Weighted Comparison of Matched Soldiers Who Did (N = 37,310) and Soldiers Who Did Not Receive Exercise Therapy in the MHS (N = 28,947)
| . | Exercise Therapy . | . | |
|---|---|---|---|
| . | No . | Yes . | P . |
| Demographics and Military History | |||
| Age | 27.8 (0.07) | 27.8 (0.04) | 0.955 |
| Female sex, No. (%) | 2,249 (7.8) | 2,899 (7.8) | 1.000 |
| Race/ethnicity, No. (%) | 1.000 | ||
| White, not Hispanic | 17,827 (61.6) | 22,977 (61.6) | |
| Black, not Hispanic | 5,194 (17.9) | 6,694 (17.9) | |
| Hispanic | 2,416 (8.3) | 3,114 (8.3) | |
| Other | 3,511 (12.1) | 4,525 (12.1) | |
| Marital statusa, No. (%) | 0.385 | ||
| Married | 18,967 (65.5) | 24,154 (64.7) | |
| Never Married | 8,309 (28.7) | 10,963 (29.4) | |
| Other | 1,672 (5.8) | 2,193 (5.9) | |
| Rank, No. (%) | 1.000 | ||
| Enlisted | 28,077 (97.0) | 36,189 (97.0) | |
| Warrant officer | 161 (0.6) | 208 (0.6) | |
| Commissioned Officer | 708 (2.4) | 913 (2.4) | |
| Index cohort, No. (%) | 1.000 | ||
| 2008 | 5,509 (19.0) | 7,101 (19.0) | |
| 2009 | 8,857 (30.6) | 11,416 (30.6) | |
| 2010 | 8,098 (28.0) | 10,438 (28.0) | |
| 2011 | 3,719 (12.8) | 4,794 (12.8) | |
| 2012 | 2,058 (7.1) | 2,652 (7.1) | |
| 2013 | 587 (2.0) | 756 (2.0) | |
| 2014 | 119 (0.4) | 153 (0.4) | |
| Days deployed before indexa | 137 (2.4) | 122 (1.0) | <0.001 |
| Days deployed during indexa | 353 (1.5) | 343 (0.8) | <0.001 |
| Reason for military separationa, No. (%) | <0.001 | ||
| Expiration of enlistment | 6,927 (23.9) | 7,753 (20.8) | |
| Disability | 9,859 (34.1) | 17,349 (46.5) | |
| Retirement | 4,612 (15.9) | 5,130 (13.7) | |
| Misconduct | 1,308 (4.5) | 1,178 (3.2) | |
| Poor performance | 3,748 (12.9) | 3,343 (9.0) | |
| Other | 2,493 (8.6) | 2,557 (6.9) | |
| Military Health System Clinical Historyb | |||
| Days till first chronic pain diagnosisa | 203 (2.2) | 195 (1.4) | <0.001 |
| Mental disordersa, proportion with | |||
| Adjustment disorder | 0.49 | 0.53 | <0.001 |
| Depressive disorders | 0.35 | 0.39 | <0.001 |
| Anxiety disorders | 0.41 | 0.44 | <0.001 |
| Posttraumatic stress disorder | 0.29 | 0.34 | <0.001 |
| Traumatic brain injury | 0.31 | 0.36 | <0.001 |
| Alcohol use disorder | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.420 |
| Substance use disorder | 0.17 | 0.18 | 0.109 |
| Number of visits for mental health services | 1.36 (0.0) | 1.03 (0.0) | <0.001 |
| Number of visits for SUD services, No. (%) | 0.03 (0.0) | 0.02 (0.0) | 0.008 |
| Number of hospitalizations | 0.04 (0.0) | 0.03 (0.0) | 0.016 |
| Daily mg morphine equivalents | 14.0 (0.2) | 11.8 (0.1) | <0.001 |
| Days supply opioidsa | 6 (0.2) | 5 (0.1) | <0.001 |
| Days supply tramadola | 3 (0.1) | 2 (0.1) | <0.001 |
| First quarter with chronic pain after index | 2.7 (0.0) | 2.7 (0.0) | 0.205 |
| Highest reported pain level, No. (%) | 1.000 | ||
| None (0) | 2,381 (8.2) | 3,069 (8.2) | |
| Low (1-3) | 2,014 (7.0) | 2,596 (7.0) | |
| Moderate (4-6) | 6,488 (22.4) | 8,362 (22.4) | |
| Severe (7-10) | 6,979 (24.1) | 8,995 (24.1) | |
| Unknown | 11,085 (38.3) | 14,288 (38.3) | |
| Number of visits for NPT | |||
