Characteristics of the study populations and emergency visits within 1 year before/after the index date by the status of homeless/housing instability.
| Characteristics . | Status of homeless/housing instability . | Odd ratio and 95% confidence interval . | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No . | Yes . | Total . | ||
| Total (n) | 205 256 | 1737 | 206 993 | |
| Gender, n (%) | ||||
| Female | 107 596 (52.4) | 850 (48.9) | 108 446 (52.4) | Reference |
| Male | 97 656 (47.6) | 887 (51.1) | 98 543 (47.6) | 1.15 (1.05-1.26) |
| Other | 4 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (0.0) | NE |
| Race/ethnicity, n (col%) | ||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 92 986 (45.3) | 771 (44.4) | 93 757 (45.3) | Reference |
| Hispanic | 63 347 (30.9) | 540 (31.1) | 63 887 (30.9) | 1.03 (0.92-1.15) |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 23 178 (11.3) | 324 (18.7) | 23 502 (11.4) | 1.69 (1.48-1.92) |
| Asian/Pacific Islander | 22 152 (10.8) | 73 (4.2) | 22 225 (10.7) | 0.40 (0.32-0.51) |
| Other/unknown | 3593 (1.8) | 29 (1.6) | 3622 (1.8) | 0.92 (0.62, 1.35) |
| Age (years) | ||||
| Mean (SD) | 65.9 (15.20) | 60.6 (14.81) | 65.9 (15.20) | |
| Median [Q1, Q3] | 68.0 (57.0, 77.0) | 61.0 (52.0, 71.0) | 68.0 (57.0, 77.0) | |
| Age group (years), n (col%) | ||||
| 18-34 | 8786 (4.3) | 103 (5.9) | 8889 (4.3) | Reference |
| 35-44 | 11 052 (5.4) | 140 (8.1) | 11 192 (5.4) | 1.08 (0.84-1.39) |
| 45-64 | 64 657 (31.5) | 777 (44.7) | 65 434 (31.6) | 1.02 (0.83-1.26) |
| 65-74 | 58 177 (28.3) | 427 (24.6) | 58 604 (28.3) | 0.62 (0.50-0.77) |
| ≥75 | 62 584 (30.5) | 290 (16.7) | 62 874 (30.4) | 0.39 (0.32-0.49) |
| Emergency visit utilization | ||||
| Mean (SD) | 0.7 (1.67) | 3.0 (8.02) | 0.8 (1.83) | |
| Median [Q1, Q3] | 0.0 (0.0, 1.0) | 1.0 (0.0, 4.0) | 0.0 (0.0, 1.0) | |
| Emergency visit utilization group n, (col%) | ||||
| 0 | 135 305 (65.9) | 594 (34.2) | 135 899 (65.7) | Reference |
| 1-3 | 59 750 (29.1) | 708 (40.8) | 60 458 (29.2) | 2.70 (2.42-3.0) |
| 4-6 | 7555 (3.7) | 235 (13.5) | 7790 (3.8) | 7.09 (6.09-8.26) |
| 7-9 | 1735 (0.8) | 91 (5.2) | 1826 (0.9) | 12.00 (9.58-15.03) |
| 10+ | 911 (0.4) | 109 (6.3) | 1020 (0.5) | 27.34 (22.07-33.87) |
| County service area, n (col%) a | ||||
| Los Angeles | 122 594 (59.7) | 1064 (61.3) | 123 658 (59.7) | Reference |
| San Diego | 28 910 (14.1) | 256 (14.7) | 29 166 (14.1) | 1.02 (0.89-1.17) |
| Orange County | 23 698 (11.5) | 159 (9.2) | 23 857 (11.5) | 0.78 (0.66-0.92) |
| Riverside | 21 675 (10.6) | 146 (8.4) | 21 821 (10.5) | 0.78 (0.66-0.93) |
| Kern County | 4885 (2.4) | 29 (1.7) | 4914 (2.4) | 0.70 (0.48-1.01) |
| West Ventura County | 3143 (1.5) | 38 (2.2) | 3181 (1.5) | 1.41 (1.02-1.95) |
| Unknown | 351 (0.2) | 45 (2.6) | 396 (0.2) | 14.91 (10.88-20.43) |
