in control arm . | Artery parameters . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sauco et al., 2021 [15] | Two sets of 30 ISM hand grip contractions twice a day. At noon: slow contraction session using elastic band with arm in flexion and extension. Comparator: no exercise. Duration 8 weeks | Significant increase of 4.33 kg (SD 4.5) in IA (P < .001); non-significant increase of 3.4 kg (SD 2.5) in the CA (P = .46) | Mean increase of 0.71 mm (SD 0.49; P < .001) at 8 weeks | Mean decrease of 0.112 mm (SD 0.48; P = .121) at 8 weeks | Increase in calibre by 0.12 mm (SD 0.31; P = .008) in IA Decrease in calibre by 0.02 mm (SD 0.32; P = .55) in CA |
| Barbosa et al., 2018 [16] | ISM + IST with tensiometer for BFR in intervention arm. Exercise only without BFR in control. Duration 8 weeks | Significant increase in dynamometry: in CA, 2.36 kg increase (P = .003); in IA, 2.25 kg increase (P = .06). No significant difference in increase in strength between arms, inter P = .302 | Mean increase of 0.20, 0.16 and 0.15 mm for the segments 2, 10 and 20 cm in CV (P = .16, .20 and .33 at these segments) | Mean increase in CV diameter of 0.24, 0.39 and 0.17 mm for the segments 2, 10 and 20 cm (P = .008, .001 and .237at these segments) | No significant changes in mean velocity at all segments across both groups (P = .279, .150 and .341 at 2, 10 and 20 cm) |
| Kumar et al., 2020 [17] | ISM handgrip exercise: 20 repetitions/min, 30 min/day. Comparator: no exercise. Duration 8 weeks | Increased by median of 4 kg on exercise arm; no significant increase in control arm | Mean change 0.31 ± 0.04 at 4 weeks (P < .05) without tourniquet and 0.40 ± 0.06 with tourniquet (P < .05) | No significant change with or without tourniquet | Not measured |
| Uy et al., 2012 [21] | ISM forearm strengthening exercises in preferred access arm: 10 sets of 20 repetitions/min. Comparator: non-exercise arm. Duration 8 weeks | Increase in the exercised arm from 0 to 8 weeks: 24.50 ± 2.05 kg to 27.04 ± 2.20 kg (P = .025). No change in control arm: 26.68 ± 2.60 kg to 26.82 ± 2.40 kg P = .929 | Mean changes in distal sites: 0.48 ± 0.16 at 4 weeks and 0.32 ± 0.20 at 8 weeks; in proximal sites: 0.59 ± 0.25 mm at 4 weeks and 0.52 ± 0.32 at 8 weeks | Mean changes in distal sites: 0.81 ± 0.20 at 4 weeks and 0.65 ± 0.15 at 8 weeks; in proximal sites: 0.71 ± 0.20 mm at 4 weeks and 0.43 ± 0.20 at 8 weeks. No significant difference in proximal or distal sites, as diameter increased in both arms (inter P = .209, .217, .726 and .826) | Not assessed |
| Rus et al., 2003 [19] | ISM hand grip exercise using a rubber ring: 4.5 cm inner and 7.5 cm outer diameter, maximal compression force 50 N. Frequency and intensity: trained and supervised by dialysis staff on HD days | Maximal hand grip strength measured with dynamometer increased significantly from 24.1 ± 2.95 mm to 26.2 ± 3.06 mm after 4 weeks and to 28.5 ± 3.17 mm after 8 weeks (P < .001) | Average vein diameter without tourniquet remained unchanged for 4 weeks but significantly increased after 8 weeks (P = .015). Average vein diameter after tourniquet significantly greater after 4 weeks (P = .007) and even greater at 8 weeks (P < .001). However, distensibility remained unchanged | No control arm | No significant change in endothelium-dependent vasodilation |
| Leaf et al., 2003 [20] | 6 weeks of ISM exercise at 30–40% MVC for 80–360 sec with increased frequency over time and repetitive isotonic squeezing of a squash ball or racquet ball. Non-exercise arm was comparator. Duration and frequency: 4 times per week for 6 weeks. Controlled heating employed | Paradoxically, the increase in venous size was unaccompanied by an increase in hand grip strength | 2-fold increase in CV diameter noted in most patients (P < .05) | Cephalic vein size increase was ≈0.4 mm in non-exercise arm (P = non-significant) | Not assessed |
