Baseline characteristics by tea and coffee consumption in the UK Biobank cohort
| . | . | Tea consumption, cups/day . | Coffee consumption, cups/day . | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic . | . | 0 . | 0.5 to 1 . | 2 to 3 . | 4 to 6 . | >6 . | 0 . | 0.5 to 1 . | 2 to 3 . | 4 to 6 . | >6 . |
| No. (%) | 65 975 (14.74) | 51 735 (11.56) | 131 561 (29.39) | 154 045 (34.41) | 44 342 (9.91) | 99 465 (22.22) | 121 138 (27.06) | 139 072 (31.07) | 75 081 (16.77) | 12 902 (2.88) | |
| Age, mean (s.d.), y | 55.10 (8.25) | 55.12 (8.37) | 56.32 (8.18) | 56.85 (7.95) | 56.42 (7.86) | 55.13 (8.25) | 56.64 (8.11) | 56.74 (8.06) | 56.10 (7.98) | 54.88 (8.08) | |
| Female (%) | 37 298 (56.53) | 27 190 (52.56) | 71 901 (54.65) | 85 179 (55.29) | 23 087 (52.07) | 58 312 (58.63) | 69 166 (57.10) | 74 578 (53.63) | 36 776 (48.98) | 5,823 (45.13) | |
| BMI, mean (s.d.), kg/m2 | 28.05 (5.18) | 27.36 (4.81) | 27.14 (4.59) | 27.24 (4.55) | 27.41 (4.65) | 27.45 (4.94) | 27.00 (4.61) | 27.24 (4.55) | 27.93 (4.72) | 28.13 (4.99) | |
| Ethnicity (%) | White | 59 950 (90.87) | 44 620 (86.25) | 117 443 (89.27) | 141 926 (92.13) | 41 014 (92.49) | 87 553 (88.02) | 108 837 (89.85) | 126 658 (91.07) | 69 928 (93.14) | 11 977 (92.83) |
| Income (%) | <18 000 | 12 878 (19.52) | 8,241 (15.93) | 22 932 (17.43) | 30 724 (19.94) | 10 532 (23.75) | 22 081 (22.20) | 23 316 (19.25) | 23 718 (17.05) | 13 179 (17.55) | 3,013 (23.35) |
| 18 000–30 999 | 14 135 (21.42) | 10 331 (19.97) | 28 071 (21.34) | 33 865 (21.98) | 9,610 (21.67) | 20 834 (20.95) | 26 210 (21.64) | 30 152 (21.68) | 15 982 (21.29) | 2,834 (21.97) | |
| 31 000–51 999 | 24 662 (37.38) | 19 282 (37.27) | 49 396 (37.55) | 57 704 (37.46) | 16 202 (36.54) | 37 809 (38.01) | 45 009 (37.16) | 52 015 (37.40) | 27 861 (37.11) | 4,552 (35.28) | |
| 52 000–100 000 | 11 434 (17.33) | 10 533 (20.36) | 24 306 (18.48) | 25 562 (16.59) | 6,605 (14.90) | 15 402 (15.48) | 20 921 (17.27) | 25 744 (18.51) | 14 336 (19.09) | 2,037 (15.79) | |
| >100 000 | 2,866 (4.34) | 3,348 (6.47) | 6,856 (5.21) | 6,190 (4.02) | 1,393 (3.14) | 3,339 (3.36) | 5,682 (4.69) | 7,443 (5.35) | 3,723 (4.96) | 466 (3.61) | |
| TDIa, mean (s.d.) | −1.08 (3.17) | −1.13 (3.18) | −1.36 (3.08) | −1.47 (2.99) | −1.04 (3.20) | −0.85 (3.28) | −1.39 (3.04) | −1.51 (2.99) | −1.44 (3.00) | -0.75 (3.30) | |
| Current smokers (%) | 9,112 (13.81) | 5,732 (11.08) | 11 093 (8.43) | 14 350 (9.32) | 7,478 (16.86) | 9,780 (9.83) | 9,276 (7.66) | 13 089 (9.41) | 11 637 (15.50) | 3,983 (30.87) | |
| Alcohol intake (%) | Daily | 13 411 (20.35) | 12 657 (24.48) | 28 734 (21.86) | 27 746 (18.02) | 6,694 (15.11) | 14 009 (14.10) | 23 488 (19.40) | 32 645 (23.49) | 16 808 (22.41) | 2,292 (17.79) |
