Table 6. Open in new tab Risk Factors...

Characteristic	Any complication	P-value	Surgical complication	P-value	Medical complication	P-value
Demographics
Age (years)	44 [14]	40 [13]	.002	45 [15]	40 [13]	.02	43 [12]	40 [13]	.42
BMI (kg/m²)	27 [7]	24 [4]	<.0001	32 [7]	24 [4]	<.0001	24 [5]	24 [5]	.83
Race			.21			.008			.77
American Indian/Alaskan native	0 (0.0)	12 (0.3)		0 (0.0)	12 (0.3)		0 (0.0)	12 (0.3)
Asian	2 (2.1)	126 (2.7)		1 (2.8)	127 (2.7)		0 (0.0)	128 (2.7)
Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander	0 (0.0)	3 (0.1)		0 (0.0)	3 (0.1)		0 (0.0)	3 (0.1)
Black/African American	5 (5.2)	195 (4.2)		0 (0.0)	200 (4.3)		1 (6.7)	199 (4.2)
White	71 (74.0)	3805 (82.1)		24 (66.7)	3852 (82.1)		14 (93.3)	3862 (81.9)
Other or unknown	18 (18.8)	493 (10.6)		11 (30.6)	500 (10.7)		0 (0.0)	511 (10.8)
Setting		4543 (98.0)	<.0001			.007			.27
Outpatient	86 (89.6)			32 (88.9)	4597 (97.9)		14 (93.3)	4615 (97.9)
Inpatient	10 (10.4)	91 (2.0)		4 (11.1)	97 (2.1)		1 (6.7)	100 (2.1)
Preop health/comorbidities
Diabetes	4 (4.2)	63 (1.4)	.04	3 (8.3)	64 (1.4)	.01	0 (0.0)	67 (1.4)	>.99
Insulin-treated diabetes	3 (3.1)	20 (0.4)	.01	2 (5.5)	21 (0.4)	.01	0 (0.0)	23 (0.5)	>.99
COPD	2 (2.1)	7 (0.2)	.01	2 (5.5)	7 (0.1)	.002	0 (0.0)	9 (0.2)	>.99
Obesity	30 (31.3)	450 (9.7)	<.0001	21 (58.3)	459 (9.8)	.03	1 (6.7)	326 (6.9)	>.99
Hypertension	11 (11.5)	316 (6.8)	.10	6 (16.7)	321 (6.8)	.16	0 (0.0)	22 (0.5)	>.99
Dyspnea	1 (1.0)	21 (0.5)	.36	1 (2.8)	21 (0.4)	>.99	0 (0.0)	2 (0.0)	>.99
CHF	0 (0.0)	2 (0.0)	.99	0 (0.0)	2 (0.0)	<.0001	3 (20.0)	477 (10.1)	.19
Current smoker	15 (15.6)	490 (10.6)	.13	10 (27.8)	495 (10.5)	.003	0 (0.0)	505 (10.7)	.40
Corticosteroid use	0 (0.0)	35 (0.8)	.99	0 (0.0)	35 (0.7)	>.99	0 (0.0)	35 (0.7)	>.99
Wound infection	0 (0.0)	1 (0.0)	.99	0 (0.0)	1 (0.0)	>.99	0 (0.0)	1 (0.0)	.12
ASA class						<.0001			.84
1. No disturbance	31 (32.3)	2290 (49.4)	.001	8 (22.2)	2313 (49.3)		6 (40.0)	2315 (49.1)
2. Mild disturbance	57 (59.4)	2185 (47.2)		22 (61.1)	2220 (47.3)		8 (53.3)	2234 (47.4)
3. Severe disturbance	8 (8.3)	152 (3.3)		6 (16.7)	154 (3.3)		1 (6.7)	159 (3.4)
4. Life threatening	0 (0.0)	2 (0.0)		0 (0.0)	2 (0.0)		0 (0.0)	2 (0.0)
Wound class			.11			.57			.99
1. Clean	93 (96.9)	4591 (99.1)		35 (97.2)	4649 (99.0)		15 (100.0)	4669 (99.0)
2. Clean/contaminated	2 (2.1)	34 (0.7)		1 (2.8)	35 (0.7)		0 (0.0)	36 (0.8)
3. Contaminated	1 (1.0)	8 (0.2)		0 (0.0)	9 (0.2)		0 (0.0)	9 (0.2)
4. Dirty/infected	0 (0.0)	1 (0.0)		0 (0.0)	1 (0.0)		0 (0.0)	1 (0.0)
Functional status		4619	.88			.09			.06
Independent	95 (99.0)	1 (0.0)		36 (100)	4678 (99.7)		15 (100.0)	4699 (99.7)
Partially/totally dependent	0 (0.0)			0 (0.0)	1 (0.0)		0 (0.0)	1 (0.0)

