| Variable . | Fluoroscopy-Guided MLD Group (n = 65) . | Traditional MLD Group (n = 64) . | Placebo MLD Group (n = 65) . | Total (N = 194) . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Body mass index, kg/m2b | 27.6 (5.3) | 28.8 (5.6) | 27.8 (6.1) | 28.1 (5.7) |
| Age at baseline measurement, yb | 60.3 (10.8) | 61.8 (9.5) | 61.1 (9.0) | 61.1 (9.8) |
| Duration of lymphedema, moc | 29 (49) | 28 (73) | 16 (50) | 24 (58) |
| Absolute excessive lymphedema arm volume, mLc | 456.7 (390.5) | 441.8 (464.4) | 430.0 (510.8) | 441.0 (442.3) |
| Relative excessive lymphedema arm volume, %c | 22.8 (24.2) | 21.9 (20.5) | 21.0 (18.9) | 21.7 (19.9) |
| Total pitting score,d out of 18, at baselinec | 5 (4) | 5 (5) | 4 (6) | 5 (5) |
| Patient enrollmente | ||||
| UH of Leuven | 39 (60) | 36 (56.3) | 37 (56.9) | 112 (57.7) |
| UH of Antwerp | 9 (13.8) | 10 (15.6) | 16 (24.6) | 35 (18) |
| UH of Saint Pierre Brussels | 6 (9.2) | 2 (3.1) | 2 (3.1) | 10 (5.2) |
| GH of Groeninge Kortrijk | 7 (10.8) | 7 (10.9) | 7 (10.8) | 23 (11.9) |
| Ghent University Hospital (or Ghent UH) | 4 (6.2) | 9 (14.1) | 3 (4.6) | 14 (7.2) |
| Sexe | ||||
| Men | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.6) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.5) |
| Women | 65 (100.0) | 63 (98.4) | 65 (100.0) | 193 (99.5) |
| Edema on dominant sidee | ||||
| No | 34 (52.3) | 43 (67.2) | 32 (49.2) | 109 (56.2) |
| Yes | 31 (47.7) | 21 (32.8) | 33 (50.8) | 85 (43.8) |
| Reason for inclusione | ||||
| Arm lymphedema | 61 (93.9) | 62 (96.9) | 61 (93.9) | 184 (94.9) |
| Hand lymphedema | 4 (6.2) | 2 (3.1) | 4 (6.2) | 10 (5.2) |
| Lymphedema stagee | ||||
| I | 10 (15.4) | 10 (15.6) | 12 (18.5) | 32 (16.5) |
| IIa | 34 (52.3) | 40 (62.5) | 35 (53.8) | 109 (56.2) |
| IIb | 21 (32.3) | 14 (21.9) | 18 (27.7) | 53 (27.3) |
| Type of surgerye | ||||
| Mastectomy | 36 (55.4) | 40 (62.5) | 39 (60) | 115 (59.3) |
| Breast-conserving surgery | 29 (44.6) | 24 (37.5) | 26 (40) | 79 (40.7) |
| No. of positive lymph nodese | ||||
| 0 | 12 (18.5) | 19 (29.7) | 17 (26.2) | 48 (24.7) |
| 1–3 | 35 (53.8) | 24 (37.5) | 28 (43.1) | 87 (44.8) |
| 4–10 | 13 (20.0) | 11 (17.2) | 14 (21.5) | 38 (19.6) |
| >10 | 5 (7.7) | 9 (14.1) | 6 (9.2) | 20 (10.3) |
| pTe | ||||
| 1 | 20 (30.7) | 20 (31.3) | 17 (26.2) | 58 (29.9) |
| 2 | 32 (49.2) | 29 (45.3) | 43 (66.2) | 104 (53.6) |
| 3 | 6 (9.2) | 9 (14.1) | 3 (4.6) | 18 (9.3 |
| 4 | 7 (10.8) | 6 (9.3) | 2 (3.1) | 14 (7.2) |
| pNe | ||||
| 0 | 12 (18.5) | 16 (25) | 15 (23.1) | 45 (23.2) |
| 1 | 36 (55.4) | 32 (50) | 34 (52.3) | 99 (51.5) |
| 2 | 11 (16.9) | 8 (12.5) | 7 (10.8) | 26 (13.4) |
| 3 | 6 (9.2) | 8 (12.5) | 9 (13.8) | 23 (11.9) |
