Table 3. Open in new tab Comparison of...

	No. of events (%)
Death
Death ≤30 days postpartum	0	0	281	(0.01)	N/A	N/A
Death ≤1 year postpartum	0	0	683	(0.03)	N/A	N/A
Cardiovascular complications
Acute myocardial	0	0	106	(0.01)	N/A	N/A
Shock	2	(0.45)	1282	(0.06)	7.56	(1.89, 30.21)*	6.07	(1.51, 24.30)*
Arrhythmia requiring cardioversion	0	0	156	(0.01)	N/A	N/A
Pregnancy-related hypertension	17	(3.79)	54 823	(2.61)	1.34	(0.80, 2.25)	1.01	(0.60, 1.70)
Puerperal cerebrovascular diseases	0	0	1800	(0.09)	N/A	N/A
Thromboembolism	0	0	233	(0.01)	N/A	N/A
Complications during delivery
Amniotic fluid embolism	0	0	227	(0.01)	N/A	N/A
Antepartum hemorrhage	47	(10.47)	188 172	(8.96)	1.17	(0.86, 1.60)	1.06	(0.78, 1.44)
Severe postpartum hemorrhage	20	(4.45)	58 410	(2.78)	1.63	(1.02, 2.60)*	1.55	(0.97, 2.48)
Preterm labor	47	(10.47)	99 365	(4.73)	2.29	(1.64, 3.20)*	1.95	(1.39, 2.72)*
Premature rupture of membranes	0	0	84	(0.00)	N/A	N/A
Chorioamnionitis	1	(0.22)	8079	(0.38)	1.16	(0.29, 4.54)	1.02	(0.26, 4.01)
Caesarian delivery	185	(41.20)	705 322	(33.59)	1.37	(1.14, 1.64)*	1.1	(0.91, 1.32)
Induction of labor	0	0	91	(0.00)	N/A	N/A
Surgical complications
Severe anesthesia-related complications	0	0	230	(0.01)	N/A	N/A
Thorax, abdomen and pelvis injuries	1	(0.22)	896	(0.04)	5.42	(0.77, 38.21)	5.49	(0.78, 38.82)
Intracranial injuries	0	0	4941	(0.24)	N/A	N/A
Blood transfusion	4	(0.89)	13 348	(0.64)	1.39	(0.51, 3.81)	1.12	(0.41, 3.10)
Hysterectomy	0	0	1700	(0.08)	N/A	N/A
Operations on heart and pericardium	1	(0.22)	2139	(0.10)	4.01	(0.88, 18.27)	2.83	(0.62, 12.93)
Other
Acute renal failure	0	0	532	(0.03)	N/A	N/A
Adult respiratory distress syndrome	1	(0.22)	1336	(0.06)	7.23	(1.81, 28.89)*	5.61	(1.39, 22.60)*
Sepsis	1	(0.22)	7008	(0.33)	0.62	(0.07, 5.45)	0.53	(0.06, 4.42)
Disseminated intravascular coagulation	1	(0.22)	1659	(0.08)	5.89	(1.48, 23.43)*	4.33	(1.09, 17.30)*
Preeclampsia	12	(2.67)	36 806	(1.75)	1.47	(0.80, 2.70)	1.13	(0.62, 2.08)
Pulmonary oedema	2	(0.45)	330	(0.02)	14.53	(2.05, 102.89)*	11.64	(1.62, 83.48)*
Mechanical ventilation	13	(2.90)	26 180	(1.25)	2.32	(1.27, 4.21)*	1.77	(0.97, 3.23)
Eclampsia	2	(0.45)	1531	(0.07)	6.03	(1.52, 23.97)*	5.33	(1.34, 21.26)*
Gestational diabetes	29	(6.46)	133 066	(6.34)	1.01	(0.69, 1.47)	0.72	(0.49, 1.05)

No. of events (%)

With SS (n = 449)

Without SS (n = 2 099 694)

Crude OR (95% CI)

Adjusted OR (95% CI)^a

Death

Death ≤30 days postpartum

281

(0.01)

N/A

Death ≤1 year postpartum

683

(0.03)

N/A

Cardiovascular complications

Acute myocardial

106

(0.01)

N/A

Shock

(0.45)

1282

(0.06)

7.56

(1.89, 30.21)*

6.07

(1.51, 24.30)*

Arrhythmia requiring cardioversion

156

(0.01)

N/A

Pregnancy-related hypertension

(3.79)

54 823

(2.61)

1.34

(0.80, 2.25)

1.01

(0.60, 1.70)

Puerperal cerebrovascular diseases

1800

(0.09)

N/A

Thromboembolism

233

(0.01)

N/A

Complications during delivery

Amniotic fluid embolism

227

(0.01)

N/A

Antepartum hemorrhage

(10.47)

188 172

(8.96)