| Exercise therapy | 0.04 | 0.09 | <0.001 |
| Acupuncture | 0.05 | 0.00 | 0.032 |
| Biofeedback | 0.12 | 0.01 | 0.088 |
| Massage | 0.06 | 0.01 | 0.455 |
| Laser therapy | 0.01 | 0.00 | 1.000 |
| Spinal manipulation | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.021 |
| TENS | 0.07 | 0.01 | <0.001 |
| Ultrasonography | 0.05 | 0.00 | 0.526 |
| Heat treatment | 0.04 | 0.00 | 0.387 |
| Traction | 0.01 | 0.00 | 1.000 |
| Lumbar support | 0.01 | 0.00 | 1.000 |
| Other physical therapy | 0.22 | 0.02 | 0.446 |
| Chiropractic care | 0.50 | 0.04 | <0.001 |
| . | Exercise Therapy . | . | |
|---|---|---|---|
| . | No . | Yes . | P . |
| Demographics and Military History | |||
| Age | 27.8 (0.07) | 27.8 (0.04) | 0.955 |
| Female sex, No. (%) | 2,249 (7.8) | 2,899 (7.8) | 1.000 |
| Race/ethnicity, No. (%) | 1.000 | ||
| White, not Hispanic | 17,827 (61.6) | 22,977 (61.6) | |
| Black, not Hispanic | 5,194 (17.9) | 6,694 (17.9) | |
| Hispanic | 2,416 (8.3) | 3,114 (8.3) | |
| Other | 3,511 (12.1) | 4,525 (12.1) | |
| Marital statusa, No. (%) | 0.385 | ||
| Married | 18,967 (65.5) | 24,154 (64.7) | |
| Never Married | 8,309 (28.7) | 10,963 (29.4) | |
| Other | 1,672 (5.8) | 2,193 (5.9) | |
| Rank, No. (%) | 1.000 | ||
| Enlisted | 28,077 (97.0) | 36,189 (97.0) | |
| Warrant officer | 161 (0.6) | 208 (0.6) | |
| Commissioned Officer | 708 (2.4) | 913 (2.4) | |
| Index cohort, No. (%) | 1.000 | ||
| 2008 | 5,509 (19.0) | 7,101 (19.0) | |
| 2009 | 8,857 (30.6) | 11,416 (30.6) | |
| 2010 | 8,098 (28.0) | 10,438 (28.0) | |
| 2011 | 3,719 (12.8) | 4,794 (12.8) | |
| 2012 | 2,058 (7.1) | 2,652 (7.1) | |
| 2013 | 587 (2.0) | 756 (2.0) | |
| 2014 | 119 (0.4) | 153 (0.4) | |
| Days deployed before indexa | 137 (2.4) | 122 (1.0) | <0.001 |
| Days deployed during indexa | 353 (1.5) | 343 (0.8) | <0.001 |
| Reason for military separationa, No. (%) | <0.001 | ||
| Expiration of enlistment | 6,927 (23.9) | 7,753 (20.8) | |
| Disability | 9,859 (34.1) | 17,349 (46.5) | |
| Retirement | 4,612 (15.9) | 5,130 (13.7) | |
| Misconduct | 1,308 (4.5) | 1,178 (3.2) | |
| Poor performance | 3,748 (12.9) | 3,343 (9.0) | |
| Other | 2,493 (8.6) | 2,557 (6.9) | |
| Military Health System Clinical Historyb | |||
| Days till first chronic pain diagnosisa | 203 (2.2) | 195 (1.4) | <0.001 |
| Mental disordersa, proportion with | |||
| Adjustment disorder | 0.49 | 0.53 | <0.001 |
| Depressive disorders | 0.35 | 0.39 | <0.001 |
| Anxiety disorders | 0.41 | 0.44 | <0.001 |
| Posttraumatic stress disorder | 0.29 | 0.34 | <0.001 |
| Traumatic brain injury | 0.31 | 0.36 | <0.001 |
| Alcohol use disorder | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.420 |
| Substance use disorder | 0.17 | 0.18 | 0.109 |
| Number of visits for mental health services | 1.36 (0.0) | 1.03 (0.0) | <0.001 |
| Number of visits for SUD services, No. (%) | 0.03 (0.0) | 0.02 (0.0) | 0.008 |
| Number of hospitalizations | 0.04 (0.0) | 0.03 (0.0) | 0.016 |
| Daily mg morphine equivalents | 14.0 (0.2) | 11.8 (0.1) | <0.001 |
| Days supply opioidsa | 6 (0.2) | 5 (0.1) | <0.001 |
| Days supply tramadola | 3 (0.1) | 2 (0.1) | <0.001 |
