A summary of pooled effect sizes and characteristics of the evidence for all included outcomes
| Outcome measure . | No. of trials (no. of patients) . | Effect size (95% CI) . | Risk of bias . | Inconsistency, (I2, %) . | Indirectness . | Imprecision . | Publication bias . | Overall certainty of evidence . | Absolute effect (95% CI) . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All-cause mortality | 12 (33 009) | RR = 0.40 (0.10–1.53) | Not serious | Not serious (51)a | Not serious | Serious | Undetected | Moderate | −2 (−4 to 2) per 1000; baseline risk: 4 per 1000 |
| Admission to hospital | 11 (34 009) | RR = 0.63 (0.47–0.85) | Not serious | Not serious (47) | Not serious | Seriousb | Symmetric funnel plot; Egger’s test P = 0.039 | Low | −21 (−31 to −9) per 1000; baseline risk: 58 per 1000 |
| Viral clearance | 9 (6228) | RR = 1.05 (0.97–1.14) | Seriousc | Not serious (38) | Not serious | Serious | Undetected | Low | 8 (−5 to 23) per 1000; baseline risk: 163 per 1000 |
| Mechanical ventilation | 4 (4154) | RR = 0.37 (0.19–0.72) | Not serious | Not serious (0) | Not serious | Seriousb | Undetected | Moderate | −11 (−15 to −5) per 1000; baseline risk: 18 per 1000 |
| Adverse effects | 13 (33 133) | RR = 1.13 (0.75–1.71) | Not serious | Serious (86) | Not serious | Serious | Symmetric funnel plot; Egger’s test P = 0.164 | Low | 1 (−1 to 4) per 1000; baseline risk: 5 per 1000d |
| Duration of hospitalization | 1 (115) | MD = −3.00 (−6.46 to 0.46) | Not serious | Not serious (heterogeneity not applicable) | Not serious | Serious | Undetected | Moderate | — |
| Time to viral clearance | 3 (469) | MD = −1.16 (−3.64 to 1.32) | Not serious | Serious (85) | Not serious | Serious | Undetected | Low | — |
| Time to symptom resolution/clinical improvement | 8 (30818) | MD = −2.91 (−3.66 to −2.16) | Not serious | Serious (95) | Not serious | Not serious | Undetected | Moderate | — |
| Outcome measure . | No. of trials (no. of patients) . | Effect size (95% CI) . | Risk of bias . | Inconsistency, (I2, %) . | Indirectness . | Imprecision . | Publication bias . | Overall certainty of evidence . | Absolute effect (95% CI) . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All-cause mortality | 12 (33 009) | RR = 0.40 (0.10–1.53) | Not serious | Not serious (51)a | Not serious | Serious | Undetected | Moderate | −2 (−4 to 2) per 1000; baseline risk: 4 per 1000 |
| Admission to hospital | 11 (34 009) | RR = 0.63 (0.47–0.85) | Not serious | Not serious (47) | Not serious | Seriousb | Symmetric funnel plot; Egger’s test P = 0.039 | Low | −21 (−31 to −9) per 1000; baseline risk: 58 per 1000 |
| Viral clearance | 9 (6228) | RR = 1.05 (0.97–1.14) | Seriousc | Not serious (38) | Not serious | Serious | Undetected | Low | 8 (−5 to 23) per 1000; baseline risk: 163 per 1000 |
| Mechanical ventilation | 4 (4154) | RR = 0.37 (0.19–0.72) | Not serious | Not serious (0) | Not serious | Seriousb | Undetected | Moderate | −11 (−15 to −5) per 1000; baseline risk: 18 per 1000 |
| Adverse effects | 13 (33 133) | RR = 1.13 (0.75–1.71) | Not serious | Serious (86) | Not serious | Serious | Symmetric funnel plot; Egger’s test P = 0.164 | Low | 1 (−1 to 4) per 1000; baseline risk: 5 per 1000d |
| Duration of hospitalization | 1 (115) | MD = −3.00 (−6.46 to 0.46) | Not serious | Not serious (heterogeneity not applicable) | Not serious | Serious | Undetected | Moderate | — |
| Time to viral clearance | 3 (469) | MD = −1.16 (−3.64 to 1.32) | Not serious | Serious (85) | Not serious | Serious | Undetected | Low | — |
| Time to symptom resolution/clinical improvement | 8 (30818) | MD = −2.91 (−3.66 to −2.16) | Not serious | Serious (95) | Not serious | Not serious | Undetected | Moderate | — |
The estimates with statistical differences were presented in bold.
An I2 value between 75% and 100% indicates that heterogeneity may be considerable.
Judged as serious due to the CI around absolute effect includes both appreciable benefit and no appreciable benefit according to MID considered by patients.
Judged as serious due to significant differences in subgroup analyses of treatment effect between trials with low risk of bias and high risk of bias.
The baseline risk was obtained from the median incidence rate of placebo/standard care group.