| cMe | ||||
| 0 | 64 (98.5) | 64 (100.0) | 63 (96.9) | 191 (98.5) |
| 1 | 1 (1.5) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (3.1) | 3 (1.5) |
| Radiotherapye | 63 (96.9) | 63 (98.4) | 63 (96.9) | 189 (97.4) |
| Chemotherapye | 57 (83.1) | 52 (81.2) | 61 (93.8) | 167 (86.1) |
| Hormonal therapye | 51 (78.5) | 53 (82.8) | 48 (73.8) | 152 (78.4) |
| Targeted therapye | 13 (20.0) | 12 (18.8) | 14 (21.5) | 39 (20.1) |
| Variable . | Fluoroscopy-Guided MLD Group (n = 65) . | Traditional MLD Group (n = 64) . | Placebo MLD Group (n = 65) . | Total (N = 194) . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Body mass index, kg/m2b | 27.6 (5.3) | 28.8 (5.6) | 27.8 (6.1) | 28.1 (5.7) |
| Age at baseline measurement, yb | 60.3 (10.8) | 61.8 (9.5) | 61.1 (9.0) | 61.1 (9.8) |
| Duration of lymphedema, moc | 29 (49) | 28 (73) | 16 (50) | 24 (58) |
| Absolute excessive lymphedema arm volume, mLc | 456.7 (390.5) | 441.8 (464.4) | 430.0 (510.8) | 441.0 (442.3) |
| Relative excessive lymphedema arm volume, %c | 22.8 (24.2) | 21.9 (20.5) | 21.0 (18.9) | 21.7 (19.9) |
| Total pitting score,d out of 18, at baselinec | 5 (4) | 5 (5) | 4 (6) | 5 (5) |
| Patient enrollmente | ||||
| UH of Leuven | 39 (60) | 36 (56.3) | 37 (56.9) | 112 (57.7) |
| UH of Antwerp | 9 (13.8) | 10 (15.6) | 16 (24.6) | 35 (18) |
| UH of Saint Pierre Brussels | 6 (9.2) | 2 (3.1) | 2 (3.1) | 10 (5.2) |
| GH of Groeninge Kortrijk | 7 (10.8) | 7 (10.9) | 7 (10.8) | 23 (11.9) |
| Ghent University Hospital (or Ghent UH) | 4 (6.2) | 9 (14.1) | 3 (4.6) | 14 (7.2) |
| Sexe | ||||
| Men | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.6) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.5) |
| Women | 65 (100.0) | 63 (98.4) | 65 (100.0) | 193 (99.5) |
| Edema on dominant sidee | ||||
| No | 34 (52.3) | 43 (67.2) | 32 (49.2) | 109 (56.2) |
| Yes | 31 (47.7) | 21 (32.8) | 33 (50.8) | 85 (43.8) |
| Reason for inclusione | ||||
| Arm lymphedema | 61 (93.9) | 62 (96.9) | 61 (93.9) | 184 (94.9) |
| Hand lymphedema | 4 (6.2) | 2 (3.1) | 4 (6.2) | 10 (5.2) |
| Lymphedema stagee | ||||
| I | 10 (15.4) | 10 (15.6) | 12 (18.5) | 32 (16.5) |
| IIa | 34 (52.3) | 40 (62.5) | 35 (53.8) | 109 (56.2) |
| IIb | 21 (32.3) | 14 (21.9) | 18 (27.7) | 53 (27.3) |
| Type of surgerye | ||||
| Mastectomy | 36 (55.4) | 40 (62.5) | 39 (60) | 115 (59.3) |
| Breast-conserving surgery | 29 (44.6) | 24 (37.5) | 26 (40) | 79 (40.7) |
| No. of positive lymph nodese | ||||
| 0 | 12 (18.5) | 19 (29.7) | 17 (26.2) | 48 (24.7) |
| 1–3 | 35 (53.8) | 24 (37.5) | 28 (43.1) | 87 (44.8) |
| 4–10 | 13 (20.0) | 11 (17.2) | 14 (21.5) | 38 (19.6) |
| >10 | 5 (7.7) | 9 (14.1) | 6 (9.2) | 20 (10.3) |