| 3 or 4 times a week | 13 170 (19.98) | 12 134 (23.47) | 32 400 (24.65) | 36 509 (23.72) | 8,959 (20.23) | 17387 (17.50) | 28 765 (23.76) | 36 048 (25.94) | 18 502 (24.66) | 2,470 (19.18) | |
| Once or twice a week | 15 977 (24.24) | 12 327 (23.85) | 33 897 (25.79) | 42 416 (27.55) | 11 685 (26.38) | 24 803 (24.96) | 32 813 (27.10) | 36 121 (25.99) | 19 424 (25.89) | 3,141 (24.38) | |
| 1–3 times a month | 7,778 (11.80) | 5,401 (10.45) | 13 401 (10.20) | 17 963 (11.67) | 5,888 (13.29) | 12 655 (12.74) | 14 037 (11.60) | 13 924 (10.02) | 8,129 (10.84) | 1,686 (13.09) | |
| Special occasions only | 8,656 (13.13) | 5,412 (10.47) | 13 189 (10.03) | 18 054 (11.73) | 6,510 (14.70) | 15 907 (16.01) | 13 885 (11.47) | 12 586 (9.06) | 7,511 (10.01) | 1,932 (15.00) | |
| Never | 6,921 (10.50) | 3,763 (7.28) | 9,810 (7.46) | 11 246 (7.31) | 4,557 (10.29) | 14596 (14.69) | 8,071 (6.67) | 7,630 (5.49) | 4,640 (6.19) | 1,360 (10.56) | |
| Tea, mean (s.d.), cups/day | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.87 (0.22) | 2.51 (0.50) | 4.85 (0.81) | 9.24 (3.52) | 4.50 (3.30) | 4.04 (2.63) | 2.98 (2.37) | 2.02 (2.42) | 2.20 (4.15) | |
| Coffee, mean (s.d.), cups/day | 3.48 (2.80) | 2.78 (2.13) | 1.97 (1.68) | 1.41 (1.54) | 1.30 (2.27) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.87 (0.22) | 2.39 (0.49) | 4.69 (0.78) | 8.98 (3.28) | |
| Non-hypertension (%) | 29 576 (44.83) | 23 582 (45.58) | 58 276 (44.30) | 67 923 (44.09) | 20 256 (45.68) | 45 584 (45.83) | 54 074 (44.64) | 61 161 (43.98) | 32 755 (43.63) | 6,039 (46.81) | |
| Non-diabetes (%) | 60 740 (92.07) | 48 157 (93.08) | 122 468 (93.09) | 144 174 (93.59) | 41 364 (93.28) | 91 916 (92.41) | 113 172 (93.42) | 130 135 (93.57) | 69 804 (92.97) | 11 876 (92.05) | |
| Diuretic use (%) | 777 (1.18) | 494 (0.95) | 1,322 (1.00) | 1,560 (1.01) | 559 (1.26) | 1,231 (1.24) | 1,271 (1.05) | 1,325 (0.95) | 764 (1.02) | 121 (0.94) | |
| SU, mean (s.d.), μmol/L | 304.99 (77.28) | 307.13 (76.27) | 306.86 (75.87) | 306.72 (75.47) | 305.38 (75.28) | 306.59 (77.57) | 305.45 (75.93) | 306.13 (75.06) | 308.71 (75.41) | 304.16 (75.25) | |
| HDL, mean (s.d.), mmol/L | 1.43 (0.35) | 1.45 (0.36) | 1.46 (0.36) | 1.46 (0.35) | 1.43 (0.35) | 1.43 (0.35) | 1.47 (0.36) | 1.47 (0.36) | 1.43 (0.35) | 1.38 (0.34) | |
| LDL, mean (s.d.), mmol/L | 3.58 (0.86) | 3.57 (0.84) | 3.56 (0.84) | 3.55 (0.83) | 3.53 (0.84) | 3.49 (0.83) | 3.55 (0.83) | 3.59 (0.84) | 3.61 (0.85) | 3.61 (0.86) | |
| . | . | Tea consumption, cups/day . | Coffee consumption, cups/day . | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic . | . | 0 . | 0.5 to 1 . | 2 to 3 . | 4 to 6 . | >6 . | 0 . | 0.5 to 1 . | 2 to 3 . | 4 to 6 . | >6 . |