| Author and year . | Intervention, co-interventions and controls . | Grip strength . | Effect size on vein calibre in intervention arm . | Effect size on vein calibre in control arm . | Artery parameters . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sauco et al., 2021 [15] | Two sets of 30 ISM hand grip contractions twice a day. At noon: slow contraction session using elastic band with arm in flexion and extension. Comparator: no exercise. Duration 8 weeks | Significant increase of 4.33 kg (SD 4.5) in IA (P < .001); non-significant increase of 3.4 kg (SD 2.5) in the CA (P = .46) | Mean increase of 0.71 mm (SD 0.49; P < .001) at 8 weeks | Mean decrease of 0.112 mm (SD 0.48; P = .121) at 8 weeks | Increase in calibre by 0.12 mm (SD 0.31; P = .008) in IA Decrease in calibre by 0.02 mm (SD 0.32; P = .55) in CA |
| Barbosa et al., 2018 [16] | ISM + IST with tensiometer for BFR in intervention arm. Exercise only without BFR in control. Duration 8 weeks | Significant increase in dynamometry: in CA, 2.36 kg increase (P = .003); in IA, 2.25 kg increase (P = .06). No significant difference in increase in strength between arms, inter P = .302 | Mean increase of 0.20, 0.16 and 0.15 mm for the segments 2, 10 and 20 cm in CV (P = .16, .20 and .33 at these segments) | Mean increase in CV diameter of 0.24, 0.39 and 0.17 mm for the segments 2, 10 and 20 cm (P = .008, .001 and .237at these segments) | No significant changes in mean velocity at all segments across both groups (P = .279, .150 and .341 at 2, 10 and 20 cm) |
| Kumar et al., 2020 [17] | ISM handgrip exercise: 20 repetitions/min, 30 min/day. Comparator: no exercise. Duration 8 weeks | Increased by median of 4 kg on exercise arm; no significant increase in control arm | Mean change 0.31 ± 0.04 at 4 weeks (P < .05) without tourniquet and 0.40 ± 0.06 with tourniquet (P < .05) | No significant change with or without tourniquet | Not measured |
| Uy et al., 2012 [21] | ISM forearm strengthening exercises in preferred access arm: 10 sets of 20 repetitions/min. Comparator: non-exercise arm. Duration 8 weeks | Increase in the exercised arm from 0 to 8 weeks: 24.50 ± 2.05 kg to 27.04 ± 2.20 kg (P = .025). No change in control arm: 26.68 ± 2.60 kg to 26.82 ± 2.40 kg P = .929 | Mean changes in distal sites: 0.48 ± 0.16 at 4 weeks and 0.32 ± 0.20 at 8 weeks; in proximal sites: 0.59 ± 0.25 mm at 4 weeks and 0.52 ± 0.32 at 8 weeks | Mean changes in distal sites: 0.81 ± 0.20 at 4 weeks and 0.65 ± 0.15 at 8 weeks; in proximal sites: 0.71 ± 0.20 mm at 4 weeks and 0.43 ± 0.20 at 8 weeks. No significant difference in proximal or distal sites, as diameter increased in both arms (inter P = .209, .217, .726 and .826) | Not assessed |
| Rus et al., 2003 [19] | ISM hand grip exercise using a rubber ring: 4.5 cm inner and 7.5 cm outer diameter, maximal compression force 50 N. Frequency and intensity: trained and supervised by dialysis staff on HD days | Maximal hand grip strength measured with dynamometer increased significantly from 24.1 ± 2.95 mm to 26.2 ± 3.06 mm after 4 weeks and to 28.5 ± 3.17 mm after 8 weeks (P < .001) | Average vein diameter without tourniquet remained unchanged for 4 weeks but significantly increased after 8 weeks (P = .015). Average vein diameter after tourniquet significantly greater after 4 weeks (P = .007) and even greater at 8 weeks (P < .001). However, distensibility remained unchanged | No control arm | No significant change in endothelium-dependent vasodilation |
| Leaf et al., 2003 [20] | 6 weeks of ISM exercise at 30–40% MVC for 80–360 sec with increased frequency over time and repetitive isotonic squeezing of a squash ball or racquet ball. Non-exercise arm was comparator. Duration and frequency: 4 times per week for 6 weeks. Controlled heating employed | Paradoxically, the increase in venous size was unaccompanied by an increase in hand grip strength | 2-fold increase in CV diameter noted in most patients (P < .05) | Cephalic vein size increase was ≈0.4 mm in non-exercise arm (P = non-significant) | Not assessed |
CA: control arm; CV: cephalic vein; IA: intervention arm; ISM: isometric; IST: isotonic; MVC: maximal voluntary contraction; RA: radial artery.