| pTe | ||||
| 1 | 20 (30.7) | 20 (31.3) | 17 (26.2) | 58 (29.9) |
| 2 | 32 (49.2) | 29 (45.3) | 43 (66.2) | 104 (53.6) |
| 3 | 6 (9.2) | 9 (14.1) | 3 (4.6) | 18 (9.3 |
| 4 | 7 (10.8) | 6 (9.3) | 2 (3.1) | 14 (7.2) |
| pNe | ||||
| 0 | 12 (18.5) | 16 (25) | 15 (23.1) | 45 (23.2) |
| 1 | 36 (55.4) | 32 (50) | 34 (52.3) | 99 (51.5) |
| 2 | 11 (16.9) | 8 (12.5) | 7 (10.8) | 26 (13.4) |
| 3 | 6 (9.2) | 8 (12.5) | 9 (13.8) | 23 (11.9) |
| cMe | ||||
| 0 | 64 (98.5) | 64 (100.0) | 63 (96.9) | 191 (98.5) |
| 1 | 1 (1.5) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (3.1) | 3 (1.5) |
| Radiotherapye | 63 (96.9) | 63 (98.4) | 63 (96.9) | 189 (97.4) |
| Chemotherapye | 57 (83.1) | 52 (81.2) | 61 (93.8) | 167 (86.1) |
| Hormonal therapye | 51 (78.5) | 53 (82.8) | 48 (73.8) | 152 (78.4) |
| Targeted therapye | 13 (20.0) | 12 (18.8) | 14 (21.5) | 39 (20.1) |
cM = clinical metastasis; GH = General Hospital; MLD = manual lymph drainage; pN = pathologic nodal stage; pT = pathologic tumor stage; UH = University Hospitals.
Data are reported as mean (SD).
Data are reported as median (interquartile range).
Calculated as a total score resulting from 9 individual pitting test scores (with 0 = no, 1 = doubt, and 2 = clear) on the edematous limb and trunk.14
Data are reported as number.
| Variable . | Fluoroscopy-Guided MLD Group (n = 65) . | Traditional MLD Group (n = 64) . | Placebo MLD Group (n = 65) . | Total (N = 194) . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Body mass index, kg/m2b | 27.6 (5.3) | 28.8 (5.6) | 27.8 (6.1) | 28.1 (5.7) |
| Age at baseline measurement, yb | 60.3 (10.8) | 61.8 (9.5) | 61.1 (9.0) | 61.1 (9.8) |
| Duration of lymphedema, moc | 29 (49) | 28 (73) | 16 (50) | 24 (58) |
| Absolute excessive lymphedema arm volume, mLc | 456.7 (390.5) | 441.8 (464.4) | 430.0 (510.8) | 441.0 (442.3) |
| Relative excessive lymphedema arm volume, %c | 22.8 (24.2) | 21.9 (20.5) | 21.0 (18.9) | 21.7 (19.9) |
| Total pitting score,d out of 18, at baselinec | 5 (4) | 5 (5) | 4 (6) | 5 (5) |
| Patient enrollmente | ||||
| UH of Leuven | 39 (60) | 36 (56.3) | 37 (56.9) | 112 (57.7) |
| UH of Antwerp | 9 (13.8) | 10 (15.6) | 16 (24.6) | 35 (18) |
| UH of Saint Pierre Brussels | 6 (9.2) | 2 (3.1) | 2 (3.1) | 10 (5.2) |
| GH of Groeninge Kortrijk | 7 (10.8) | 7 (10.9) | 7 (10.8) | 23 (11.9) |
| Ghent University Hospital (or Ghent UH) | 4 (6.2) | 9 (14.1) | 3 (4.6) | 14 (7.2) |
| Sexe | ||||
| Men | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.6) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.5) |
| Women | 65 (100.0) | 63 (98.4) | 65 (100.0) | 193 (99.5) |
| Edema on dominant sidee | ||||
