Table 3. Open in new tab Associations of...

Corresponding standardized ES

Mean difference, point estimate (95% CI)

P-value

Health-related Hope, per 10-point increase

0.12

0.64 (0.33, 0.95)

<0.001

Trust in one’s physician, per 10-point increase

0.17

0.88 (0.53, 1.24)

<0.001

Basic health literacy, per 1-point increase

−0.06

−0.33 (−1.18, 0.52)

0.441

Age, per 10-year increase

−0.02

−0.12 (−0.6, 0.36)

0.624

Female vs male subjects

0.29

1.53 (−0.2, 3.26)

0.083

Marital status

Married

Reference

Divorced/widowed

0.03 (−2.21, 2.26)

0.982

Unmarried

0.22

1.15 (−0.16, 2.46)

0.085

Education

Junior high school or lower

Reference

High school/college

0.03

0.16 (−2.51, 2.82)

0.907

University/graduate school

0.09

0.46 (−2.31, 3.24)

0.742

Household income

<1 000 000 yen (very low)

Reference

1 000 000–<5 000 000 yen (low-medium)

0.11

0.57 (−1.39, 2.52)

0.569

5 000 000–<10 000 000 yen (medium-high)

0.19

0.98 (−1.05, 3)

0.342

>10 000 000 yen (high)

0.15

0.78 (−1.94, 3.5)

0.574

Disease duration

<5 years

Reference

5 to <10 years

0.19

1.02 (−0.78, 2.82)

0.267

10 to <20 years

0.18

0.95 (−0.7, 2.61)

0.259

>20 years

0.37

1.93 (0.09, 3.78)

0.040

SLEDAI-2K, per 1-point increase

0 (−0.12, 0.11)

0.967

Depressive symptom

0.37

1.96 (0.34, 3.59)

0.018

Experience of ADE within 1 month

0.43

2.28 (0.98, 3.58)

0.001

Concern for medication number

−0.28

−1.45 (−2.89, −0.004)

0.049

Prednisolone dosage, per 1-mg increase

0 (−0.07, 0.08)

0.918

Other immunosuppressants

−0.13

−0.66 (−1.82, 0.5)

0.264

HCQ

0.04

0.24 (−0.98, 1.45)

0.703

Prescription for dyslipidaemia

−0.01

−0.03 (−1.3, 1.24)

0.965

Prescription for hypertension

−0.04

−0.2 (−1.37, 0.97)

0.733

Prescription for diabetes

0.03

0.16 (−2.12, 2.44)

0.888

Prescription for osteoporosis prevention

0.21

1.12 (−0.25, 2.49)

0.109

Prescription for PCP prevention

−0.06

−0.31 (−1.59, 0.96)

0.631

Table 3.

Open in new tab

Associations of medication adherence with the Health-related Hope score, trust in the physician, and covariates^a (n = 373)

	Corresponding standardized ES	Mean difference, point estimate (95% CI)	P-value
Health-related Hope, per 10-point increase	0.12	0.64 (0.33, 0.95)	<0.001
Trust in one’s physician, per 10-point increase	0.17	0.88 (0.53, 1.24)	<0.001
Basic health literacy, per 1-point increase	−0.06	−0.33 (−1.18, 0.52)	0.441
Age, per 10-year increase	−0.02	−0.12 (−0.6, 0.36)	0.624
Female vs male subjects	0.29	1.53 (−0.2, 3.26)	0.083
Marital status
Married		Reference
Divorced/widowed	0	0.03 (−2.21, 2.26)	0.982
Unmarried	0.22	1.15 (−0.16, 2.46)	0.085
Education
Junior high school or lower		Reference
High school/college	0.03	0.16 (−2.51, 2.82)	0.907
University/graduate school	0.09	0.46 (−2.31, 3.24)	0.742
Household income
<1 000 000 yen (very low)		Reference
1 000 000–<5 000 000 yen (low-medium)	0.11	0.57 (−1.39, 2.52)	0.569
5 000 000–<10 000 000 yen (medium-high)	0.19	0.98 (−1.05, 3)	0.342
>10 000 000 yen (high)	0.15	0.78 (−1.94, 3.5)	0.574
Disease duration
<5 years		Reference
5 to <10 years	0.19	1.02 (−0.78, 2.82)	0.267
10 to <20 years	0.18	0.95 (−0.7, 2.61)	0.259
>20 years	0.37	1.93 (0.09, 3.78)	0.040
SLEDAI-2K, per 1-point increase	0	0 (−0.12, 0.11)	0.967
Depressive symptom	0.37	1.96 (0.34, 3.59)	0.018
Experience of ADE within 1 month	0.43	2.28 (0.98, 3.58)	0.001
Concern for medication number	−0.28	−1.45 (−2.89, −0.004)	0.049
Prednisolone dosage, per 1-mg increase	0	0 (−0.07, 0.08)	0.918
Other immunosuppressants	−0.13	−0.66 (−1.82, 0.5)	0.264
HCQ	0.04	0.24 (−0.98, 1.45)	0.703
Prescription for dyslipidaemia	−0.01	−0.03 (−1.3, 1.24)	0.965
Prescription for hypertension	−0.04	−0.2 (−1.37, 0.97)	0.733
Prescription for diabetes	0.03	0.16 (−2.12, 2.44)	0.888
Prescription for osteoporosis prevention	0.21	1.12 (−0.25, 2.49)	0.109
Prescription for PCP prevention	−0.06	−0.31 (−1.59, 0.96)	0.631