| No. (%) | 65 975 (14.74) | 51 735 (11.56) | 131 561 (29.39) | 154 045 (34.41) | 44 342 (9.91) | 99 465 (22.22) | 121 138 (27.06) | 139 072 (31.07) | 75 081 (16.77) | 12 902 (2.88) | |
| Age, mean (s.d.), y | 55.10 (8.25) | 55.12 (8.37) | 56.32 (8.18) | 56.85 (7.95) | 56.42 (7.86) | 55.13 (8.25) | 56.64 (8.11) | 56.74 (8.06) | 56.10 (7.98) | 54.88 (8.08) | |
| Female (%) | 37 298 (56.53) | 27 190 (52.56) | 71 901 (54.65) | 85 179 (55.29) | 23 087 (52.07) | 58 312 (58.63) | 69 166 (57.10) | 74 578 (53.63) | 36 776 (48.98) | 5,823 (45.13) | |
| BMI, mean (s.d.), kg/m2 | 28.05 (5.18) | 27.36 (4.81) | 27.14 (4.59) | 27.24 (4.55) | 27.41 (4.65) | 27.45 (4.94) | 27.00 (4.61) | 27.24 (4.55) | 27.93 (4.72) | 28.13 (4.99) | |
| Ethnicity (%) | White | 59 950 (90.87) | 44 620 (86.25) | 117 443 (89.27) | 141 926 (92.13) | 41 014 (92.49) | 87 553 (88.02) | 108 837 (89.85) | 126 658 (91.07) | 69 928 (93.14) | 11 977 (92.83) |
| Income (%) | <18 000 | 12 878 (19.52) | 8,241 (15.93) | 22 932 (17.43) | 30 724 (19.94) | 10 532 (23.75) | 22 081 (22.20) | 23 316 (19.25) | 23 718 (17.05) | 13 179 (17.55) | 3,013 (23.35) |
| 18 000–30 999 | 14 135 (21.42) | 10 331 (19.97) | 28 071 (21.34) | 33 865 (21.98) | 9,610 (21.67) | 20 834 (20.95) | 26 210 (21.64) | 30 152 (21.68) | 15 982 (21.29) | 2,834 (21.97) | |
| 31 000–51 999 | 24 662 (37.38) | 19 282 (37.27) | 49 396 (37.55) | 57 704 (37.46) | 16 202 (36.54) | 37 809 (38.01) | 45 009 (37.16) | 52 015 (37.40) | 27 861 (37.11) | 4,552 (35.28) | |
| 52 000–100 000 | 11 434 (17.33) | 10 533 (20.36) | 24 306 (18.48) | 25 562 (16.59) | 6,605 (14.90) | 15 402 (15.48) | 20 921 (17.27) | 25 744 (18.51) | 14 336 (19.09) | 2,037 (15.79) | |
| >100 000 | 2,866 (4.34) | 3,348 (6.47) | 6,856 (5.21) | 6,190 (4.02) | 1,393 (3.14) | 3,339 (3.36) | 5,682 (4.69) | 7,443 (5.35) | 3,723 (4.96) | 466 (3.61) | |
| TDIa, mean (s.d.) | −1.08 (3.17) | −1.13 (3.18) | −1.36 (3.08) | −1.47 (2.99) | −1.04 (3.20) | −0.85 (3.28) | −1.39 (3.04) | −1.51 (2.99) | −1.44 (3.00) | -0.75 (3.30) | |
| Current smokers (%) | 9,112 (13.81) | 5,732 (11.08) | 11 093 (8.43) | 14 350 (9.32) | 7,478 (16.86) | 9,780 (9.83) | 9,276 (7.66) | 13 089 (9.41) | 11 637 (15.50) | 3,983 (30.87) | |
| Alcohol intake (%) | Daily | 13 411 (20.35) | 12 657 (24.48) | 28 734 (21.86) | 27 746 (18.02) | 6,694 (15.11) | 14 009 (14.10) | 23 488 (19.40) | 32 645 (23.49) | 16 808 (22.41) | 2,292 (17.79) |
| 3 or 4 times a week | 13 170 (19.98) | 12 134 (23.47) | 32 400 (24.65) | 36 509 (23.72) | 8,959 (20.23) | 17387 (17.50) | 28 765 (23.76) | 36 048 (25.94) | 18 502 (24.66) | 2,470 (19.18) | |
