Physical Performance and Pain Outcomes by Study Groups (N = 84) Adjusted and Unadjusted for Pain
| . | Week . | FSDT treated (number of repetitions) . | FSDT untreated (number of repetitions) . | 30-SCST (number of rises) . | 6MWT (inches) . | SCT (seconds) . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BFR 80% LOP | 0 | 14.5 (5.2) | 16.6 (4.6) | 11.5 (3.19) | 21,727 (3,589) | 4.62 (2.61) |
| 3 | 17.0 (5.4) | 18.4 (4.9) | 12.9 (3.37) | 23,630 (3,641) | 4.22 (1.70)* | |
| 6 | 18.7 (5.9) | 19.4 (5.1) | 14.0 (4.05) | 23,614 (3,927) | 4.21 (1.78) | |
| 9 | 19.5 (7.1) | 21.3 (5.9) | 14.8 (5.00) | 23,156 (3,578) | 3.99 (1.07) | |
| BFR 20 mmHg of LOP | 0 | 12.0 (4.9) | 14.3 (4.8) | 10.8 (2.60) | 22,059 (3,270) | 4.35 (0.88) |
| 3 | 13.3 (6.0) | 15.8 (4.7) | 11.5 (3.36) | 22,730 (3,635) | 4.75 (2.58)* | |
| 6 | 15.9 (5.1) | 17.7 (6.6) | 12.6 (3.45) | 23,745 (4,057) | 4.08 (0.96) | |
| 9 | 16.9 (6.0) | 18.7 (6.5) | 13.9 (3.54) | 23,573 (4,021) | 3.76 (0.68) | |
| Mixed-effects models F testa | ||||||
| Unadjusted | ||||||
| Time | F(1,217) = 37.9 (P < .0001) | F(1,203) = 25.7 (P < .0001) | F(1,206) = 101 (P < .0001) | F(1,194) = 16.5 (P < .0001) | F(1,184) = 8.7 (P = .004) | |
| Group | F(1,120) = 2.9 P = .09) | F(1,111) = 3.8 P = .05) | F(1,112) = 1.33 P = .25) | F(1,111) = 0.00 (P = .98) | F(1,104) = 0.03 (P = .87) | |
| t×g | F(1,201) = 1.17 (P = .28) | F(1,203) = 0.02 (P = .89) | F(1,206) = 0.24 (P = .62) | F(1,194) = 0.06 (P = .81) | F(1,184) = 0.23 (P = .63) | |
| Adjusted for pain at time of testing | ||||||
| Time | F(1,205) = 55.6 (P < .0001) | F(1,203) = 76.5 (P < .0001) | F(1,215) = 62.2 (P < .0001) | F(1,204) = 6.1 (P = .01) | F(1,189) = 2.6 (P = .11) | |
| Group | F(1,114) = 5.6 (P = .02) | F(1,111) = 3.6 (P = .06) | F(1,115) = 0.72 (P = .40) | F(1,114) = 0.19 (P = .66) | F(1,106) = 0.67 (P = .42) | |
| t×g | F(1,197) = 0.40 (P = .53) | F(1,202) = 0.007 (P = .98) | F(1,206) = 0.84 (P = .36) | F(1,192) = 0.01 (P = .91) | F(1,182) = 1.12 (P = .29) | |
| . | Week . | FSDT treated (number of repetitions) . | FSDT untreated (number of repetitions) . | 30-SCST (number of rises) . | 6MWT (inches) . | SCT (seconds) . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BFR 80% LOP | 0 | 14.5 (5.2) | 16.6 (4.6) | 11.5 (3.19) | 21,727 (3,589) | 4.62 (2.61) |
| 3 | 17.0 (5.4) | 18.4 (4.9) | 12.9 (3.37) | 23,630 (3,641) | 4.22 (1.70)* | |
| 6 | 18.7 (5.9) | 19.4 (5.1) | 14.0 (4.05) | 23,614 (3,927) | 4.21 (1.78) | |
| 9 | 19.5 (7.1) | 21.3 (5.9) | 14.8 (5.00) | 23,156 (3,578) | 3.99 (1.07) | |
| BFR 20 mmHg of LOP | 0 | 12.0 (4.9) | 14.3 (4.8) | 10.8 (2.60) | 22,059 (3,270) | 4.35 (0.88) |
| 3 | 13.3 (6.0) | 15.8 (4.7) | 11.5 (3.36) | 22,730 (3,635) | 4.75 (2.58)* | |
| 6 | 15.9 (5.1) | 17.7 (6.6) | 12.6 (3.45) | 23,745 (4,057) | 4.08 (0.96) | |
| 9 | 16.9 (6.0) | 18.7 (6.5) | 13.9 (3.54) | 23,573 (4,021) | 3.76 (0.68) | |
| Mixed-effects models F testa | ||||||
| Unadjusted | ||||||
| Time | F(1,217) = 37.9 (P < .0001) | F(1,203) = 25.7 (P < .0001) | F(1,206) = 101 (P < .0001) | F(1,194) = 16.5 (P < .0001) | F(1,184) = 8.7 (P = .004) | |
| Group | F(1,120) = 2.9 P = .09) | F(1,111) = 3.8 P = .05) | F(1,112) = 1.33 P = .25) | F(1,111) = 0.00 (P = .98) | F(1,104) = 0.03 (P = .87) | |
