Table 4. Open in new tab Hazard ratios...

Models	MTX monotherapy		SSZ monotherapy		HCQ monotherapy		Steroids
COVID-19 admissions
Unadjusted	1.23 (0.75, 2.01)	0.39	1.92 (1.04, 3.56)	0.03	1.43 (0.79, 2.61)	0.23	1.36 (0.92, 2.02)	0.11
Age- and gender-adjusted	1.10 (0.67, 1.80)	0.68	1.73 (0.93, 3.20)	0.08	1.37 (0.75, 2.49)	0.30	1.04 (0.70, 1.54)	0.83
Confounder-adjusted^a	1.11 (0.68, 1.81)	0.67	1.47 (0.78, 2.76)	0.22	1.25 (0.68, 2.28)	0.46	1.07 (0.71, 1.59)	0.74
Disease severity-adjusted^b	1.02 (0.60, 1.72)	0.92	1.36 (0.70, 2.64)	0.35	1.19 (0.63, 2.25)	0.58	1.00 (0.64, 1.56)	0.98
COVID-19 deaths
Unadjusted	0.97 (0.42, 2.26)	0.96	1.39 (0.45, 4.25)	0.58	1.69 (0.65, 4.40)	0.27	2.29 (1.02, 5.13)	0.04
Age- and gender-adjusted	0.87 (0.37, 2.03)	0.76	1.13 (0.37, 3.46)	0.82	1.58 (0.61, 4.11)	0.34	1.40 (0.62, 3.16)	0.41
Confounder-adjusted^a	0.89 (0.38, 2.08)	0.80	1.02 (0.33, 3.13)	0.97	1.49 (0.57, 3.89)	0.41	1.49 (0.66, 3.36)	0.33
Disease severity-adjusted^b	0.78 (0.31, 1.95)	0.60	0.88 (0.25, 3.05)	0.84	1.24 (0.43, 3.58)	0.68	1.14 (0.48, 2.67)	0.76

Models

MTX monotherapy

SSZ monotherapy

HCQ monotherapy

Steroids

HR (95% CI)

P value

HR (95% CI)

P-value

HR (95% CI)

P-value

HR (95% CI)

P-value

COVID-19 admissions

Unadjusted

1.23 (0.75, 2.01)

0.39

1.92 (1.04, 3.56)

0.03

1.43 (0.79, 2.61)

0.23

1.36 (0.92, 2.02)

0.11

Age- and gender-adjusted

1.10 (0.67, 1.80)

0.68

1.73 (0.93, 3.20)

0.08

1.37 (0.75, 2.49)

0.30

1.04 (0.70, 1.54)

0.83

Confounder-adjusted^a

1.11 (0.68, 1.81)

0.67

1.47 (0.78, 2.76)

0.22

1.25 (0.68, 2.28)

0.46

1.07 (0.71, 1.59)

0.74

Disease severity-adjusted^b

1.02 (0.60, 1.72)

0.92

1.36 (0.70, 2.64)

0.35

1.19 (0.63, 2.25)

0.58

1.00 (0.64, 1.56)

0.98

COVID-19 deaths

Unadjusted

0.97 (0.42, 2.26)

0.96

1.39 (0.45, 4.25)

0.58

1.69 (0.65, 4.40)

0.27

2.29 (1.02, 5.13)

0.04

Age- and gender-adjusted

0.87 (0.37, 2.03)

0.76

1.13 (0.37, 3.46)

0.82

1.58 (0.61, 4.11)

0.34

1.40 (0.62, 3.16)

0.41

Confounder-adjusted^a

0.89 (0.38, 2.08)

0.80

1.02 (0.33, 3.13)

0.97

1.49 (0.57, 3.89)

0.41

1.49 (0.66, 3.36)

0.33

Disease severity-adjusted^b

0.78 (0.31, 1.95)

0.60

0.88 (0.25, 3.05)

0.84

1.24 (0.43, 3.58)

0.68

1.14 (0.48, 2.67)

0.76

Models	MTX monotherapy		SSZ monotherapy		HCQ monotherapy		Steroids
COVID-19 admissions
Unadjusted	1.23 (0.75, 2.01)	0.39	1.92 (1.04, 3.56)	0.03	1.43 (0.79, 2.61)	0.23	1.36 (0.92, 2.02)	0.11
Age- and gender-adjusted	1.10 (0.67, 1.80)	0.68	1.73 (0.93, 3.20)	0.08	1.37 (0.75, 2.49)	0.30	1.04 (0.70, 1.54)	0.83
Confounder-adjusted^a	1.11 (0.68, 1.81)	0.67	1.47 (0.78, 2.76)	0.22	1.25 (0.68, 2.28)	0.46	1.07 (0.71, 1.59)	0.74
Disease severity-adjusted^b	1.02 (0.60, 1.72)	0.92	1.36 (0.70, 2.64)	0.35	1.19 (0.63, 2.25)	0.58	1.00 (0.64, 1.56)	0.98
COVID-19 deaths
Unadjusted	0.97 (0.42, 2.26)	0.96	1.39 (0.45, 4.25)	0.58	1.69 (0.65, 4.40)	0.27	2.29 (1.02, 5.13)	0.04
Age- and gender-adjusted	0.87 (0.37, 2.03)	0.76	1.13 (0.37, 3.46)	0.82	1.58 (0.61, 4.11)	0.34	1.40 (0.62, 3.16)	0.41
Confounder-adjusted^a	0.89 (0.38, 2.08)	0.80	1.02 (0.33, 3.13)	0.97	1.49 (0.57, 3.89)	0.41	1.49 (0.66, 3.36)	0.33
Disease severity-adjusted^b	0.78 (0.31, 1.95)	0.60	0.88 (0.25, 3.05)	0.84	1.24 (0.43, 3.58)	0.68	1.14 (0.48, 2.67)	0.76

Table 4.