Summary of exercise regimens and effect on various vessel structure and function parameters across selected studies.
| Author and year . | Intervention, co-interventions and controls . | Grip strength . | Effect size on vein calibre in intervention arm . | Effect size on vein calibre in control arm . | Artery parameters . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sauco et al., 2021 [15] | Two sets of 30 ISM hand grip contractions twice a day. At noon: slow contraction session using elastic band with arm in flexion and extension. Comparator: no exercise. Duration 8 weeks | Significant increase of 4.33 kg (SD 4.5) in IA (P < .001); non-significant increase of 3.4 kg (SD 2.5) in the CA (P = .46) | Mean increase of 0.71 mm (SD 0.49; P < .001) at 8 weeks | Mean decrease of 0.112 mm (SD 0.48; P = .121) at 8 weeks | Increase in calibre by 0.12 mm (SD 0.31; P = .008) in IA Decrease in calibre by 0.02 mm (SD 0.32; P = .55) in CA |
| Barbosa et al., 2018 [16] | ISM + IST with tensiometer for BFR in intervention arm. Exercise only without BFR in control. Duration 8 weeks | Significant increase in dynamometry: in CA, 2.36 kg increase (P = .003); in IA, 2.25 kg increase (P = .06). No significant difference in increase in strength between arms, inter P = .302 | Mean increase of 0.20, 0.16 and 0.15 mm for the segments 2, 10 and 20 cm in CV (P = .16, .20 and .33 at these segments) | Mean increase in CV diameter of 0.24, 0.39 and 0.17 mm for the segments 2, 10 and 20 cm (P = .008, .001 and .237at these segments) | No significant changes in mean velocity at all segments across both groups (P = .279, .150 and .341 at 2, 10 and 20 cm) |
| Kumar et al., 2020 [17] | ISM handgrip exercise: 20 repetitions/min, 30 min/day. Comparator: no exercise. Duration 8 weeks | Increased by median of 4 kg on exercise arm; no significant increase in control arm | Mean change 0.31 ± 0.04 at 4 weeks (P < .05) without tourniquet and 0.40 ± 0.06 with tourniquet (P < .05) | No significant change with or without tourniquet | Not measured |
| Uy et al., 2012 [21] | ISM forearm strengthening exercises in preferred access arm: 10 sets of 20 repetitions/min. Comparator: non-exercise arm. Duration 8 weeks | Increase in the exercised arm from 0 to 8 weeks: 24.50 ± 2.05 kg to 27.04 ± 2.20 kg (P = .025). No change in control arm: 26.68 ± 2.60 kg to 26.82 ± 2.40 kg P = .929 | Mean changes in distal sites: 0.48 ± 0.16 at 4 weeks and 0.32 ± 0.20 at 8 weeks; in proximal sites: 0.59 ± 0.25 mm at 4 weeks and 0.52 ± 0.32 at 8 weeks | Mean changes in distal sites: 0.81 ± 0.20 at 4 weeks and 0.65 ± 0.15 at 8 weeks; in proximal sites: 0.71 ± 0.20 mm at 4 weeks and 0.43 ± 0.20 at 8 weeks. No significant difference in proximal or distal sites, as diameter increased in both arms (inter P = .209, .217, .726 and .826) | Not assessed |
| Rus et al., 2003 [19] | ISM hand grip exercise using a rubber ring: 4.5 cm inner and 7.5 cm outer diameter, maximal compression force 50 N. Frequency and intensity: trained and supervised by dialysis staff on HD days | Maximal hand grip strength measured with dynamometer increased significantly from 24.1 ± 2.95 mm to 26.2 ± 3.06 mm after 4 weeks and to 28.5 ± 3.17 mm after 8 weeks (P < .001) | Average vein diameter without tourniquet remained unchanged for 4 weeks but significantly increased after 8 weeks (P = .015). Average vein diameter after tourniquet significantly greater after 4 weeks (P = .007) and even greater at 8 weeks (P < .001). However, distensibility remained unchanged | No control arm | No significant change in endothelium-dependent vasodilation |
| Leaf et al., 2003 [20] | 6 weeks of ISM exercise at 30–40% MVC for 80–360 sec with increased frequency over time and repetitive isotonic squeezing of a squash ball or racquet ball. Non-exercise arm was comparator. Duration and frequency: 4 times per week for 6 weeks. Controlled heating employed | Paradoxically, the increase in venous size was unaccompanied by an increase in hand grip strength | 2-fold increase in CV diameter noted in most patients (P < .05) | Cephalic vein size increase was ≈0.4 mm in non-exercise arm (P = non-significant) | Not assessed |