| No | 34 (52.3) | 43 (67.2) | 32 (49.2) | 109 (56.2) |
| Yes | 31 (47.7) | 21 (32.8) | 33 (50.8) | 85 (43.8) |
| Reason for inclusione | ||||
| Arm lymphedema | 61 (93.9) | 62 (96.9) | 61 (93.9) | 184 (94.9) |
| Hand lymphedema | 4 (6.2) | 2 (3.1) | 4 (6.2) | 10 (5.2) |
| Lymphedema stagee | ||||
| I | 10 (15.4) | 10 (15.6) | 12 (18.5) | 32 (16.5) |
| IIa | 34 (52.3) | 40 (62.5) | 35 (53.8) | 109 (56.2) |
| IIb | 21 (32.3) | 14 (21.9) | 18 (27.7) | 53 (27.3) |
| Type of surgerye | ||||
| Mastectomy | 36 (55.4) | 40 (62.5) | 39 (60) | 115 (59.3) |
| Breast-conserving surgery | 29 (44.6) | 24 (37.5) | 26 (40) | 79 (40.7) |
| No. of positive lymph nodese | ||||
| 0 | 12 (18.5) | 19 (29.7) | 17 (26.2) | 48 (24.7) |
| 1–3 | 35 (53.8) | 24 (37.5) | 28 (43.1) | 87 (44.8) |
| 4–10 | 13 (20.0) | 11 (17.2) | 14 (21.5) | 38 (19.6) |
| >10 | 5 (7.7) | 9 (14.1) | 6 (9.2) | 20 (10.3) |
| pTe | ||||
| 1 | 20 (30.7) | 20 (31.3) | 17 (26.2) | 58 (29.9) |
| 2 | 32 (49.2) | 29 (45.3) | 43 (66.2) | 104 (53.6) |
| 3 | 6 (9.2) | 9 (14.1) | 3 (4.6) | 18 (9.3 |
| 4 | 7 (10.8) | 6 (9.3) | 2 (3.1) | 14 (7.2) |
| pNe | ||||
| 0 | 12 (18.5) | 16 (25) | 15 (23.1) | 45 (23.2) |
| 1 | 36 (55.4) | 32 (50) | 34 (52.3) | 99 (51.5) |
| 2 | 11 (16.9) | 8 (12.5) | 7 (10.8) | 26 (13.4) |
| 3 | 6 (9.2) | 8 (12.5) | 9 (13.8) | 23 (11.9) |
| cMe | ||||
| 0 | 64 (98.5) | 64 (100.0) | 63 (96.9) | 191 (98.5) |
| 1 | 1 (1.5) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (3.1) | 3 (1.5) |
| Radiotherapye | 63 (96.9) | 63 (98.4) | 63 (96.9) | 189 (97.4) |
| Chemotherapye | 57 (83.1) | 52 (81.2) | 61 (93.8) | 167 (86.1) |
| Hormonal therapye | 51 (78.5) | 53 (82.8) | 48 (73.8) | 152 (78.4) |
| Targeted therapye | 13 (20.0) | 12 (18.8) | 14 (21.5) | 39 (20.1) |
| Variable . | Fluoroscopy-Guided MLD Group (n = 65) . | Traditional MLD Group (n = 64) . | Placebo MLD Group (n = 65) . | Total (N = 194) . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Body mass index, kg/m2b | 27.6 (5.3) | 28.8 (5.6) | 27.8 (6.1) | 28.1 (5.7) |
| Age at baseline measurement, yb | 60.3 (10.8) | 61.8 (9.5) | 61.1 (9.0) | 61.1 (9.8) |
| Duration of lymphedema, moc | 29 (49) | 28 (73) | 16 (50) | 24 (58) |
| Absolute excessive lymphedema arm volume, mLc | 456.7 (390.5) | 441.8 (464.4) | 430.0 (510.8) | 441.0 (442.3) |
| Relative excessive lymphedema arm volume, %c | 22.8 (24.2) | 21.9 (20.5) | 21.0 (18.9) | 21.7 (19.9) |
| Total pitting score,d out of 18, at baselinec | 5 (4) | 5 (5) | 4 (6) | 5 (5) |
| Patient enrollmente | ||||
| UH of Leuven | 39 (60) | 36 (56.3) | 37 (56.9) | 112 (57.7) |
| UH of Antwerp | 9 (13.8) | 10 (15.6) | 16 (24.6) | 35 (18) |