| Once or twice a week | 15 977 (24.24) | 12 327 (23.85) | 33 897 (25.79) | 42 416 (27.55) | 11 685 (26.38) | 24 803 (24.96) | 32 813 (27.10) | 36 121 (25.99) | 19 424 (25.89) | 3,141 (24.38) | |
| 1–3 times a month | 7,778 (11.80) | 5,401 (10.45) | 13 401 (10.20) | 17 963 (11.67) | 5,888 (13.29) | 12 655 (12.74) | 14 037 (11.60) | 13 924 (10.02) | 8,129 (10.84) | 1,686 (13.09) | |
| Special occasions only | 8,656 (13.13) | 5,412 (10.47) | 13 189 (10.03) | 18 054 (11.73) | 6,510 (14.70) | 15 907 (16.01) | 13 885 (11.47) | 12 586 (9.06) | 7,511 (10.01) | 1,932 (15.00) | |
| Never | 6,921 (10.50) | 3,763 (7.28) | 9,810 (7.46) | 11 246 (7.31) | 4,557 (10.29) | 14596 (14.69) | 8,071 (6.67) | 7,630 (5.49) | 4,640 (6.19) | 1,360 (10.56) | |
| Tea, mean (s.d.), cups/day | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.87 (0.22) | 2.51 (0.50) | 4.85 (0.81) | 9.24 (3.52) | 4.50 (3.30) | 4.04 (2.63) | 2.98 (2.37) | 2.02 (2.42) | 2.20 (4.15) | |
| Coffee, mean (s.d.), cups/day | 3.48 (2.80) | 2.78 (2.13) | 1.97 (1.68) | 1.41 (1.54) | 1.30 (2.27) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.87 (0.22) | 2.39 (0.49) | 4.69 (0.78) | 8.98 (3.28) | |
| Non-hypertension (%) | 29 576 (44.83) | 23 582 (45.58) | 58 276 (44.30) | 67 923 (44.09) | 20 256 (45.68) | 45 584 (45.83) | 54 074 (44.64) | 61 161 (43.98) | 32 755 (43.63) | 6,039 (46.81) | |
| Non-diabetes (%) | 60 740 (92.07) | 48 157 (93.08) | 122 468 (93.09) | 144 174 (93.59) | 41 364 (93.28) | 91 916 (92.41) | 113 172 (93.42) | 130 135 (93.57) | 69 804 (92.97) | 11 876 (92.05) | |
| Diuretic use (%) | 777 (1.18) | 494 (0.95) | 1,322 (1.00) | 1,560 (1.01) | 559 (1.26) | 1,231 (1.24) | 1,271 (1.05) | 1,325 (0.95) | 764 (1.02) | 121 (0.94) | |
| SU, mean (s.d.), μmol/L | 304.99 (77.28) | 307.13 (76.27) | 306.86 (75.87) | 306.72 (75.47) | 305.38 (75.28) | 306.59 (77.57) | 305.45 (75.93) | 306.13 (75.06) | 308.71 (75.41) | 304.16 (75.25) | |
| HDL, mean (s.d.), mmol/L | 1.43 (0.35) | 1.45 (0.36) | 1.46 (0.36) | 1.46 (0.35) | 1.43 (0.35) | 1.43 (0.35) | 1.47 (0.36) | 1.47 (0.36) | 1.43 (0.35) | 1.38 (0.34) | |
| LDL, mean (s.d.), mmol/L | 3.58 (0.86) | 3.57 (0.84) | 3.56 (0.84) | 3.55 (0.83) | 3.53 (0.84) | 3.49 (0.83) | 3.55 (0.83) | 3.59 (0.84) | 3.61 (0.85) | 3.61 (0.86) | |
Positive values of the index indicate areas with high material deprivation, whereas those with negative values indicate relative affluence.
BMI: BMI (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared); HDL: high-density lipoprotein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; SU: serum urate; TDI: Townsend deprivation index.
