Table 1. Open in new tab Characteristics...

	Study 1 (intraduodenal glucose at 2 kcal/min)	Study 2 (intraduodenal glucose at 3 kcal/min)
Age (years)	25.0 (21.5, 26.0)	21.0 (19.0, 27.8)	0.19	—	—	25.0 (21.8, 27.0)	23.5 (21.0, 28.0)	0.50	—	—
Weight (kg)	57.1 ± 2.9	72.9 ± 4.1	0.001	—	—	62.3 (54.3, 92.6)	73.8 (67.1, 90.1)	0.09	—	—
BMI (kg/m²)	21.5 (20.1, 23.7)	22.7 (21.8, 24.2)	0.28	—	—	23.2 (20.2, 31.5)	24.3 (22.7, 28.3)	0.51	—	—
Fasting blood glucose (mmol/L)	5.3 ± 0.2	5.2 ± 0.4	0.95	0.32	0.47	5.4 ± 0.2	5.4 ± 0.1	0.83	0.93	0.81
Glucose iAUC_0-60min (mmol/L*min)	135.7 ± 13.9	144.2 ± 10.4	0.75	0.35	0.44	99.8 ± 11.7	110.4 ± 8.0	0.47	0.59	0.51
Fasting plasma insulin (mU/L)	2.9 ± 0.4	2.4 ± 0.3	0.45	0.33	0.48	4.7 (2.4, 6.8)	5.0 (2.2, 13.3)	0.71	0.18	0.51
Insulin iAUC_0-60min (mU/L*min)	1631.3 (1278.4, 2137.9)	834.3 (66.24, 1114.1)	0.005	0.011	0.025	1738.9 (1345.9, 4772.1)	1897.1 (1093.1, 4252.5)	0.99	0.86	0.85
Fasting plasma GIP (pmol/L)	10.9 ± 1.7	10.3 ± 1.4	0.81	0.61	0.62	11.2 (7.5, 16.5)	11.5 (6.6, 14.5)	0.79	0.96	0.95
GIP iAUC_0-60min (pmol/L*min)	1283.9 ± 121.7	1352.1 ± 105.3	0.96	0.82	0.78	1006.2 ± 131.6	1030.3 ± 68.6	0.86	0.74	0.83
Fasting plasma GLP-1 (pmol/L)	19.5 ± 2.0	23.0 ± 1.5	0.17	0.08	0.07	16.7 (14.6, 19.6)	15.7 (10.3, 20.7)	0.46	0.61	0.63
GLP-1 iAUC_0-60min (pmol/L*min)	524.8 ± 104.6	264.3 ± 57.2	0.025	0.016	0.039	640.5 (280.2, 1002.4)	205.5 (87.8, 274.3)	0.011	0.012	0.005

Study 1 (intraduodenal glucose at 2 kcal/min)

Study 2 (intraduodenal glucose at 3 kcal/min)

Female (n = 9)

Male (n = 20)

P (no correction)

P (corrected for body weight)

P (corrected for BMI)

Female (n = 10)

Male (n = 26)

P (no correction)

P (corrected for body weight)

P (corrected for BMI)

Age (years)

25.0 (21.5, 26.0)

21.0 (19.0, 27.8)

0.19

—

25.0 (21.8, 27.0)

23.5 (21.0, 28.0)

0.50

—

Weight (kg)

57.1 ± 2.9

72.9 ± 4.1

0.001

—

62.3 (54.3, 92.6)

73.8 (67.1, 90.1)

0.09

—

BMI (kg/m²)

21.5 (20.1, 23.7)

22.7 (21.8, 24.2)

0.28

—

23.2 (20.2, 31.5)

24.3 (22.7, 28.3)

0.51

—

Fasting blood glucose (mmol/L)

5.3 ± 0.2

5.2 ± 0.4

0.95

0.32

0.47

5.4 ± 0.2

5.4 ± 0.1

0.83

0.93

0.81

Glucose iAUC_0-60min (mmol/L*min)

135.7 ± 13.9

144.2 ± 10.4

0.75

0.35

0.44

99.8 ± 11.7

110.4 ± 8.0

0.47

0.59

0.51

Fasting plasma insulin (mU/L)

2.9 ± 0.4

2.4 ± 0.3

0.45

0.33

0.48

4.7 (2.4, 6.8)

5.0 (2.2, 13.3)

0.71

0.18

0.51

Insulin iAUC_0-60min (mU/L*min)

1631.3 (1278.4, 2137.9)

834.3 (66.24, 1114.1)

0.005

0.011

0.025

1738.9 (1345.9, 4772.1)

1897.1 (1093.1, 4252.5)

0.99

0.86

0.85

Fasting plasma GIP (pmol/L)

10.9 ± 1.7

10.3 ± 1.4

0.81

0.61

0.62

11.2 (7.5, 16.5)

11.5 (6.6, 14.5)