| First quarter with chronic pain after index | 2.7 (0.0) | 2.7 (0.0) | 0.205 |
| Highest reported pain level, No. (%) | 1.000 | ||
| None (0) | 2,381 (8.2) | 3,069 (8.2) | |
| Low (1-3) | 2,014 (7.0) | 2,596 (7.0) | |
| Moderate (4-6) | 6,488 (22.4) | 8,362 (22.4) | |
| Severe (7-10) | 6,979 (24.1) | 8,995 (24.1) | |
| Unknown | 11,085 (38.3) | 14,288 (38.3) | |
| Number of visits for NPT | |||
| Exercise therapy | 0.04 | 0.09 | <0.001 |
| Acupuncture | 0.05 | 0.00 | 0.032 |
| Biofeedback | 0.12 | 0.01 | 0.088 |
| Massage | 0.06 | 0.01 | 0.455 |
| Laser therapy | 0.01 | 0.00 | 1.000 |
| Spinal manipulation | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.021 |
| TENS | 0.07 | 0.01 | <0.001 |
| Ultrasonography | 0.05 | 0.00 | 0.526 |
| Heat treatment | 0.04 | 0.00 | 0.387 |
| Traction | 0.01 | 0.00 | 1.000 |
| Lumbar support | 0.01 | 0.00 | 1.000 |
| Other physical therapy | 0.22 | 0.02 | 0.446 |
| Chiropractic care | 0.50 | 0.04 | <0.001 |
Values are mean (standard error), unless indicated otherwise. All categories for categorical variables are mutually exclusive. “Index” refers to the first deployment to Iraq or Afghanistan that ended between 2008 and 2014. The P-value was based on the chi-square test for categorical variables and t-test for continuous variables.
Not included in the matching algorithm.
Abbreviations: NPT, Nonpharmacological Treatment; SUD, Substance Use Disorder; TENS: Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation.
Weighted Comparison of Matched Soldiers Who Did (N = 37,310) and Soldiers Who Did Not Receive Exercise Therapy in the MHS (N = 28,947)
| . | Exercise Therapy . | . | |
|---|---|---|---|
| . | No . | Yes . | P . |
| Demographics and Military History | |||
| Age | 27.8 (0.07) | 27.8 (0.04) | 0.955 |
| Female sex, No. (%) | 2,249 (7.8) | 2,899 (7.8) | 1.000 |
| Race/ethnicity, No. (%) | 1.000 | ||
| White, not Hispanic | 17,827 (61.6) | 22,977 (61.6) | |
| Black, not Hispanic | 5,194 (17.9) | 6,694 (17.9) | |
| Hispanic | 2,416 (8.3) | 3,114 (8.3) | |
| Other | 3,511 (12.1) | 4,525 (12.1) | |
| Marital statusa, No. (%) | 0.385 | ||
| Married | 18,967 (65.5) | 24,154 (64.7) | |
| Never Married | 8,309 (28.7) | 10,963 (29.4) | |
| Other | 1,672 (5.8) | 2,193 (5.9) | |
| Rank, No. (%) | 1.000 | ||
| Enlisted | 28,077 (97.0) | 36,189 (97.0) | |
| Warrant officer | 161 (0.6) | 208 (0.6) | |
| Commissioned Officer | 708 (2.4) | 913 (2.4) | |
| Index cohort, No. (%) | 1.000 | ||
| 2008 | 5,509 (19.0) | 7,101 (19.0) | |
| 2009 | 8,857 (30.6) | 11,416 (30.6) | |
| 2010 | 8,098 (28.0) | 10,438 (28.0) | |
| 2011 | 3,719 (12.8) | 4,794 (12.8) | |
| 2012 | 2,058 (7.1) | 2,652 (7.1) | |
| 2013 | 587 (2.0) | 756 (2.0) | |
| 2014 | 119 (0.4) | 153 (0.4) | |
| Days deployed before indexa | 137 (2.4) | 122 (1.0) | <0.001 |
| Days deployed during indexa | 353 (1.5) | 343 (0.8) | <0.001 |
| Reason for military separationa, No. (%) | <0.001 | ||
| Expiration of enlistment | 6,927 (23.9) | 7,753 (20.8) | |
| Disability | 9,859 (34.1) | 17,349 (46.5) | |
| Retirement | 4,612 (15.9) | 5,130 (13.7) | |
| Misconduct | 1,308 (4.5) | 1,178 (3.2) | |