Baseline characteristics by tea and coffee consumption in the UK Biobank cohort
| . | . | Tea consumption, cups/day . | Coffee consumption, cups/day . | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic . | . | 0 . | 0.5 to 1 . | 2 to 3 . | 4 to 6 . | >6 . | 0 . | 0.5 to 1 . | 2 to 3 . | 4 to 6 . | >6 . |
| No. (%) | 65 975 (14.74) | 51 735 (11.56) | 131 561 (29.39) | 154 045 (34.41) | 44 342 (9.91) | 99 465 (22.22) | 121 138 (27.06) | 139 072 (31.07) | 75 081 (16.77) | 12 902 (2.88) | |
| Age, mean (s.d.), y | 55.10 (8.25) | 55.12 (8.37) | 56.32 (8.18) | 56.85 (7.95) | 56.42 (7.86) | 55.13 (8.25) | 56.64 (8.11) | 56.74 (8.06) | 56.10 (7.98) | 54.88 (8.08) | |
| Female (%) | 37 298 (56.53) | 27 190 (52.56) | 71 901 (54.65) | 85 179 (55.29) | 23 087 (52.07) | 58 312 (58.63) | 69 166 (57.10) | 74 578 (53.63) | 36 776 (48.98) | 5,823 (45.13) | |
| BMI, mean (s.d.), kg/m2 | 28.05 (5.18) | 27.36 (4.81) | 27.14 (4.59) | 27.24 (4.55) | 27.41 (4.65) | 27.45 (4.94) | 27.00 (4.61) | 27.24 (4.55) | 27.93 (4.72) | 28.13 (4.99) | |
| Ethnicity (%) | White | 59 950 (90.87) | 44 620 (86.25) | 117 443 (89.27) | 141 926 (92.13) | 41 014 (92.49) | 87 553 (88.02) | 108 837 (89.85) | 126 658 (91.07) | 69 928 (93.14) | 11 977 (92.83) |
| Income (%) | <18 000 | 12 878 (19.52) | 8,241 (15.93) | 22 932 (17.43) | 30 724 (19.94) | 10 532 (23.75) | 22 081 (22.20) | 23 316 (19.25) | 23 718 (17.05) | 13 179 (17.55) | 3,013 (23.35) |
| 18 000–30 999 | 14 135 (21.42) | 10 331 (19.97) | 28 071 (21.34) | 33 865 (21.98) | 9,610 (21.67) | 20 834 (20.95) | 26 210 (21.64) | 30 152 (21.68) | 15 982 (21.29) | 2,834 (21.97) | |
| 31 000–51 999 | 24 662 (37.38) | 19 282 (37.27) | 49 396 (37.55) | 57 704 (37.46) | 16 202 (36.54) | 37 809 (38.01) | 45 009 (37.16) | 52 015 (37.40) | 27 861 (37.11) | 4,552 (35.28) | |
| 52 000–100 000 | 11 434 (17.33) | 10 533 (20.36) | 24 306 (18.48) | 25 562 (16.59) | 6,605 (14.90) | 15 402 (15.48) | 20 921 (17.27) | 25 744 (18.51) | 14 336 (19.09) | 2,037 (15.79) | |
| >100 000 | 2,866 (4.34) | 3,348 (6.47) | 6,856 (5.21) | 6,190 (4.02) | 1,393 (3.14) | 3,339 (3.36) | 5,682 (4.69) | 7,443 (5.35) | 3,723 (4.96) | 466 (3.61) | |
| TDIa, mean (s.d.) | −1.08 (3.17) | −1.13 (3.18) | −1.36 (3.08) | −1.47 (2.99) | −1.04 (3.20) | −0.85 (3.28) | −1.39 (3.04) | −1.51 (2.99) | −1.44 (3.00) | -0.75 (3.30) | |
| Current smokers (%) | 9,112 (13.81) | 5,732 (11.08) | 11 093 (8.43) | 14 350 (9.32) | 7,478 (16.86) | 9,780 (9.83) | 9,276 (7.66) | 13 089 (9.41) | 11 637 (15.50) | 3,983 (30.87) | |
| Alcohol intake (%) | Daily | 13 411 (20.35) | 12 657 (24.48) | 28 734 (21.86) | 27 746 (18.02) | 6,694 (15.11) | 14 009 (14.10) | 23 488 (19.40) | 32 645 (23.49) | 16 808 (22.41) | 2,292 (17.79) |