| Characteristics . | Status of homeless/housing instability . | Odd ratio and 95% confidence interval . | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No . | Yes . | Total . | ||
| Total (n) | 205 256 | 1737 | 206 993 | |
| Gender, n (%) | ||||
| Female | 107 596 (52.4) | 850 (48.9) | 108 446 (52.4) | Reference |
| Male | 97 656 (47.6) | 887 (51.1) | 98 543 (47.6) | 1.15 (1.05-1.26) |
| Other | 4 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (0.0) | NE |
| Race/ethnicity, n (col%) | ||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 92 986 (45.3) | 771 (44.4) | 93 757 (45.3) | Reference |
| Hispanic | 63 347 (30.9) | 540 (31.1) | 63 887 (30.9) | 1.03 (0.92-1.15) |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 23 178 (11.3) | 324 (18.7) | 23 502 (11.4) | 1.69 (1.48-1.92) |
| Asian/Pacific Islander | 22 152 (10.8) | 73 (4.2) | 22 225 (10.7) | 0.40 (0.32-0.51) |
| Other/unknown | 3593 (1.8) | 29 (1.6) | 3622 (1.8) | 0.92 (0.62, 1.35) |
| Age (years) | ||||
| Mean (SD) | 65.9 (15.20) | 60.6 (14.81) | 65.9 (15.20) | |
| Median [Q1, Q3] | 68.0 (57.0, 77.0) | 61.0 (52.0, 71.0) | 68.0 (57.0, 77.0) | |
| Age group (years), n (col%) | ||||
| 18-34 | 8786 (4.3) | 103 (5.9) | 8889 (4.3) | Reference |
| 35-44 | 11 052 (5.4) | 140 (8.1) | 11 192 (5.4) | 1.08 (0.84-1.39) |
| 45-64 | 64 657 (31.5) | 777 (44.7) | 65 434 (31.6) | 1.02 (0.83-1.26) |
| 65-74 | 58 177 (28.3) | 427 (24.6) | 58 604 (28.3) | 0.62 (0.50-0.77) |
| ≥75 | 62 584 (30.5) | 290 (16.7) | 62 874 (30.4) | 0.39 (0.32-0.49) |
| Emergency visit utilization | ||||
| Mean (SD) | 0.7 (1.67) | 3.0 (8.02) | 0.8 (1.83) | |
| Median [Q1, Q3] | 0.0 (0.0, 1.0) | 1.0 (0.0, 4.0) | 0.0 (0.0, 1.0) | |
| Emergency visit utilization group n, (col%) | ||||
| 0 | 135 305 (65.9) | 594 (34.2) | 135 899 (65.7) | Reference |
| 1-3 | 59 750 (29.1) | 708 (40.8) | 60 458 (29.2) | 2.70 (2.42-3.0) |
| 4-6 | 7555 (3.7) | 235 (13.5) | 7790 (3.8) | 7.09 (6.09-8.26) |
| 7-9 | 1735 (0.8) | 91 (5.2) | 1826 (0.9) | 12.00 (9.58-15.03) |
| 10+ | 911 (0.4) | 109 (6.3) | 1020 (0.5) | 27.34 (22.07-33.87) |
| County service area, n (col%) a | ||||
| Los Angeles | 122 594 (59.7) | 1064 (61.3) | 123 658 (59.7) | Reference |
| San Diego | 28 910 (14.1) | 256 (14.7) | 29 166 (14.1) | 1.02 (0.89-1.17) |
| Orange County | 23 698 (11.5) | 159 (9.2) | 23 857 (11.5) | 0.78 (0.66-0.92) |
| Riverside | 21 675 (10.6) | 146 (8.4) | 21 821 (10.5) | 0.78 (0.66-0.93) |
| Kern County | 4885 (2.4) | 29 (1.7) | 4914 (2.4) | 0.70 (0.48-1.01) |
| West Ventura County | 3143 (1.5) | 38 (2.2) | 3181 (1.5) | 1.41 (1.02-1.95) |
| Unknown | 351 (0.2) | 45 (2.6) | 396 (0.2) | 14.91 (10.88-20.43) |
San Bernardino was combined into Los Angeles and Riverside service area. NE, not estimated.