0.79

0.96

0.95

GIP iAUC_0-60min (pmol/L*min)

1283.9 ± 121.7

1352.1 ± 105.3

0.96

0.82

0.78

1006.2 ± 131.6

1030.3 ± 68.6

0.86

0.74

0.83

Fasting plasma GLP-1 (pmol/L)

19.5 ± 2.0

23.0 ± 1.5

0.17

0.08

0.07

16.7 (14.6, 19.6)

15.7 (10.3, 20.7)

0.46

0.61

0.63

GLP-1 iAUC_0-60min (pmol/L*min)

524.8 ± 104.6

264.3 ± 57.2

0.025

0.016

0.039

640.5 (280.2, 1002.4)

205.5 (87.8, 274.3)

0.011

0.012

0.005

	Study 1 (intraduodenal glucose at 2 kcal/min)	Study 2 (intraduodenal glucose at 3 kcal/min)
Age (years)	25.0 (21.5, 26.0)	21.0 (19.0, 27.8)	0.19	—	—	25.0 (21.8, 27.0)	23.5 (21.0, 28.0)	0.50	—	—
Weight (kg)	57.1 ± 2.9	72.9 ± 4.1	0.001	—	—	62.3 (54.3, 92.6)	73.8 (67.1, 90.1)	0.09	—	—
BMI (kg/m²)	21.5 (20.1, 23.7)	22.7 (21.8, 24.2)	0.28	—	—	23.2 (20.2, 31.5)	24.3 (22.7, 28.3)	0.51	—	—
Fasting blood glucose (mmol/L)	5.3 ± 0.2	5.2 ± 0.4	0.95	0.32	0.47	5.4 ± 0.2	5.4 ± 0.1	0.83	0.93	0.81
Glucose iAUC_0-60min (mmol/L*min)	135.7 ± 13.9	144.2 ± 10.4	0.75	0.35	0.44	99.8 ± 11.7	110.4 ± 8.0	0.47	0.59	0.51
Fasting plasma insulin (mU/L)	2.9 ± 0.4	2.4 ± 0.3	0.45	0.33	0.48	4.7 (2.4, 6.8)	5.0 (2.2, 13.3)	0.71	0.18	0.51
Insulin iAUC_0-60min (mU/L*min)	1631.3 (1278.4, 2137.9)	834.3 (66.24, 1114.1)	0.005	0.011	0.025	1738.9 (1345.9, 4772.1)	1897.1 (1093.1, 4252.5)	0.99	0.86	0.85
Fasting plasma GIP (pmol/L)	10.9 ± 1.7	10.3 ± 1.4	0.81	0.61	0.62	11.2 (7.5, 16.5)	11.5 (6.6, 14.5)	0.79	0.96	0.95
GIP iAUC_0-60min (pmol/L*min)	1283.9 ± 121.7	1352.1 ± 105.3	0.96	0.82	0.78	1006.2 ± 131.6	1030.3 ± 68.6	0.86	0.74	0.83
Fasting plasma GLP-1 (pmol/L)	19.5 ± 2.0	23.0 ± 1.5	0.17	0.08	0.07	16.7 (14.6, 19.6)	15.7 (10.3, 20.7)	0.46	0.61	0.63
GLP-1 iAUC_0-60min (pmol/L*min)	524.8 ± 104.6	264.3 ± 57.2	0.025	0.016	0.039	640.5 (280.2, 1002.4)	205.5 (87.8, 274.3)	0.011	0.012	0.005

Table 1.