| 3 or 4 times a week | 13 170 (19.98) | 12 134 (23.47) | 32 400 (24.65) | 36 509 (23.72) | 8,959 (20.23) | 17387 (17.50) | 28 765 (23.76) | 36 048 (25.94) | 18 502 (24.66) | 2,470 (19.18) | |
| Once or twice a week | 15 977 (24.24) | 12 327 (23.85) | 33 897 (25.79) | 42 416 (27.55) | 11 685 (26.38) | 24 803 (24.96) | 32 813 (27.10) | 36 121 (25.99) | 19 424 (25.89) | 3,141 (24.38) | |
| 1–3 times a month | 7,778 (11.80) | 5,401 (10.45) | 13 401 (10.20) | 17 963 (11.67) | 5,888 (13.29) | 12 655 (12.74) | 14 037 (11.60) | 13 924 (10.02) | 8,129 (10.84) | 1,686 (13.09) | |
| Special occasions only | 8,656 (13.13) | 5,412 (10.47) | 13 189 (10.03) | 18 054 (11.73) | 6,510 (14.70) | 15 907 (16.01) | 13 885 (11.47) | 12 586 (9.06) | 7,511 (10.01) | 1,932 (15.00) | |
| Never | 6,921 (10.50) | 3,763 (7.28) | 9,810 (7.46) | 11 246 (7.31) | 4,557 (10.29) | 14596 (14.69) | 8,071 (6.67) | 7,630 (5.49) | 4,640 (6.19) | 1,360 (10.56) | |
| Tea, mean (s.d.), cups/day | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.87 (0.22) | 2.51 (0.50) | 4.85 (0.81) | 9.24 (3.52) | 4.50 (3.30) | 4.04 (2.63) | 2.98 (2.37) | 2.02 (2.42) | 2.20 (4.15) | |
| Coffee, mean (s.d.), cups/day | 3.48 (2.80) | 2.78 (2.13) | 1.97 (1.68) | 1.41 (1.54) | 1.30 (2.27) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.87 (0.22) | 2.39 (0.49) | 4.69 (0.78) | 8.98 (3.28) | |
| Non-hypertension (%) | 29 576 (44.83) | 23 582 (45.58) | 58 276 (44.30) | 67 923 (44.09) | 20 256 (45.68) | 45 584 (45.83) | 54 074 (44.64) | 61 161 (43.98) | 32 755 (43.63) | 6,039 (46.81) | |
| Non-diabetes (%) | 60 740 (92.07) | 48 157 (93.08) | 122 468 (93.09) | 144 174 (93.59) | 41 364 (93.28) | 91 916 (92.41) | 113 172 (93.42) | 130 135 (93.57) | 69 804 (92.97) | 11 876 (92.05) | |
| Diuretic use (%) | 777 (1.18) | 494 (0.95) | 1,322 (1.00) | 1,560 (1.01) | 559 (1.26) | 1,231 (1.24) | 1,271 (1.05) | 1,325 (0.95) | 764 (1.02) | 121 (0.94) | |
| SU, mean (s.d.), μmol/L | 304.99 (77.28) | 307.13 (76.27) | 306.86 (75.87) | 306.72 (75.47) | 305.38 (75.28) | 306.59 (77.57) | 305.45 (75.93) | 306.13 (75.06) | 308.71 (75.41) | 304.16 (75.25) | |
| HDL, mean (s.d.), mmol/L | 1.43 (0.35) | 1.45 (0.36) | 1.46 (0.36) | 1.46 (0.35) | 1.43 (0.35) | 1.43 (0.35) | 1.47 (0.36) | 1.47 (0.36) | 1.43 (0.35) | 1.38 (0.34) | |
| LDL, mean (s.d.), mmol/L | 3.58 (0.86) | 3.57 (0.84) | 3.56 (0.84) | 3.55 (0.83) | 3.53 (0.84) | 3.49 (0.83) | 3.55 (0.83) | 3.59 (0.84) | 3.61 (0.85) | 3.61 (0.86) | |
| . | . | Tea consumption, cups/day . | Coffee consumption, cups/day . | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic . | . | 0 . | 0.5 to 1 . | 2 to 3 . | 4 to 6 . | >6 . | 0 . | 0.5 to 1 . | 2 to 3 . | 4 to 6 . | >6 . |