Characteristics of the study populations and emergency visits within 1 year before/after the index date by the status of homeless/housing instability.
| Characteristics . | Status of homeless/housing instability . | Odd ratio and 95% confidence interval . | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No . | Yes . | Total . | ||
| Total (n) | 205 256 | 1737 | 206 993 | |
| Gender, n (%) | ||||
| Female | 107 596 (52.4) | 850 (48.9) | 108 446 (52.4) | Reference |
| Male | 97 656 (47.6) | 887 (51.1) | 98 543 (47.6) | 1.15 (1.05-1.26) |
| Other | 4 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (0.0) | NE |
| Race/ethnicity, n (col%) | ||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 92 986 (45.3) | 771 (44.4) | 93 757 (45.3) | Reference |
| Hispanic | 63 347 (30.9) | 540 (31.1) | 63 887 (30.9) | 1.03 (0.92-1.15) |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 23 178 (11.3) | 324 (18.7) | 23 502 (11.4) | 1.69 (1.48-1.92) |
| Asian/Pacific Islander | 22 152 (10.8) | 73 (4.2) | 22 225 (10.7) | 0.40 (0.32-0.51) |
| Other/unknown | 3593 (1.8) | 29 (1.6) | 3622 (1.8) | 0.92 (0.62, 1.35) |
| Age (years) | ||||
| Mean (SD) | 65.9 (15.20) | 60.6 (14.81) | 65.9 (15.20) | |
| Median [Q1, Q3] | 68.0 (57.0, 77.0) | 61.0 (52.0, 71.0) | 68.0 (57.0, 77.0) | |
| Age group (years), n (col%) | ||||
| 18-34 | 8786 (4.3) | 103 (5.9) | 8889 (4.3) | Reference |
| 35-44 | 11 052 (5.4) | 140 (8.1) | 11 192 (5.4) | 1.08 (0.84-1.39) |
| 45-64 | 64 657 (31.5) | 777 (44.7) | 65 434 (31.6) | 1.02 (0.83-1.26) |
| 65-74 | 58 177 (28.3) | 427 (24.6) | 58 604 (28.3) | 0.62 (0.50-0.77) |
| ≥75 | 62 584 (30.5) | 290 (16.7) | 62 874 (30.4) | 0.39 (0.32-0.49) |
| Emergency visit utilization | ||||
| Mean (SD) | 0.7 (1.67) | 3.0 (8.02) | 0.8 (1.83) | |
| Median [Q1, Q3] | 0.0 (0.0, 1.0) | 1.0 (0.0, 4.0) | 0.0 (0.0, 1.0) | |
| Emergency visit utilization group n, (col%) | ||||
| 0 | 135 305 (65.9) | 594 (34.2) | 135 899 (65.7) | Reference |
| 1-3 | 59 750 (29.1) | 708 (40.8) | 60 458 (29.2) | 2.70 (2.42-3.0) |
| 4-6 | 7555 (3.7) | 235 (13.5) | 7790 (3.8) | 7.09 (6.09-8.26) |
| 7-9 | 1735 (0.8) | 91 (5.2) | 1826 (0.9) | 12.00 (9.58-15.03) |
| 10+ | 911 (0.4) | 109 (6.3) | 1020 (0.5) | 27.34 (22.07-33.87) |
| County service area, n (col%) a | ||||
| Los Angeles | 122 594 (59.7) | 1064 (61.3) | 123 658 (59.7) | Reference |
| San Diego | 28 910 (14.1) | 256 (14.7) | 29 166 (14.1) | 1.02 (0.89-1.17) |
| Orange County | 23 698 (11.5) | 159 (9.2) | 23 857 (11.5) | 0.78 (0.66-0.92) |
| Riverside | 21 675 (10.6) | 146 (8.4) | 21 821 (10.5) | 0.78 (0.66-0.93) |
| Kern County | 4885 (2.4) | 29 (1.7) | 4914 (2.4) | 0.70 (0.48-1.01) |
| West Ventura County | 3143 (1.5) | 38 (2.2) | 3181 (1.5) | 1.41 (1.02-1.95) |
| Unknown | 351 (0.2) | 45 (2.6) | 396 (0.2) | 14.91 (10.88-20.43) |
