Adjusted Cox Proportional Hazard Ratios (95% CI) for Adverse Outcomes in the VHA in Soldiers Who Did (N = 37,310) and Did Not (N = 28,947) Receive Exercise Therapy after First Meeting Our Criteria for Chronic Pain in the Military
| Exercise therapy . | Any adverse outcome . | Alcohol and drug disorders . | Suicide ideation . | Self-Injury . | All-cause mortality . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 19,103 events . | 17,496 events . | 4,965 events . | 1,131 events . | 987 events . | |
| 1 visit (n = 7,355) | 1.02 (0.96-1.08) | 1.03 (0.97-1.10) | 1.02 (0.91-1.15) | 0.96 (0.75-1.23) | 0.73 (0.54-1.00)* |
| 2-3 (n = 6,850) | 0.96 (0.90-1.02) | 0.96 (0.91-1.03) | 0.90 (0.79-1.01) | 0.95 (0.73-1.22) | 0.75 (0.54-1.03) |
| 4-5 (n = 4,707) | 0.97 (0.91-1.04) | 0.98 (0.92-1.05) | 0.85 (0.74-0.97)* | 0.83 (0.62-1.11) | 0.72 (0.51-1.03) |
| 6-7 (n = 3,713) | 0.96 (0.90-1.04) | 0.95 (0.88-1.02) | 0.98 (0.85-1.13) | 1.11 (0.83-1.48) | 0.68 (0.46-0.99)* |
| 8-9 (n = 2,739) | 0.91 (0.84-0.99)* | 0.90 (0.83-0.99)* | 0.83 (0.70-0.97)* | 0.70 (0.48-1.02) | 0.62 (0.40-0.95)* |
| >9 visits (n = 11,946) | 0.91 (0.86-0.96)*** | 0.91 (0.86-0.97)** | 0.85 (0.76-0.95)** | 0.78 (0.61-1.00) | 0.72 (0.52-0.98)* |
| Exercise therapy . | Any adverse outcome . | Alcohol and drug disorders . | Suicide ideation . | Self-Injury . | All-cause mortality . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 19,103 events . | 17,496 events . | 4,965 events . | 1,131 events . | 987 events . | |
| 1 visit (n = 7,355) | 1.02 (0.96-1.08) | 1.03 (0.97-1.10) | 1.02 (0.91-1.15) | 0.96 (0.75-1.23) | 0.73 (0.54-1.00)* |
| 2-3 (n = 6,850) | 0.96 (0.90-1.02) | 0.96 (0.91-1.03) | 0.90 (0.79-1.01) | 0.95 (0.73-1.22) | 0.75 (0.54-1.03) |
| 4-5 (n = 4,707) | 0.97 (0.91-1.04) | 0.98 (0.92-1.05) | 0.85 (0.74-0.97)* | 0.83 (0.62-1.11) | 0.72 (0.51-1.03) |
| 6-7 (n = 3,713) | 0.96 (0.90-1.04) | 0.95 (0.88-1.02) | 0.98 (0.85-1.13) | 1.11 (0.83-1.48) | 0.68 (0.46-0.99)* |
| 8-9 (n = 2,739) | 0.91 (0.84-0.99)* | 0.90 (0.83-0.99)* | 0.83 (0.70-0.97)* | 0.70 (0.48-1.02) | 0.62 (0.40-0.95)* |
| >9 visits (n = 11,946) | 0.91 (0.86-0.96)*** | 0.91 (0.86-0.97)** | 0.85 (0.76-0.95)** | 0.78 (0.61-1.00) | 0.72 (0.52-0.98)* |
The analyses were weighted using weights resulting from coarsened exact matching of soldiers who did and did not receive exercise therapy in the Military. The Cox proportional hazard ratios were adjusted for marital status at the end of the index deployment, reason for separating from the Military, and time between first chronic pain diagnosis and linking to VHA. The hazard ratios are with reference to soldiers who did not receive exercise therapy.
*P < .05, **P < .01, ***P < .001.