| No. (%) | 65 975 (14.74) | 51 735 (11.56) | 131 561 (29.39) | 154 045 (34.41) | 44 342 (9.91) | 99 465 (22.22) | 121 138 (27.06) | 139 072 (31.07) | 75 081 (16.77) | 12 902 (2.88) | |
| Age, mean (s.d.), y | 55.10 (8.25) | 55.12 (8.37) | 56.32 (8.18) | 56.85 (7.95) | 56.42 (7.86) | 55.13 (8.25) | 56.64 (8.11) | 56.74 (8.06) | 56.10 (7.98) | 54.88 (8.08) | |
| Female (%) | 37 298 (56.53) | 27 190 (52.56) | 71 901 (54.65) | 85 179 (55.29) | 23 087 (52.07) | 58 312 (58.63) | 69 166 (57.10) | 74 578 (53.63) | 36 776 (48.98) | 5,823 (45.13) | |
| BMI, mean (s.d.), kg/m2 | 28.05 (5.18) | 27.36 (4.81) | 27.14 (4.59) | 27.24 (4.55) | 27.41 (4.65) | 27.45 (4.94) | 27.00 (4.61) | 27.24 (4.55) | 27.93 (4.72) | 28.13 (4.99) | |
| Ethnicity (%) | White | 59 950 (90.87) | 44 620 (86.25) | 117 443 (89.27) | 141 926 (92.13) | 41 014 (92.49) | 87 553 (88.02) | 108 837 (89.85) | 126 658 (91.07) | 69 928 (93.14) | 11 977 (92.83) |
| Income (%) | <18 000 | 12 878 (19.52) | 8,241 (15.93) | 22 932 (17.43) | 30 724 (19.94) | 10 532 (23.75) | 22 081 (22.20) | 23 316 (19.25) | 23 718 (17.05) | 13 179 (17.55) | 3,013 (23.35) |
| 18 000–30 999 | 14 135 (21.42) | 10 331 (19.97) | 28 071 (21.34) | 33 865 (21.98) | 9,610 (21.67) | 20 834 (20.95) | 26 210 (21.64) | 30 152 (21.68) | 15 982 (21.29) | 2,834 (21.97) | |
| 31 000–51 999 | 24 662 (37.38) | 19 282 (37.27) | 49 396 (37.55) | 57 704 (37.46) | 16 202 (36.54) | 37 809 (38.01) | 45 009 (37.16) | 52 015 (37.40) | 27 861 (37.11) | 4,552 (35.28) | |
| 52 000–100 000 | 11 434 (17.33) | 10 533 (20.36) | 24 306 (18.48) | 25 562 (16.59) | 6,605 (14.90) | 15 402 (15.48) | 20 921 (17.27) | 25 744 (18.51) | 14 336 (19.09) | 2,037 (15.79) | |
| >100 000 | 2,866 (4.34) | 3,348 (6.47) | 6,856 (5.21) | 6,190 (4.02) | 1,393 (3.14) | 3,339 (3.36) | 5,682 (4.69) | 7,443 (5.35) | 3,723 (4.96) | 466 (3.61) | |
| TDIa, mean (s.d.) | −1.08 (3.17) | −1.13 (3.18) | −1.36 (3.08) | −1.47 (2.99) | −1.04 (3.20) | −0.85 (3.28) | −1.39 (3.04) | −1.51 (2.99) | −1.44 (3.00) | -0.75 (3.30) | |
| Current smokers (%) | 9,112 (13.81) | 5,732 (11.08) | 11 093 (8.43) | 14 350 (9.32) | 7,478 (16.86) | 9,780 (9.83) | 9,276 (7.66) | 13 089 (9.41) | 11 637 (15.50) | 3,983 (30.87) | |
| Alcohol intake (%) | Daily | 13 411 (20.35) | 12 657 (24.48) | 28 734 (21.86) | 27 746 (18.02) | 6,694 (15.11) | 14 009 (14.10) | 23 488 (19.40) | 32 645 (23.49) | 16 808 (22.41) | 2,292 (17.79) |
| 3 or 4 times a week | 13 170 (19.98) | 12 134 (23.47) | 32 400 (24.65) | 36 509 (23.72) | 8,959 (20.23) | 17387 (17.50) | 28 765 (23.76) | 36 048 (25.94) | 18 502 (24.66) | 2,470 (19.18) | |