| Poor performance | 3,748 (12.9) | 3,343 (9.0) | |
| Other | 2,493 (8.6) | 2,557 (6.9) | |
| Military Health System Clinical Historyb | |||
| Days till first chronic pain diagnosisa | 203 (2.2) | 195 (1.4) | <0.001 |
| Mental disordersa, proportion with | |||
| Adjustment disorder | 0.49 | 0.53 | <0.001 |
| Depressive disorders | 0.35 | 0.39 | <0.001 |
| Anxiety disorders | 0.41 | 0.44 | <0.001 |
| Posttraumatic stress disorder | 0.29 | 0.34 | <0.001 |
| Traumatic brain injury | 0.31 | 0.36 | <0.001 |
| Alcohol use disorder | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.420 |
| Substance use disorder | 0.17 | 0.18 | 0.109 |
| Number of visits for mental health services | 1.36 (0.0) | 1.03 (0.0) | <0.001 |
| Number of visits for SUD services, No. (%) | 0.03 (0.0) | 0.02 (0.0) | 0.008 |
| Number of hospitalizations | 0.04 (0.0) | 0.03 (0.0) | 0.016 |
| Daily mg morphine equivalents | 14.0 (0.2) | 11.8 (0.1) | <0.001 |
| Days supply opioidsa | 6 (0.2) | 5 (0.1) | <0.001 |
| Days supply tramadola | 3 (0.1) | 2 (0.1) | <0.001 |
| First quarter with chronic pain after index | 2.7 (0.0) | 2.7 (0.0) | 0.205 |
| Highest reported pain level, No. (%) | 1.000 | ||
| None (0) | 2,381 (8.2) | 3,069 (8.2) | |
| Low (1-3) | 2,014 (7.0) | 2,596 (7.0) | |
| Moderate (4-6) | 6,488 (22.4) | 8,362 (22.4) | |
| Severe (7-10) | 6,979 (24.1) | 8,995 (24.1) | |
| Unknown | 11,085 (38.3) | 14,288 (38.3) | |
| Number of visits for NPT | |||
| Exercise therapy | 0.04 | 0.09 | <0.001 |
| Acupuncture | 0.05 | 0.00 | 0.032 |
| Biofeedback | 0.12 | 0.01 | 0.088 |
| Massage | 0.06 | 0.01 | 0.455 |
| Laser therapy | 0.01 | 0.00 | 1.000 |
| Spinal manipulation | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.021 |
| TENS | 0.07 | 0.01 | <0.001 |
| Ultrasonography | 0.05 | 0.00 | 0.526 |
| Heat treatment | 0.04 | 0.00 | 0.387 |
| Traction | 0.01 | 0.00 | 1.000 |
| Lumbar support | 0.01 | 0.00 | 1.000 |
| Other physical therapy | 0.22 | 0.02 | 0.446 |
| Chiropractic care | 0.50 | 0.04 | <0.001 |
| . | Exercise Therapy . | . | |
|---|---|---|---|
| . | No . | Yes . | P . |
| Demographics and Military History | |||
| Age | 27.8 (0.07) | 27.8 (0.04) | 0.955 |
| Female sex, No. (%) | 2,249 (7.8) | 2,899 (7.8) | 1.000 |
| Race/ethnicity, No. (%) | 1.000 | ||
| White, not Hispanic | 17,827 (61.6) | 22,977 (61.6) | |
| Black, not Hispanic | 5,194 (17.9) | 6,694 (17.9) | |
| Hispanic | 2,416 (8.3) | 3,114 (8.3) | |
| Other | 3,511 (12.1) | 4,525 (12.1) | |
| Marital statusa, No. (%) | 0.385 | ||
| Married | 18,967 (65.5) | 24,154 (64.7) | |
| Never Married | 8,309 (28.7) | 10,963 (29.4) | |
| Other | 1,672 (5.8) | 2,193 (5.9) | |
| Rank, No. (%) | 1.000 | ||
| Enlisted | 28,077 (97.0) | 36,189 (97.0) | |
| Warrant officer | 161 (0.6) | 208 (0.6) | |
| Commissioned Officer | 708 (2.4) | 913 (2.4) | |
| Index cohort, No. (%) | 1.000 | ||
| 2008 | 5,509 (19.0) | 7,101 (19.0) | |
| 2009 | 8,857 (30.6) | 11,416 (30.6) | |
| 2010 | 8,098 (28.0) | 10,438 (28.0) | |
| 2011 | 3,719 (12.8) | 4,794 (12.8) | |
| 2012 | 2,058 (7.1) | 2,652 (7.1) | |
| 2013 | 587 (2.0) | 756 (2.0) | |