Open in new tab

Hazard ratios for COVID-19 admissions and mortality in patients with EIA in relation to early monotherapy treatment (imputed analyses)

Models	MTX monotherapy		SSZ monotherapy		HCQ monotherapy		Steroids
	HR (95% CI)	P value	HR (95% CI)	P-value	HR (95% CI)	P-value	HR (95% CI)	P-value
COVID-19 admissions
Unadjusted	1.23 (0.75, 2.01)	0.39	1.92 (1.04, 3.56)	0.03	1.43 (0.79, 2.61)	0.23	1.36 (0.92, 2.02)	0.11
Age- and gender-adjusted	1.10 (0.67, 1.80)	0.68	1.73 (0.93, 3.20)	0.08	1.37 (0.75, 2.49)	0.30	1.04 (0.70, 1.54)	0.83
Confounder-adjusted^a	1.11 (0.68, 1.81)	0.67	1.47 (0.78, 2.76)	0.22	1.25 (0.68, 2.28)	0.46	1.07 (0.71, 1.59)	0.74
Disease severity-adjusted^b	1.02 (0.60, 1.72)	0.92	1.36 (0.70, 2.64)	0.35	1.19 (0.63, 2.25)	0.58	1.00 (0.64, 1.56)	0.98
COVID-19 deaths
Unadjusted	0.97 (0.42, 2.26)	0.96	1.39 (0.45, 4.25)	0.58	1.69 (0.65, 4.40)	0.27	2.29 (1.02, 5.13)	0.04
Age- and gender-adjusted	0.87 (0.37, 2.03)	0.76	1.13 (0.37, 3.46)	0.82	1.58 (0.61, 4.11)	0.34	1.40 (0.62, 3.16)	0.41
Confounder-adjusted^a	0.89 (0.38, 2.08)	0.80	1.02 (0.33, 3.13)	0.97	1.49 (0.57, 3.89)	0.41	1.49 (0.66, 3.36)	0.33
Disease severity-adjusted^b	0.78 (0.31, 1.95)	0.60	0.88 (0.25, 3.05)	0.84	1.24 (0.43, 3.58)	0.68	1.14 (0.48, 2.67)	0.76

Models	MTX monotherapy		SSZ monotherapy		HCQ monotherapy		Steroids
	HR (95% CI)	P value	HR (95% CI)	P-value	HR (95% CI)	P-value	HR (95% CI)	P-value
COVID-19 admissions
Unadjusted	1.23 (0.75, 2.01)	0.39	1.92 (1.04, 3.56)	0.03	1.43 (0.79, 2.61)	0.23	1.36 (0.92, 2.02)	0.11
Age- and gender-adjusted	1.10 (0.67, 1.80)	0.68	1.73 (0.93, 3.20)	0.08	1.37 (0.75, 2.49)	0.30	1.04 (0.70, 1.54)	0.83
Confounder-adjusted^a	1.11 (0.68, 1.81)	0.67	1.47 (0.78, 2.76)	0.22	1.25 (0.68, 2.28)	0.46	1.07 (0.71, 1.59)	0.74
Disease severity-adjusted^b	1.02 (0.60, 1.72)	0.92	1.36 (0.70, 2.64)	0.35	1.19 (0.63, 2.25)	0.58	1.00 (0.64, 1.56)	0.98
COVID-19 deaths
Unadjusted	0.97 (0.42, 2.26)	0.96	1.39 (0.45, 4.25)	0.58	1.69 (0.65, 4.40)	0.27	2.29 (1.02, 5.13)	0.04
Age- and gender-adjusted	0.87 (0.37, 2.03)	0.76	1.13 (0.37, 3.46)	0.82	1.58 (0.61, 4.11)	0.34	1.40 (0.62, 3.16)	0.41
Confounder-adjusted^a	0.89 (0.38, 2.08)	0.80	1.02 (0.33, 3.13)	0.97	1.49 (0.57, 3.89)	0.41	1.49 (0.66, 3.36)	0.33
Disease severity-adjusted^b	0.78 (0.31, 1.95)	0.60	0.88 (0.25, 3.05)	0.84	1.24 (0.43, 3.58)	0.68	1.14 (0.48, 2.67)	0.76

Hazards ratios of COVID-19 hospital admissions and deaths in patients diagnosed with EIA in England based on early treatment strategies (monotherapy) compared with no DMARD start (0–3 months) and concomitant steroids use at baseline using single failure Cox regression models. Multiple imputation model using chained equations (20 imputed datasets) was used for missing data in comorbidities, deprivation, baseline DAS28 and seropositivity. The following variables with complete data were utilized for the imputation: age, gender and smoking.

Confounder adjusted model adjusted for age, gender, smoking status, comorbidities (hypertension, diabetes mellitus, lung disease) and social deprivation using deprivation index.

Adjusted for age and gender, confounders and baseline DAS28, RF or anti-CCP seropositivity. EIA: early inflammatory arthritis; COVID-19: coronavirus disease 2019; HR: hazard ratio; DAS28: DAS for 28 joints.

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