	Corresponding standardized ES	Mean difference, point estimate (95% CI)	P-value
Health-related Hope, per 10-point increase	0.12	0.64 (0.33, 0.95)	<0.001
Trust in one’s physician, per 10-point increase	0.17	0.88 (0.53, 1.24)	<0.001
Basic health literacy, per 1-point increase	−0.06	−0.33 (−1.18, 0.52)	0.441
Age, per 10-year increase	−0.02	−0.12 (−0.6, 0.36)	0.624
Female vs male subjects	0.29	1.53 (−0.2, 3.26)	0.083
Marital status
Married		Reference
Divorced/widowed	0	0.03 (−2.21, 2.26)	0.982
Unmarried	0.22	1.15 (−0.16, 2.46)	0.085
Education
Junior high school or lower		Reference
High school/college	0.03	0.16 (−2.51, 2.82)	0.907
University/graduate school	0.09	0.46 (−2.31, 3.24)	0.742
Household income
<1 000 000 yen (very low)		Reference
1 000 000–<5 000 000 yen (low-medium)	0.11	0.57 (−1.39, 2.52)	0.569
5 000 000–<10 000 000 yen (medium-high)	0.19	0.98 (−1.05, 3)	0.342
>10 000 000 yen (high)	0.15	0.78 (−1.94, 3.5)	0.574
Disease duration
<5 years		Reference
5 to <10 years	0.19	1.02 (−0.78, 2.82)	0.267
10 to <20 years	0.18	0.95 (−0.7, 2.61)	0.259
>20 years	0.37	1.93 (0.09, 3.78)	0.040
SLEDAI-2K, per 1-point increase	0	0 (−0.12, 0.11)	0.967
Depressive symptom	0.37	1.96 (0.34, 3.59)	0.018
Experience of ADE within 1 month	0.43	2.28 (0.98, 3.58)	0.001
Concern for medication number	−0.28	−1.45 (−2.89, −0.004)	0.049
Prednisolone dosage, per 1-mg increase	0	0 (−0.07, 0.08)	0.918
Other immunosuppressants	−0.13	−0.66 (−1.82, 0.5)	0.264
HCQ	0.04	0.24 (−0.98, 1.45)	0.703
Prescription for dyslipidaemia	−0.01	−0.03 (−1.3, 1.24)	0.965
Prescription for hypertension	−0.04	−0.2 (−1.37, 0.97)	0.733
Prescription for diabetes	0.03	0.16 (−2.12, 2.44)	0.888
Prescription for osteoporosis prevention	0.21	1.12 (−0.25, 2.49)	0.109
Prescription for PCP prevention	−0.06	−0.31 (−1.59, 0.96)	0.631

The general linear model was fit with inclusion of all variables listed above. To calculate the corresponding standardized ES (Cohen’s d), the point estimate was divided by the s.d. of the medication adherence scale score.

Bold font indicates significance at P < 0.05 in P-value column. ES: effect size; SLEDAI-2K: SLEDAI 2000; ADE: adverse drug event; PCP: Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia.

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