| UH of Saint Pierre Brussels | 6 (9.2) | 2 (3.1) | 2 (3.1) | 10 (5.2) |
| GH of Groeninge Kortrijk | 7 (10.8) | 7 (10.9) | 7 (10.8) | 23 (11.9) |
| Ghent University Hospital (or Ghent UH) | 4 (6.2) | 9 (14.1) | 3 (4.6) | 14 (7.2) |
| Sexe | ||||
| Men | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.6) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.5) |
| Women | 65 (100.0) | 63 (98.4) | 65 (100.0) | 193 (99.5) |
| Edema on dominant sidee | ||||
| No | 34 (52.3) | 43 (67.2) | 32 (49.2) | 109 (56.2) |
| Yes | 31 (47.7) | 21 (32.8) | 33 (50.8) | 85 (43.8) |
| Reason for inclusione | ||||
| Arm lymphedema | 61 (93.9) | 62 (96.9) | 61 (93.9) | 184 (94.9) |
| Hand lymphedema | 4 (6.2) | 2 (3.1) | 4 (6.2) | 10 (5.2) |
| Lymphedema stagee | ||||
| I | 10 (15.4) | 10 (15.6) | 12 (18.5) | 32 (16.5) |
| IIa | 34 (52.3) | 40 (62.5) | 35 (53.8) | 109 (56.2) |
| IIb | 21 (32.3) | 14 (21.9) | 18 (27.7) | 53 (27.3) |
| Type of surgerye | ||||
| Mastectomy | 36 (55.4) | 40 (62.5) | 39 (60) | 115 (59.3) |
| Breast-conserving surgery | 29 (44.6) | 24 (37.5) | 26 (40) | 79 (40.7) |
| No. of positive lymph nodese | ||||
| 0 | 12 (18.5) | 19 (29.7) | 17 (26.2) | 48 (24.7) |
| 1–3 | 35 (53.8) | 24 (37.5) | 28 (43.1) | 87 (44.8) |
| 4–10 | 13 (20.0) | 11 (17.2) | 14 (21.5) | 38 (19.6) |
| >10 | 5 (7.7) | 9 (14.1) | 6 (9.2) | 20 (10.3) |
| pTe | ||||
| 1 | 20 (30.7) | 20 (31.3) | 17 (26.2) | 58 (29.9) |
| 2 | 32 (49.2) | 29 (45.3) | 43 (66.2) | 104 (53.6) |
| 3 | 6 (9.2) | 9 (14.1) | 3 (4.6) | 18 (9.3 |
| 4 | 7 (10.8) | 6 (9.3) | 2 (3.1) | 14 (7.2) |
| pNe | ||||
| 0 | 12 (18.5) | 16 (25) | 15 (23.1) | 45 (23.2) |
| 1 | 36 (55.4) | 32 (50) | 34 (52.3) | 99 (51.5) |
| 2 | 11 (16.9) | 8 (12.5) | 7 (10.8) | 26 (13.4) |
| 3 | 6 (9.2) | 8 (12.5) | 9 (13.8) | 23 (11.9) |
| cMe | ||||
| 0 | 64 (98.5) | 64 (100.0) | 63 (96.9) | 191 (98.5) |
| 1 | 1 (1.5) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (3.1) | 3 (1.5) |
| Radiotherapye | 63 (96.9) | 63 (98.4) | 63 (96.9) | 189 (97.4) |
| Chemotherapye | 57 (83.1) | 52 (81.2) | 61 (93.8) | 167 (86.1) |
| Hormonal therapye | 51 (78.5) | 53 (82.8) | 48 (73.8) | 152 (78.4) |
| Targeted therapye | 13 (20.0) | 12 (18.8) | 14 (21.5) | 39 (20.1) |
cM = clinical metastasis; GH = General Hospital; MLD = manual lymph drainage; pN = pathologic nodal stage; pT = pathologic tumor stage; UH = University Hospitals.
Data are reported as mean (SD).
Data are reported as median (interquartile range).
Calculated as a total score resulting from 9 individual pitting test scores (with 0 = no, 1 = doubt, and 2 = clear) on the edematous limb and trunk.14
Data are reported as number.
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