Open in new tab

Characteristics of study participants

	Study 1 (intraduodenal glucose at 2 kcal/min)					Study 2 (intraduodenal glucose at 3 kcal/min)
	Female (n = 9)	Male (n = 20)	P (no correction)	P (corrected for body weight)	P (corrected for BMI)	Female (n = 10)	Male (n = 26)	P (no correction)	P (corrected for body weight)	P (corrected for BMI)
Age (years)	25.0 (21.5, 26.0)	21.0 (19.0, 27.8)	0.19	—	—	25.0 (21.8, 27.0)	23.5 (21.0, 28.0)	0.50	—	—
Weight (kg)	57.1 ± 2.9	72.9 ± 4.1	0.001	—	—	62.3 (54.3, 92.6)	73.8 (67.1, 90.1)	0.09	—	—
BMI (kg/m²)	21.5 (20.1, 23.7)	22.7 (21.8, 24.2)	0.28	—	—	23.2 (20.2, 31.5)	24.3 (22.7, 28.3)	0.51	—	—
Fasting blood glucose (mmol/L)	5.3 ± 0.2	5.2 ± 0.4	0.95	0.32	0.47	5.4 ± 0.2	5.4 ± 0.1	0.83	0.93	0.81
Glucose iAUC_0-60min (mmol/L*min)	135.7 ± 13.9	144.2 ± 10.4	0.75	0.35	0.44	99.8 ± 11.7	110.4 ± 8.0	0.47	0.59	0.51
Fasting plasma insulin (mU/L)	2.9 ± 0.4	2.4 ± 0.3	0.45	0.33	0.48	4.7 (2.4, 6.8)	5.0 (2.2, 13.3)	0.71	0.18	0.51
Insulin iAUC_0-60min (mU/L*min)	1631.3 (1278.4, 2137.9)	834.3 (66.24, 1114.1)	0.005	0.011	0.025	1738.9 (1345.9, 4772.1)	1897.1 (1093.1, 4252.5)	0.99	0.86	0.85
Fasting plasma GIP (pmol/L)	10.9 ± 1.7	10.3 ± 1.4	0.81	0.61	0.62	11.2 (7.5, 16.5)	11.5 (6.6, 14.5)	0.79	0.96	0.95
GIP iAUC_0-60min (pmol/L*min)	1283.9 ± 121.7	1352.1 ± 105.3	0.96	0.82	0.78	1006.2 ± 131.6	1030.3 ± 68.6	0.86	0.74	0.83
Fasting plasma GLP-1 (pmol/L)	19.5 ± 2.0	23.0 ± 1.5	0.17	0.08	0.07	16.7 (14.6, 19.6)	15.7 (10.3, 20.7)	0.46	0.61	0.63
GLP-1 iAUC_0-60min (pmol/L*min)	524.8 ± 104.6	264.3 ± 57.2	0.025	0.016	0.039	640.5 (280.2, 1002.4)	205.5 (87.8, 274.3)	0.011	0.012	0.005

	Study 1 (intraduodenal glucose at 2 kcal/min)					Study 2 (intraduodenal glucose at 3 kcal/min)
	Female (n = 9)	Male (n = 20)	P (no correction)	P (corrected for body weight)	P (corrected for BMI)	Female (n = 10)	Male (n = 26)	P (no correction)	P (corrected for body weight)	P (corrected for BMI)
Age (years)	25.0 (21.5, 26.0)	21.0 (19.0, 27.8)	0.19	—	—	25.0 (21.8, 27.0)	23.5 (21.0, 28.0)	0.50	—	—
Weight (kg)	57.1 ± 2.9	72.9 ± 4.1	0.001	—	—	62.3 (54.3, 92.6)	73.8 (67.1, 90.1)	0.09	—	—
BMI (kg/m²)	21.5 (20.1, 23.7)	22.7 (21.8, 24.2)	0.28	—	—	23.2 (20.2, 31.5)	24.3 (22.7, 28.3)	0.51	—	—
Fasting blood glucose (mmol/L)	5.3 ± 0.2	5.2 ± 0.4	0.95	0.32	0.47	5.4 ± 0.2	5.4 ± 0.1	0.83	0.93	0.81
Glucose iAUC_0-60min (mmol/L*min)	135.7 ± 13.9	144.2 ± 10.4	0.75	0.35	0.44	99.8 ± 11.7	110.4 ± 8.0	0.47	0.59	0.51
Fasting plasma insulin (mU/L)	2.9 ± 0.4	2.4 ± 0.3	0.45	0.33	0.48	4.7 (2.4, 6.8)	5.0 (2.2, 13.3)	0.71	0.18	0.51
Insulin iAUC_0-60min (mU/L*min)	1631.3 (1278.4, 2137.9)	834.3 (66.24, 1114.1)	0.005	0.011	0.025	1738.9 (1345.9, 4772.1)	1897.1 (1093.1, 4252.5)	0.99	0.86	0.85
Fasting plasma GIP (pmol/L)	10.9 ± 1.7	10.3 ± 1.4	0.81	0.61	0.62	11.2 (7.5, 16.5)	11.5 (6.6, 14.5)	0.79	0.96	0.95
GIP iAUC_0-60min (pmol/L*min)	1283.9 ± 121.7	1352.1 ± 105.3	0.96	0.82	0.78	1006.2 ± 131.6	1030.3 ± 68.6	0.86	0.74	0.83
Fasting plasma GLP-1 (pmol/L)	19.5 ± 2.0	23.0 ± 1.5	0.17	0.08	0.07	16.7 (14.6, 19.6)	15.7 (10.3, 20.7)	0.46	0.61	0.63
GLP-1 iAUC_0-60min (pmol/L*min)	524.8 ± 104.6	264.3 ± 57.2	0.025	0.016	0.039	640.5 (280.2, 1002.4)	205.5 (87.8, 274.3)	0.011	0.012	0.005

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; GIP, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide; GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide-1; iAUC_0-60min, incremental area under the curve between t = 0-60 minutes.

Normally distributed data are expressed as means ± SEM, while data that are not normally distributed are expressed as median (25% and 75% interquartile range). The bold text used in the table is to emphasis the statistic significance (P < 0.05).

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