| Once or twice a week | 15 977 (24.24) | 12 327 (23.85) | 33 897 (25.79) | 42 416 (27.55) | 11 685 (26.38) | 24 803 (24.96) | 32 813 (27.10) | 36 121 (25.99) | 19 424 (25.89) | 3,141 (24.38) | |
| 1–3 times a month | 7,778 (11.80) | 5,401 (10.45) | 13 401 (10.20) | 17 963 (11.67) | 5,888 (13.29) | 12 655 (12.74) | 14 037 (11.60) | 13 924 (10.02) | 8,129 (10.84) | 1,686 (13.09) | |
| Special occasions only | 8,656 (13.13) | 5,412 (10.47) | 13 189 (10.03) | 18 054 (11.73) | 6,510 (14.70) | 15 907 (16.01) | 13 885 (11.47) | 12 586 (9.06) | 7,511 (10.01) | 1,932 (15.00) | |
| Never | 6,921 (10.50) | 3,763 (7.28) | 9,810 (7.46) | 11 246 (7.31) | 4,557 (10.29) | 14596 (14.69) | 8,071 (6.67) | 7,630 (5.49) | 4,640 (6.19) | 1,360 (10.56) | |
| Tea, mean (s.d.), cups/day | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.87 (0.22) | 2.51 (0.50) | 4.85 (0.81) | 9.24 (3.52) | 4.50 (3.30) | 4.04 (2.63) | 2.98 (2.37) | 2.02 (2.42) | 2.20 (4.15) | |
| Coffee, mean (s.d.), cups/day | 3.48 (2.80) | 2.78 (2.13) | 1.97 (1.68) | 1.41 (1.54) | 1.30 (2.27) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.87 (0.22) | 2.39 (0.49) | 4.69 (0.78) | 8.98 (3.28) | |
| Non-hypertension (%) | 29 576 (44.83) | 23 582 (45.58) | 58 276 (44.30) | 67 923 (44.09) | 20 256 (45.68) | 45 584 (45.83) | 54 074 (44.64) | 61 161 (43.98) | 32 755 (43.63) | 6,039 (46.81) | |
| Non-diabetes (%) | 60 740 (92.07) | 48 157 (93.08) | 122 468 (93.09) | 144 174 (93.59) | 41 364 (93.28) | 91 916 (92.41) | 113 172 (93.42) | 130 135 (93.57) | 69 804 (92.97) | 11 876 (92.05) | |
| Diuretic use (%) | 777 (1.18) | 494 (0.95) | 1,322 (1.00) | 1,560 (1.01) | 559 (1.26) | 1,231 (1.24) | 1,271 (1.05) | 1,325 (0.95) | 764 (1.02) | 121 (0.94) | |
| SU, mean (s.d.), μmol/L | 304.99 (77.28) | 307.13 (76.27) | 306.86 (75.87) | 306.72 (75.47) | 305.38 (75.28) | 306.59 (77.57) | 305.45 (75.93) | 306.13 (75.06) | 308.71 (75.41) | 304.16 (75.25) | |
| HDL, mean (s.d.), mmol/L | 1.43 (0.35) | 1.45 (0.36) | 1.46 (0.36) | 1.46 (0.35) | 1.43 (0.35) | 1.43 (0.35) | 1.47 (0.36) | 1.47 (0.36) | 1.43 (0.35) | 1.38 (0.34) | |
| LDL, mean (s.d.), mmol/L | 3.58 (0.86) | 3.57 (0.84) | 3.56 (0.84) | 3.55 (0.83) | 3.53 (0.84) | 3.49 (0.83) | 3.55 (0.83) | 3.59 (0.84) | 3.61 (0.85) | 3.61 (0.86) | |
Positive values of the index indicate areas with high material deprivation, whereas those with negative values indicate relative affluence.
BMI: BMI (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared); HDL: high-density lipoprotein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; SU: serum urate; TDI: Townsend deprivation index.
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