1.17

(0.86, 1.60)

1.06

(0.78, 1.44)

Severe postpartum hemorrhage

(4.45)

58 410

(2.78)

1.63

(1.02, 2.60)*

1.55

(0.97, 2.48)

Preterm labor

(10.47)

99 365

(4.73)

2.29

(1.64, 3.20)*

1.95

(1.39, 2.72)*

Premature rupture of membranes

(0.00)

N/A

Chorioamnionitis

(0.22)

8079

(0.38)

1.16

(0.29, 4.54)

1.02

(0.26, 4.01)

Caesarian delivery

185

(41.20)

705 322

(33.59)

1.37

(1.14, 1.64)*

1.1

(0.91, 1.32)

Induction of labor

(0.00)

N/A

Surgical complications

Severe anesthesia-related complications

230

(0.01)

N/A

Thorax, abdomen and pelvis injuries

(0.22)

896

(0.04)

5.42

(0.77, 38.21)

5.49

(0.78, 38.82)

Intracranial injuries

4941

(0.24)

N/A

Blood transfusion

(0.89)

13 348

(0.64)

1.39

(0.51, 3.81)

1.12

(0.41, 3.10)

Hysterectomy

1700

(0.08)

N/A

Operations on heart and pericardium

(0.22)

2139

(0.10)

4.01

(0.88, 18.27)

2.83

(0.62, 12.93)

Other

Acute renal failure

532

(0.03)

N/A

Adult respiratory distress syndrome

(0.22)

1336

(0.06)

7.23

(1.81, 28.89)*

5.61

(1.39, 22.60)*

Sepsis

(0.22)

7008

(0.33)

0.62

(0.07, 5.45)

0.53

(0.06, 4.42)

Disseminated intravascular coagulation

(0.22)

1659

(0.08)

5.89

(1.48, 23.43)*

4.33

(1.09, 17.30)*

Preeclampsia

(2.67)

36 806

(1.75)

1.47

(0.80, 2.70)

1.13

(0.62, 2.08)

Pulmonary oedema

(0.45)

330

(0.02)

14.53

(2.05, 102.89)*

11.64

(1.62, 83.48)*

Mechanical ventilation

(2.90)

26 180

(1.25)

2.32

(1.27, 4.21)*

1.77

(0.97, 3.23)

Eclampsia

(0.45)

1531

(0.07)

6.03

(1.52, 23.97)*

5.33

(1.34, 21.26)*

Gestational diabetes

(6.46)

133 066

(6.34)

1.01

(0.69, 1.47)

0.72

(0.49, 1.05)

	No. of events (%)
Death
Death ≤30 days postpartum	0	0	281	(0.01)	N/A	N/A
Death ≤1 year postpartum	0	0	683	(0.03)	N/A	N/A
Cardiovascular complications
Acute myocardial	0	0	106	(0.01)	N/A	N/A
Shock	2	(0.45)	1282	(0.06)	7.56	(1.89, 30.21)*	6.07	(1.51, 24.30)*
Arrhythmia requiring cardioversion	0	0	156	(0.01)	N/A	N/A
Pregnancy-related hypertension	17	(3.79)	54 823	(2.61)	1.34	(0.80, 2.25)	1.01	(0.60, 1.70)
Puerperal cerebrovascular diseases	0	0	1800	(0.09)	N/A	N/A
Thromboembolism	0	0	233	(0.01)	N/A	N/A
Complications during delivery
Amniotic fluid embolism	0	0	227	(0.01)	N/A	N/A
Antepartum hemorrhage	47	(10.47)	188 172	(8.96)	1.17	(0.86, 1.60)	1.06	(0.78, 1.44)
Severe postpartum hemorrhage	20	(4.45)	58 410	(2.78)	1.63	(1.02, 2.60)*	1.55	(0.97, 2.48)
Preterm labor	47	(10.47)	99 365	(4.73)	2.29	(1.64, 3.20)*	1.95	(1.39, 2.72)*
Premature rupture of membranes	0	0	84	(0.00)	N/A	N/A
Chorioamnionitis	1	(0.22)	8079	(0.38)	1.16	(0.29, 4.54)	1.02	(0.26, 4.01)
Caesarian delivery	185	(41.20)	705 322	(33.59)	1.37	(1.14, 1.64)*	1.1	(0.91, 1.32)
Induction of labor	0	0	91	(0.00)	N/A	N/A
Surgical complications
Severe anesthesia-related complications	0	0	230	(0.01)	N/A	N/A
Thorax, abdomen and pelvis injuries	1	(0.22)	896	(0.04)	5.42	(0.77, 38.21)	5.49	(0.78, 38.82)
Intracranial injuries	0	0	4941	(0.24)	N/A	N/A
Blood transfusion	4	(0.89)	13 348	(0.64)	1.39	(0.51, 3.81)	1.12	(0.41, 3.10)
Hysterectomy	0	0	1700	(0.08)	N/A	N/A
Operations on heart and pericardium	1	(0.22)	2139	(0.10)	4.01	(0.88, 18.27)	2.83	(0.62, 12.93)
Other
Acute renal failure	0	0	532	(0.03)	N/A	N/A
Adult respiratory distress syndrome	1	(0.22)	1336	(0.06)	7.23	(1.81, 28.89)*	5.61	(1.39, 22.60)*
Sepsis	1	(0.22)	7008	(0.33)	0.62	(0.07, 5.45)	0.53	(0.06, 4.42)
Disseminated intravascular coagulation	1	(0.22)	1659	(0.08)	5.89	(1.48, 23.43)*	4.33	(1.09, 17.30)*
Preeclampsia	12	(2.67)	36 806	(1.75)	1.47	(0.80, 2.70)	1.13	(0.62, 2.08)
Pulmonary oedema	2	(0.45)	330	(0.02)	14.53	(2.05, 102.89)*	11.64	(1.62, 83.48)*
Mechanical ventilation	13	(2.90)	26 180	(1.25)	2.32	(1.27, 4.21)*	1.77	(0.97, 3.23)
Eclampsia	2	(0.45)	1531	(0.07)	6.03	(1.52, 23.97)*	5.33	(1.34, 21.26)*
Gestational diabetes	29	(6.46)	133 066	(6.34)	1.01	(0.69, 1.47)	0.72	(0.49, 1.05)