| t×g | F(1,201) = 1.17 (P = .28) | F(1,203) = 0.02 (P = .89) | F(1,206) = 0.24 (P = .62) | F(1,194) = 0.06 (P = .81) | F(1,184) = 0.23 (P = .63) | |
| Adjusted for pain at time of testing | ||||||
| Time | F(1,205) = 55.6 (P < .0001) | F(1,203) = 76.5 (P < .0001) | F(1,215) = 62.2 (P < .0001) | F(1,204) = 6.1 (P = .01) | F(1,189) = 2.6 (P = .11) | |
| Group | F(1,114) = 5.6 (P = .02) | F(1,111) = 3.6 (P = .06) | F(1,115) = 0.72 (P = .40) | F(1,114) = 0.19 (P = .66) | F(1,106) = 0.67 (P = .42) | |
| t×g | F(1,197) = 0.40 (P = .53) | F(1,202) = 0.007 (P = .98) | F(1,206) = 0.84 (P = .36) | F(1,192) = 0.01 (P = .91) | F(1,182) = 1.12 (P = .29) | |
Values are mean ± SD except where indicated.
P < .05; comparing 80% LOP BFR group to 20 mmHg BFR group at each time point from a mixed-effects model with time as a factor.
Mixed-effects models with time as continuous using a type III ANOVA table with Satterthwaite’s method. The F value, degrees of freedom, and corresponding P-values are presented. Time effect is for overall change during the study for all participants. Group tests whether there is a difference between the group means across all measurements. t×g tests whether change over time differs between at least one of the treatment groups and PT.
Abbreviations: 6MWT, 6-minute walk test; 30-SCST, 30-second chair stand test; BFR, blood flow restriction; FSDT, forward step-down test; LOP, limb occlusion pressure; NMES, neuromuscular electrical stimulation; SCT, timed stair climb test; SD, standard deviation.
Physical Performance and Pain Outcomes by Study Groups (N = 84) Adjusted and Unadjusted for Pain
| . | Week . | FSDT treated (number of repetitions) . | FSDT untreated (number of repetitions) . | 30-SCST (number of rises) . | 6MWT (inches) . | SCT (seconds) . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BFR 80% LOP | 0 | 14.5 (5.2) | 16.6 (4.6) | 11.5 (3.19) | 21,727 (3,589) | 4.62 (2.61) |
| 3 | 17.0 (5.4) | 18.4 (4.9) | 12.9 (3.37) | 23,630 (3,641) | 4.22 (1.70)* | |
| 6 | 18.7 (5.9) | 19.4 (5.1) | 14.0 (4.05) | 23,614 (3,927) | 4.21 (1.78) | |
| 9 | 19.5 (7.1) | 21.3 (5.9) | 14.8 (5.00) | 23,156 (3,578) | 3.99 (1.07) | |
| BFR 20 mmHg of LOP | 0 | 12.0 (4.9) | 14.3 (4.8) | 10.8 (2.60) | 22,059 (3,270) | 4.35 (0.88) |
| 3 | 13.3 (6.0) | 15.8 (4.7) | 11.5 (3.36) | 22,730 (3,635) | 4.75 (2.58)* | |
| 6 | 15.9 (5.1) | 17.7 (6.6) | 12.6 (3.45) | 23,745 (4,057) | 4.08 (0.96) | |
| 9 | 16.9 (6.0) | 18.7 (6.5) | 13.9 (3.54) | 23,573 (4,021) | 3.76 (0.68) | |
| Mixed-effects models F testa | ||||||
| Unadjusted | ||||||
| Time | F(1,217) = 37.9 (P < .0001) | F(1,203) = 25.7 (P < .0001) | F(1,206) = 101 (P < .0001) | F(1,194) = 16.5 (P < .0001) | F(1,184) = 8.7 (P = .004) | |
| Group | F(1,120) = 2.9 P = .09) | F(1,111) = 3.8 P = .05) | F(1,112) = 1.33 P = .25) | F(1,111) = 0.00 (P = .98) | F(1,104) = 0.03 (P = .87) | |
| t×g | F(1,201) = 1.17 (P = .28) | F(1,203) = 0.02 (P = .89) | F(1,206) = 0.24 (P = .62) | F(1,194) = 0.06 (P = .81) | F(1,184) = 0.23 (P = .63) | |
| Adjusted for pain at time of testing | ||||||
| Time | F(1,205) = 55.6 (P < .0001) | F(1,203) = 76.5 (P < .0001) | F(1,215) = 62.2 (P < .0001) | F(1,204) = 6.1 (P = .01) | F(1,189) = 2.6 (P = .11) | |