A summary of pooled effect sizes and characteristics of the evidence for all included outcomes
| Outcome measure . | No. of trials (no. of patients) . | Effect size (95% CI) . | Risk of bias . | Inconsistency, (I2, %) . | Indirectness . | Imprecision . | Publication bias . | Overall certainty of evidence . | Absolute effect (95% CI) . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All-cause mortality | 12 (33 009) | RR = 0.40 (0.10–1.53) | Not serious | Not serious (51)a | Not serious | Serious | Undetected | Moderate | −2 (−4 to 2) per 1000; baseline risk: 4 per 1000 |
| Admission to hospital | 11 (34 009) | RR = 0.63 (0.47–0.85) | Not serious | Not serious (47) | Not serious | Seriousb | Symmetric funnel plot; Egger’s test P = 0.039 | Low | −21 (−31 to −9) per 1000; baseline risk: 58 per 1000 |
| Viral clearance | 9 (6228) | RR = 1.05 (0.97–1.14) | Seriousc | Not serious (38) | Not serious | Serious | Undetected | Low | 8 (−5 to 23) per 1000; baseline risk: 163 per 1000 |
| Mechanical ventilation | 4 (4154) | RR = 0.37 (0.19–0.72) | Not serious | Not serious (0) | Not serious | Seriousb | Undetected | Moderate | −11 (−15 to −5) per 1000; baseline risk: 18 per 1000 |
| Adverse effects | 13 (33 133) | RR = 1.13 (0.75–1.71) | Not serious | Serious (86) | Not serious | Serious | Symmetric funnel plot; Egger’s test P = 0.164 | Low | 1 (−1 to 4) per 1000; baseline risk: 5 per 1000d |
| Duration of hospitalization | 1 (115) | MD = −3.00 (−6.46 to 0.46) | Not serious | Not serious (heterogeneity not applicable) | Not serious | Serious | Undetected | Moderate | — |
| Time to viral clearance | 3 (469) | MD = −1.16 (−3.64 to 1.32) | Not serious | Serious (85) | Not serious | Serious | Undetected | Low | — |
| Time to symptom resolution/clinical improvement | 8 (30818) | MD = −2.91 (−3.66 to −2.16) | Not serious | Serious (95) | Not serious | Not serious | Undetected | Moderate | — |
| Outcome measure . | No. of trials (no. of patients) . | Effect size (95% CI) . | Risk of bias . | Inconsistency, (I2, %) . | Indirectness . | Imprecision . | Publication bias . | Overall certainty of evidence . | Absolute effect (95% CI) . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All-cause mortality | 12 (33 009) | RR = 0.40 (0.10–1.53) | Not serious | Not serious (51)a | Not serious | Serious | Undetected | Moderate | −2 (−4 to 2) per 1000; baseline risk: 4 per 1000 |
| Admission to hospital | 11 (34 009) | RR = 0.63 (0.47–0.85) | Not serious | Not serious (47) | Not serious | Seriousb | Symmetric funnel plot; Egger’s test P = 0.039 | Low | −21 (−31 to −9) per 1000; baseline risk: 58 per 1000 |
| Viral clearance | 9 (6228) | RR = 1.05 (0.97–1.14) | Seriousc | Not serious (38) | Not serious | Serious | Undetected | Low | 8 (−5 to 23) per 1000; baseline risk: 163 per 1000 |
| Mechanical ventilation | 4 (4154) | RR = 0.37 (0.19–0.72) | Not serious | Not serious (0) | Not serious | Seriousb | Undetected | Moderate | −11 (−15 to −5) per 1000; baseline risk: 18 per 1000 |
| Adverse effects | 13 (33 133) | RR = 1.13 (0.75–1.71) | Not serious | Serious (86) | Not serious | Serious | Symmetric funnel plot; Egger’s test P = 0.164 | Low | 1 (−1 to 4) per 1000; baseline risk: 5 per 1000d |
| Duration of hospitalization | 1 (115) | MD = −3.00 (−6.46 to 0.46) | Not serious | Not serious (heterogeneity not applicable) | Not serious | Serious | Undetected | Moderate | — |
| Time to viral clearance | 3 (469) | MD = −1.16 (−3.64 to 1.32) | Not serious | Serious (85) | Not serious | Serious | Undetected | Low | — |
| Time to symptom resolution/clinical improvement | 8 (30818) | MD = −2.91 (−3.66 to −2.16) | Not serious | Serious (95) | Not serious | Not serious | Undetected | Moderate | — |
The estimates with statistical differences were presented in bold.
An I2 value between 75% and 100% indicates that heterogeneity may be considerable.
Judged as serious due to the CI around absolute effect includes both appreciable benefit and no appreciable benefit according to MID considered by patients.
Judged as serious due to significant differences in subgroup analyses of treatment effect between trials with low risk of bias and high risk of bias.
The baseline risk was obtained from the median incidence rate of placebo/standard care group.
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