| 2014 | 119 (0.4) | 153 (0.4) | |
| Days deployed before indexa | 137 (2.4) | 122 (1.0) | <0.001 |
| Days deployed during indexa | 353 (1.5) | 343 (0.8) | <0.001 |
| Reason for military separationa, No. (%) | <0.001 | ||
| Expiration of enlistment | 6,927 (23.9) | 7,753 (20.8) | |
| Disability | 9,859 (34.1) | 17,349 (46.5) | |
| Retirement | 4,612 (15.9) | 5,130 (13.7) | |
| Misconduct | 1,308 (4.5) | 1,178 (3.2) | |
| Poor performance | 3,748 (12.9) | 3,343 (9.0) | |
| Other | 2,493 (8.6) | 2,557 (6.9) | |
| Military Health System Clinical Historyb | |||
| Days till first chronic pain diagnosisa | 203 (2.2) | 195 (1.4) | <0.001 |
| Mental disordersa, proportion with | |||
| Adjustment disorder | 0.49 | 0.53 | <0.001 |
| Depressive disorders | 0.35 | 0.39 | <0.001 |
| Anxiety disorders | 0.41 | 0.44 | <0.001 |
| Posttraumatic stress disorder | 0.29 | 0.34 | <0.001 |
| Traumatic brain injury | 0.31 | 0.36 | <0.001 |
| Alcohol use disorder | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.420 |
| Substance use disorder | 0.17 | 0.18 | 0.109 |
| Number of visits for mental health services | 1.36 (0.0) | 1.03 (0.0) | <0.001 |
| Number of visits for SUD services, No. (%) | 0.03 (0.0) | 0.02 (0.0) | 0.008 |
| Number of hospitalizations | 0.04 (0.0) | 0.03 (0.0) | 0.016 |
| Daily mg morphine equivalents | 14.0 (0.2) | 11.8 (0.1) | <0.001 |
| Days supply opioidsa | 6 (0.2) | 5 (0.1) | <0.001 |
| Days supply tramadola | 3 (0.1) | 2 (0.1) | <0.001 |
| First quarter with chronic pain after index | 2.7 (0.0) | 2.7 (0.0) | 0.205 |
| Highest reported pain level, No. (%) | 1.000 | ||
| None (0) | 2,381 (8.2) | 3,069 (8.2) | |
| Low (1-3) | 2,014 (7.0) | 2,596 (7.0) | |
| Moderate (4-6) | 6,488 (22.4) | 8,362 (22.4) | |
| Severe (7-10) | 6,979 (24.1) | 8,995 (24.1) | |
| Unknown | 11,085 (38.3) | 14,288 (38.3) | |
| Number of visits for NPT | |||
| Exercise therapy | 0.04 | 0.09 | <0.001 |
| Acupuncture | 0.05 | 0.00 | 0.032 |
| Biofeedback | 0.12 | 0.01 | 0.088 |
| Massage | 0.06 | 0.01 | 0.455 |
| Laser therapy | 0.01 | 0.00 | 1.000 |
| Spinal manipulation | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.021 |
| TENS | 0.07 | 0.01 | <0.001 |
| Ultrasonography | 0.05 | 0.00 | 0.526 |
| Heat treatment | 0.04 | 0.00 | 0.387 |
| Traction | 0.01 | 0.00 | 1.000 |
| Lumbar support | 0.01 | 0.00 | 1.000 |
| Other physical therapy | 0.22 | 0.02 | 0.446 |
| Chiropractic care | 0.50 | 0.04 | <0.001 |
Values are mean (standard error), unless indicated otherwise. All categories for categorical variables are mutually exclusive. “Index” refers to the first deployment to Iraq or Afghanistan that ended between 2008 and 2014. The P-value was based on the chi-square test for categorical variables and t-test for continuous variables.
Not included in the matching algorithm.
Abbreviations: NPT, Nonpharmacological Treatment; SUD, Substance Use Disorder; TENS: Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation.
This PDF is available to Subscribers Only
View Article Abstract & Purchase OptionsFor full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription.