| Group | F(1,114) = 5.6 (P = .02) | F(1,111) = 3.6 (P = .06) | F(1,115) = 0.72 (P = .40) | F(1,114) = 0.19 (P = .66) | F(1,106) = 0.67 (P = .42) | |
| t×g | F(1,197) = 0.40 (P = .53) | F(1,202) = 0.007 (P = .98) | F(1,206) = 0.84 (P = .36) | F(1,192) = 0.01 (P = .91) | F(1,182) = 1.12 (P = .29) | |
| . | Week . | FSDT treated (number of repetitions) . | FSDT untreated (number of repetitions) . | 30-SCST (number of rises) . | 6MWT (inches) . | SCT (seconds) . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BFR 80% LOP | 0 | 14.5 (5.2) | 16.6 (4.6) | 11.5 (3.19) | 21,727 (3,589) | 4.62 (2.61) |
| 3 | 17.0 (5.4) | 18.4 (4.9) | 12.9 (3.37) | 23,630 (3,641) | 4.22 (1.70)* | |
| 6 | 18.7 (5.9) | 19.4 (5.1) | 14.0 (4.05) | 23,614 (3,927) | 4.21 (1.78) | |
| 9 | 19.5 (7.1) | 21.3 (5.9) | 14.8 (5.00) | 23,156 (3,578) | 3.99 (1.07) | |
| BFR 20 mmHg of LOP | 0 | 12.0 (4.9) | 14.3 (4.8) | 10.8 (2.60) | 22,059 (3,270) | 4.35 (0.88) |
| 3 | 13.3 (6.0) | 15.8 (4.7) | 11.5 (3.36) | 22,730 (3,635) | 4.75 (2.58)* | |
| 6 | 15.9 (5.1) | 17.7 (6.6) | 12.6 (3.45) | 23,745 (4,057) | 4.08 (0.96) | |
| 9 | 16.9 (6.0) | 18.7 (6.5) | 13.9 (3.54) | 23,573 (4,021) | 3.76 (0.68) | |
| Mixed-effects models F testa | ||||||
| Unadjusted | ||||||
| Time | F(1,217) = 37.9 (P < .0001) | F(1,203) = 25.7 (P < .0001) | F(1,206) = 101 (P < .0001) | F(1,194) = 16.5 (P < .0001) | F(1,184) = 8.7 (P = .004) | |
| Group | F(1,120) = 2.9 P = .09) | F(1,111) = 3.8 P = .05) | F(1,112) = 1.33 P = .25) | F(1,111) = 0.00 (P = .98) | F(1,104) = 0.03 (P = .87) | |
| t×g | F(1,201) = 1.17 (P = .28) | F(1,203) = 0.02 (P = .89) | F(1,206) = 0.24 (P = .62) | F(1,194) = 0.06 (P = .81) | F(1,184) = 0.23 (P = .63) | |
| Adjusted for pain at time of testing | ||||||
| Time | F(1,205) = 55.6 (P < .0001) | F(1,203) = 76.5 (P < .0001) | F(1,215) = 62.2 (P < .0001) | F(1,204) = 6.1 (P = .01) | F(1,189) = 2.6 (P = .11) | |
| Group | F(1,114) = 5.6 (P = .02) | F(1,111) = 3.6 (P = .06) | F(1,115) = 0.72 (P = .40) | F(1,114) = 0.19 (P = .66) | F(1,106) = 0.67 (P = .42) | |
| t×g | F(1,197) = 0.40 (P = .53) | F(1,202) = 0.007 (P = .98) | F(1,206) = 0.84 (P = .36) | F(1,192) = 0.01 (P = .91) | F(1,182) = 1.12 (P = .29) | |
Values are mean ± SD except where indicated.
P < .05; comparing 80% LOP BFR group to 20 mmHg BFR group at each time point from a mixed-effects model with time as a factor.
Mixed-effects models with time as continuous using a type III ANOVA table with Satterthwaite’s method. The F value, degrees of freedom, and corresponding P-values are presented. Time effect is for overall change during the study for all participants. Group tests whether there is a difference between the group means across all measurements. t×g tests whether change over time differs between at least one of the treatment groups and PT.
Abbreviations: 6MWT, 6-minute walk test; 30-SCST, 30-second chair stand test; BFR, blood flow restriction; FSDT, forward step-down test; LOP, limb occlusion pressure; NMES, neuromuscular electrical stimulation; SCT, timed stair climb test; SD, standard deviation.
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