Table 3.

Open in new tab

Comparison of maternal outcomes between pregnant women with and without SS

	No. of events (%)
	With SS (n = 449)		Without SS (n = 2 099 694)		Crude OR (95% CI)		Adjusted OR (95% CI)^a
Death
Death ≤30 days postpartum	0	0	281	(0.01)	N/A		N/A
Death ≤1 year postpartum	0	0	683	(0.03)	N/A		N/A
Cardiovascular complications
Acute myocardial	0	0	106	(0.01)	N/A		N/A
Shock	2	(0.45)	1282	(0.06)	7.56	(1.89, 30.21)*	6.07	(1.51, 24.30)*
Arrhythmia requiring cardioversion	0	0	156	(0.01)	N/A		N/A
Pregnancy-related hypertension	17	(3.79)	54 823	(2.61)	1.34	(0.80, 2.25)	1.01	(0.60, 1.70)
Puerperal cerebrovascular diseases	0	0	1800	(0.09)	N/A		N/A
Thromboembolism	0	0	233	(0.01)	N/A		N/A
Complications during delivery
Amniotic fluid embolism	0	0	227	(0.01)	N/A		N/A
Antepartum hemorrhage	47	(10.47)	188 172	(8.96)	1.17	(0.86, 1.60)	1.06	(0.78, 1.44)
Severe postpartum hemorrhage	20	(4.45)	58 410	(2.78)	1.63	(1.02, 2.60)*	1.55	(0.97, 2.48)
Preterm labor	47	(10.47)	99 365	(4.73)	2.29	(1.64, 3.20)*	1.95	(1.39, 2.72)*
Premature rupture of membranes	0	0	84	(0.00)	N/A		N/A
Chorioamnionitis	1	(0.22)	8079	(0.38)	1.16	(0.29, 4.54)	1.02	(0.26, 4.01)
Caesarian delivery	185	(41.20)	705 322	(33.59)	1.37	(1.14, 1.64)*	1.1	(0.91, 1.32)
Induction of labor	0	0	91	(0.00)	N/A		N/A
Surgical complications
Severe anesthesia-related complications	0	0	230	(0.01)	N/A		N/A
Thorax, abdomen and pelvis injuries	1	(0.22)	896	(0.04)	5.42	(0.77, 38.21)	5.49	(0.78, 38.82)
Intracranial injuries	0	0	4941	(0.24)	N/A		N/A
Blood transfusion	4	(0.89)	13 348	(0.64)	1.39	(0.51, 3.81)	1.12	(0.41, 3.10)
Hysterectomy	0	0	1700	(0.08)	N/A		N/A
Operations on heart and pericardium	1	(0.22)	2139	(0.10)	4.01	(0.88, 18.27)	2.83	(0.62, 12.93)
Other
Acute renal failure	0	0	532	(0.03)	N/A		N/A
Adult respiratory distress syndrome	1	(0.22)	1336	(0.06)	7.23	(1.81, 28.89)*	5.61	(1.39, 22.60)*
Sepsis	1	(0.22)	7008	(0.33)	0.62	(0.07, 5.45)	0.53	(0.06, 4.42)
Disseminated intravascular coagulation	1	(0.22)	1659	(0.08)	5.89	(1.48, 23.43)*	4.33	(1.09, 17.30)*
Preeclampsia	12	(2.67)	36 806	(1.75)	1.47	(0.80, 2.70)	1.13	(0.62, 2.08)
Pulmonary oedema	2	(0.45)	330	(0.02)	14.53	(2.05, 102.89)*	11.64	(1.62, 83.48)*
Mechanical ventilation	13	(2.90)	26 180	(1.25)	2.32	(1.27, 4.21)*	1.77	(0.97, 3.23)
Eclampsia	2	(0.45)	1531	(0.07)	6.03	(1.52, 23.97)*	5.33	(1.34, 21.26)*
Gestational diabetes	29	(6.46)	133 066	(6.34)	1.01	(0.69, 1.47)	0.72	(0.49, 1.05)

