Notes: The table presents the treatment effects on material investment. The sample includes mothers surveyed in the follow-up survey (2018). All estimates show results from OLS regressions based on equation (2). All regressions include control variables as defined in Table 1 and sampling weights. The dependent variables in columns (1)–(8) include standardized z-scores from the HOME-SF, calculated by subtracting the control group mean and dividing by the control group standard deviation at follow-up. The dependent variable in column (9) is the play material index calculated by taking the average of the eight HOME-SF z-scores.

p < 10%, **p < 5%, ***p < 1%. Robust standard errors in parentheses are clustered at the sector level. WILD cluster bootstrap with 9,999 replications and residuals drawn from Webb’s 6-point distribution are reported below the estimates (Cameron, Gelbach, and Miller 2008; Roodman et al. 2019). Two tailed p-values from a 5,000 replications Romano–Wolf step-down procedure (Romano and Wolf 2005; Clarke, Romano, and Wolf 2020) are shown below the estimates. A t-test of LT = FT is presented with the statistical significance of the test expressed in p-value. Observations and the R squared are presented at the bottom of the table.