Adjusted Cox Proportional Hazard Ratios (95% CI) for Adverse Outcomes in the VHA in Soldiers Who Did (N = 37,310) and Did Not (N = 28,947) Receive Exercise Therapy after First Meeting Our Criteria for Chronic Pain in the Military
| Exercise therapy . | Any adverse outcome . | Alcohol and drug disorders . | Suicide ideation . | Self-Injury . | All-cause mortality . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 19,103 events . | 17,496 events . | 4,965 events . | 1,131 events . | 987 events . | |
| 1 visit (n = 7,355) | 1.02 (0.96-1.08) | 1.03 (0.97-1.10) | 1.02 (0.91-1.15) | 0.96 (0.75-1.23) | 0.73 (0.54-1.00)* |
| 2-3 (n = 6,850) | 0.96 (0.90-1.02) | 0.96 (0.91-1.03) | 0.90 (0.79-1.01) | 0.95 (0.73-1.22) | 0.75 (0.54-1.03) |
| 4-5 (n = 4,707) | 0.97 (0.91-1.04) | 0.98 (0.92-1.05) | 0.85 (0.74-0.97)* | 0.83 (0.62-1.11) | 0.72 (0.51-1.03) |
| 6-7 (n = 3,713) | 0.96 (0.90-1.04) | 0.95 (0.88-1.02) | 0.98 (0.85-1.13) | 1.11 (0.83-1.48) | 0.68 (0.46-0.99)* |
| 8-9 (n = 2,739) | 0.91 (0.84-0.99)* | 0.90 (0.83-0.99)* | 0.83 (0.70-0.97)* | 0.70 (0.48-1.02) | 0.62 (0.40-0.95)* |
| >9 visits (n = 11,946) | 0.91 (0.86-0.96)*** | 0.91 (0.86-0.97)** | 0.85 (0.76-0.95)** | 0.78 (0.61-1.00) | 0.72 (0.52-0.98)* |
| Exercise therapy . | Any adverse outcome . | Alcohol and drug disorders . | Suicide ideation . | Self-Injury . | All-cause mortality . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 19,103 events . | 17,496 events . | 4,965 events . | 1,131 events . | 987 events . | |
| 1 visit (n = 7,355) | 1.02 (0.96-1.08) | 1.03 (0.97-1.10) | 1.02 (0.91-1.15) | 0.96 (0.75-1.23) | 0.73 (0.54-1.00)* |
| 2-3 (n = 6,850) | 0.96 (0.90-1.02) | 0.96 (0.91-1.03) | 0.90 (0.79-1.01) | 0.95 (0.73-1.22) | 0.75 (0.54-1.03) |
| 4-5 (n = 4,707) | 0.97 (0.91-1.04) | 0.98 (0.92-1.05) | 0.85 (0.74-0.97)* | 0.83 (0.62-1.11) | 0.72 (0.51-1.03) |
| 6-7 (n = 3,713) | 0.96 (0.90-1.04) | 0.95 (0.88-1.02) | 0.98 (0.85-1.13) | 1.11 (0.83-1.48) | 0.68 (0.46-0.99)* |
| 8-9 (n = 2,739) | 0.91 (0.84-0.99)* | 0.90 (0.83-0.99)* | 0.83 (0.70-0.97)* | 0.70 (0.48-1.02) | 0.62 (0.40-0.95)* |
| >9 visits (n = 11,946) | 0.91 (0.86-0.96)*** | 0.91 (0.86-0.97)** | 0.85 (0.76-0.95)** | 0.78 (0.61-1.00) | 0.72 (0.52-0.98)* |
The analyses were weighted using weights resulting from coarsened exact matching of soldiers who did and did not receive exercise therapy in the Military. The Cox proportional hazard ratios were adjusted for marital status at the end of the index deployment, reason for separating from the Military, and time between first chronic pain diagnosis and linking to VHA. The hazard ratios are with reference to soldiers who did not receive exercise therapy.
*P < .05, **P < .01, ***P < .001.
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