	No. of events (%)
	With SS (n = 449)		Without SS (n = 2 099 694)		Crude OR (95% CI)		Adjusted OR (95% CI)^a
Death
Death ≤30 days postpartum	0	0	281	(0.01)	N/A		N/A
Death ≤1 year postpartum	0	0	683	(0.03)	N/A		N/A
Cardiovascular complications
Acute myocardial	0	0	106	(0.01)	N/A		N/A
Shock	2	(0.45)	1282	(0.06)	7.56	(1.89, 30.21)*	6.07	(1.51, 24.30)*
Arrhythmia requiring cardioversion	0	0	156	(0.01)	N/A		N/A
Pregnancy-related hypertension	17	(3.79)	54 823	(2.61)	1.34	(0.80, 2.25)	1.01	(0.60, 1.70)
Puerperal cerebrovascular diseases	0	0	1800	(0.09)	N/A		N/A
Thromboembolism	0	0	233	(0.01)	N/A		N/A
Complications during delivery
Amniotic fluid embolism	0	0	227	(0.01)	N/A		N/A
Antepartum hemorrhage	47	(10.47)	188 172	(8.96)	1.17	(0.86, 1.60)	1.06	(0.78, 1.44)
Severe postpartum hemorrhage	20	(4.45)	58 410	(2.78)	1.63	(1.02, 2.60)*	1.55	(0.97, 2.48)
Preterm labor	47	(10.47)	99 365	(4.73)	2.29	(1.64, 3.20)*	1.95	(1.39, 2.72)*
Premature rupture of membranes	0	0	84	(0.00)	N/A		N/A
Chorioamnionitis	1	(0.22)	8079	(0.38)	1.16	(0.29, 4.54)	1.02	(0.26, 4.01)
Caesarian delivery	185	(41.20)	705 322	(33.59)	1.37	(1.14, 1.64)*	1.1	(0.91, 1.32)
Induction of labor	0	0	91	(0.00)	N/A		N/A
Surgical complications
Severe anesthesia-related complications	0	0	230	(0.01)	N/A		N/A
Thorax, abdomen and pelvis injuries	1	(0.22)	896	(0.04)	5.42	(0.77, 38.21)	5.49	(0.78, 38.82)
Intracranial injuries	0	0	4941	(0.24)	N/A		N/A
Blood transfusion	4	(0.89)	13 348	(0.64)	1.39	(0.51, 3.81)	1.12	(0.41, 3.10)
Hysterectomy	0	0	1700	(0.08)	N/A		N/A
Operations on heart and pericardium	1	(0.22)	2139	(0.10)	4.01	(0.88, 18.27)	2.83	(0.62, 12.93)
Other
Acute renal failure	0	0	532	(0.03)	N/A		N/A
Adult respiratory distress syndrome	1	(0.22)	1336	(0.06)	7.23	(1.81, 28.89)*	5.61	(1.39, 22.60)*
Sepsis	1	(0.22)	7008	(0.33)	0.62	(0.07, 5.45)	0.53	(0.06, 4.42)
Disseminated intravascular coagulation	1	(0.22)	1659	(0.08)	5.89	(1.48, 23.43)*	4.33	(1.09, 17.30)*
Preeclampsia	12	(2.67)	36 806	(1.75)	1.47	(0.80, 2.70)	1.13	(0.62, 2.08)
Pulmonary oedema	2	(0.45)	330	(0.02)	14.53	(2.05, 102.89)*	11.64	(1.62, 83.48)*
Mechanical ventilation	13	(2.90)	26 180	(1.25)	2.32	(1.27, 4.21)*	1.77	(0.97, 3.23)
Eclampsia	2	(0.45)	1531	(0.07)	6.03	(1.52, 23.97)*	5.33	(1.34, 21.26)*
Gestational diabetes	29	(6.46)	133 066	(6.34)	1.01	(0.69, 1.47)	0.72	(0.49, 1.05)

Adjusted for age, infant sex, Charlson comorbidity index, urbanization, income, occupation, birth year and maternal nationality.

OR: odds ratio; N/A: not applicable.

P < 0.05.

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