| Author and year . | Intervention, co-interventions and controls . | Grip strength . | Effect size on vein calibre in intervention arm . | Effect size on vein calibre in control arm . | Artery parameters . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sauco et al., 2021 [15] | Two sets of 30 ISM hand grip contractions twice a day. At noon: slow contraction session using elastic band with arm in flexion and extension. Comparator: no exercise. Duration 8 weeks | Significant increase of 4.33 kg (SD 4.5) in IA (P < .001); non-significant increase of 3.4 kg (SD 2.5) in the CA (P = .46) | Mean increase of 0.71 mm (SD 0.49; P < .001) at 8 weeks | Mean decrease of 0.112 mm (SD 0.48; P = .121) at 8 weeks | Increase in calibre by 0.12 mm (SD 0.31; P = .008) in IA Decrease in calibre by 0.02 mm (SD 0.32; P = .55) in CA |
| Barbosa et al., 2018 [16] | ISM + IST with tensiometer for BFR in intervention arm. Exercise only without BFR in control. Duration 8 weeks | Significant increase in dynamometry: in CA, 2.36 kg increase (P = .003); in IA, 2.25 kg increase (P = .06). No significant difference in increase in strength between arms, inter P = .302 | Mean increase of 0.20, 0.16 and 0.15 mm for the segments 2, 10 and 20 cm in CV (P = .16, .20 and .33 at these segments) | Mean increase in CV diameter of 0.24, 0.39 and 0.17 mm for the segments 2, 10 and 20 cm (P = .008, .001 and .237at these segments) | No significant changes in mean velocity at all segments across both groups (P = .279, .150 and .341 at 2, 10 and 20 cm) |
| Kumar et al., 2020 [17] | ISM handgrip exercise: 20 repetitions/min, 30 min/day. Comparator: no exercise. Duration 8 weeks | Increased by median of 4 kg on exercise arm; no significant increase in control arm | Mean change 0.31 ± 0.04 at 4 weeks (P < .05) without tourniquet and 0.40 ± 0.06 with tourniquet (P < .05) | No significant change with or without tourniquet | Not measured |
| Uy et al., 2012 [21] | ISM forearm strengthening exercises in preferred access arm: 10 sets of 20 repetitions/min. Comparator: non-exercise arm. Duration 8 weeks | Increase in the exercised arm from 0 to 8 weeks: 24.50 ± 2.05 kg to 27.04 ± 2.20 kg (P = .025). No change in control arm: 26.68 ± 2.60 kg to 26.82 ± 2.40 kg P = .929 | Mean changes in distal sites: 0.48 ± 0.16 at 4 weeks and 0.32 ± 0.20 at 8 weeks; in proximal sites: 0.59 ± 0.25 mm at 4 weeks and 0.52 ± 0.32 at 8 weeks | Mean changes in distal sites: 0.81 ± 0.20 at 4 weeks and 0.65 ± 0.15 at 8 weeks; in proximal sites: 0.71 ± 0.20 mm at 4 weeks and 0.43 ± 0.20 at 8 weeks. No significant difference in proximal or distal sites, as diameter increased in both arms (inter P = .209, .217, .726 and .826) | Not assessed |
| Rus et al., 2003 [19] | ISM hand grip exercise using a rubber ring: 4.5 cm inner and 7.5 cm outer diameter, maximal compression force 50 N. Frequency and intensity: trained and supervised by dialysis staff on HD days | Maximal hand grip strength measured with dynamometer increased significantly from 24.1 ± 2.95 mm to 26.2 ± 3.06 mm after 4 weeks and to 28.5 ± 3.17 mm after 8 weeks (P < .001) | Average vein diameter without tourniquet remained unchanged for 4 weeks but significantly increased after 8 weeks (P = .015). Average vein diameter after tourniquet significantly greater after 4 weeks (P = .007) and even greater at 8 weeks (P < .001). However, distensibility remained unchanged | No control arm | No significant change in endothelium-dependent vasodilation |
| Leaf et al., 2003 [20] | 6 weeks of ISM exercise at 30–40% MVC for 80–360 sec with increased frequency over time and repetitive isotonic squeezing of a squash ball or racquet ball. Non-exercise arm was comparator. Duration and frequency: 4 times per week for 6 weeks. Controlled heating employed | Paradoxically, the increase in venous size was unaccompanied by an increase in hand grip strength | 2-fold increase in CV diameter noted in most patients (P < .05) | Cephalic vein size increase was ≈0.4 mm in non-exercise arm (P = non-significant) | Not assessed |
CA: control arm; CV: cephalic vein; IA: intervention arm; ISM: isometric; IST: isotonic; MVC: maximal voluntary contraction; RA: radial artery.
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