| Characteristics . | Status of homeless/housing instability . | Odd ratio and 95% confidence interval . | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No . | Yes . | Total . | ||
| Total (n) | 205 256 | 1737 | 206 993 | |
| Gender, n (%) | ||||
| Female | 107 596 (52.4) | 850 (48.9) | 108 446 (52.4) | Reference |
| Male | 97 656 (47.6) | 887 (51.1) | 98 543 (47.6) | 1.15 (1.05-1.26) |
| Other | 4 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (0.0) | NE |
| Race/ethnicity, n (col%) | ||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 92 986 (45.3) | 771 (44.4) | 93 757 (45.3) | Reference |
| Hispanic | 63 347 (30.9) | 540 (31.1) | 63 887 (30.9) | 1.03 (0.92-1.15) |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 23 178 (11.3) | 324 (18.7) | 23 502 (11.4) | 1.69 (1.48-1.92) |
| Asian/Pacific Islander | 22 152 (10.8) | 73 (4.2) | 22 225 (10.7) | 0.40 (0.32-0.51) |
| Other/unknown | 3593 (1.8) | 29 (1.6) | 3622 (1.8) | 0.92 (0.62, 1.35) |
| Age (years) | ||||
| Mean (SD) | 65.9 (15.20) | 60.6 (14.81) | 65.9 (15.20) | |
| Median [Q1, Q3] | 68.0 (57.0, 77.0) | 61.0 (52.0, 71.0) | 68.0 (57.0, 77.0) | |
| Age group (years), n (col%) | ||||
| 18-34 | 8786 (4.3) | 103 (5.9) | 8889 (4.3) | Reference |
| 35-44 | 11 052 (5.4) | 140 (8.1) | 11 192 (5.4) | 1.08 (0.84-1.39) |
| 45-64 | 64 657 (31.5) | 777 (44.7) | 65 434 (31.6) | 1.02 (0.83-1.26) |
| 65-74 | 58 177 (28.3) | 427 (24.6) | 58 604 (28.3) | 0.62 (0.50-0.77) |
| ≥75 | 62 584 (30.5) | 290 (16.7) | 62 874 (30.4) | 0.39 (0.32-0.49) |
| Emergency visit utilization | ||||
| Mean (SD) | 0.7 (1.67) | 3.0 (8.02) | 0.8 (1.83) | |
| Median [Q1, Q3] | 0.0 (0.0, 1.0) | 1.0 (0.0, 4.0) | 0.0 (0.0, 1.0) | |
| Emergency visit utilization group n, (col%) | ||||
| 0 | 135 305 (65.9) | 594 (34.2) | 135 899 (65.7) | Reference |
| 1-3 | 59 750 (29.1) | 708 (40.8) | 60 458 (29.2) | 2.70 (2.42-3.0) |
| 4-6 | 7555 (3.7) | 235 (13.5) | 7790 (3.8) | 7.09 (6.09-8.26) |
| 7-9 | 1735 (0.8) | 91 (5.2) | 1826 (0.9) | 12.00 (9.58-15.03) |
| 10+ | 911 (0.4) | 109 (6.3) | 1020 (0.5) | 27.34 (22.07-33.87) |
| County service area, n (col%) a | ||||
| Los Angeles | 122 594 (59.7) | 1064 (61.3) | 123 658 (59.7) | Reference |
| San Diego | 28 910 (14.1) | 256 (14.7) | 29 166 (14.1) | 1.02 (0.89-1.17) |
| Orange County | 23 698 (11.5) | 159 (9.2) | 23 857 (11.5) | 0.78 (0.66-0.92) |
| Riverside | 21 675 (10.6) | 146 (8.4) | 21 821 (10.5) | 0.78 (0.66-0.93) |
| Kern County | 4885 (2.4) | 29 (1.7) | 4914 (2.4) | 0.70 (0.48-1.01) |
| West Ventura County | 3143 (1.5) | 38 (2.2) | 3181 (1.5) | 1.41 (1.02-1.95) |
| Unknown | 351 (0.2) | 45 (2.6) | 396 (0.2) | 14.91 (10.88-20.43) |
San Bernardino was combined into Los Angeles and Riverside service area. NE, not estimated.
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