Characteristic

Any complication

P-value

Surgical complication

P-value

Medical complication

P-value

Yes
(n = 96)

No
(n = 4634)

Yes
(n = 36)

No
(n = 4694)

Yes
(n = 15)

No
(n = 4715)

Demographics

Age (years)

44 [14]

40 [13]

.002

45 [15]

40 [13]

.02

43 [12]

40 [13]

.42

BMI (kg/m²)

27 [7]

24 [4]

<.0001

32 [7]

24 [4]

<.0001

24 [5]

.83

Race

.21

.008

.77

American Indian/Alaskan native

0 (0.0)

12 (0.3)

0 (0.0)

12 (0.3)

0 (0.0)

12 (0.3)

Asian

2 (2.1)

126 (2.7)

1 (2.8)

127 (2.7)

0 (0.0)

128 (2.7)

Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander

0 (0.0)

3 (0.1)

0 (0.0)

3 (0.1)

0 (0.0)

3 (0.1)

Black/African American

5 (5.2)

195 (4.2)

0 (0.0)

200 (4.3)

1 (6.7)

199 (4.2)

White

71 (74.0)

3805 (82.1)

24 (66.7)

3852 (82.1)

14 (93.3)

3862 (81.9)

Other or unknown

18 (18.8)

493 (10.6)

11 (30.6)

500 (10.7)

0 (0.0)

511 (10.8)

Setting

4543 (98.0)

<.0001

.007

.27

Outpatient

86 (89.6)

32 (88.9)

4597 (97.9)

14 (93.3)

4615 (97.9)

Inpatient

10 (10.4)

91 (2.0)

4 (11.1)

97 (2.1)

1 (6.7)

100 (2.1)

Preop health/comorbidities

Diabetes

4 (4.2)

63 (1.4)

.04

3 (8.3)

64 (1.4)

.01

0 (0.0)

67 (1.4)

>.99

Insulin-treated diabetes

3 (3.1)

20 (0.4)

.01

2 (5.5)

21 (0.4)

.01

0 (0.0)

23 (0.5)

>.99

COPD

2 (2.1)

7 (0.2)

.01

2 (5.5)

7 (0.1)

.002

0 (0.0)

9 (0.2)

>.99

Obesity

30 (31.3)

450 (9.7)

<.0001

21 (58.3)

459 (9.8)

.03

1 (6.7)

326 (6.9)

>.99

Hypertension

11 (11.5)

316 (6.8)

.10

6 (16.7)

321 (6.8)

.16

0 (0.0)

22 (0.5)

>.99

Dyspnea

1 (1.0)

21 (0.5)

.36

1 (2.8)

21 (0.4)

>.99

0 (0.0)

2 (0.0)

>.99

CHF

0 (0.0)

2 (0.0)

.99

0 (0.0)

2 (0.0)

<.0001

3 (20.0)

477 (10.1)

.19

Current smoker

15 (15.6)

490 (10.6)

.13

10 (27.8)

495 (10.5)

.003

0 (0.0)

505 (10.7)

.40

Corticosteroid use

0 (0.0)

35 (0.8)

.99

0 (0.0)

35 (0.7)

>.99

0 (0.0)

35 (0.7)

>.99

Wound infection

0 (0.0)

1 (0.0)

.99

0 (0.0)

1 (0.0)

>.99

0 (0.0)

1 (0.0)

.12

ASA class

<.0001

.84

1. No disturbance

31 (32.3)

2290 (49.4)

.001

8 (22.2)

2313 (49.3)

6 (40.0)

2315 (49.1)

2. Mild disturbance

57 (59.4)

2185 (47.2)

22 (61.1)

2220 (47.3)

8 (53.3)

2234 (47.4)

3. Severe disturbance

8 (8.3)

152 (3.3)

6 (16.7)

154 (3.3)

1 (6.7)

159 (3.4)

4. Life threatening

0 (0.0)

2 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

2 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

2 (0.0)

Wound class

.11

.57

.99

1. Clean

93 (96.9)

4591 (99.1)

35 (97.2)

4649 (99.0)

15 (100.0)

4669 (99.0)

2. Clean/contaminated

2 (2.1)

34 (0.7)

1 (2.8)

35 (0.7)

0 (0.0)

36 (0.8)

3. Contaminated

1 (1.0)

8 (0.2)

0 (0.0)

9 (0.2)

0 (0.0)

9 (0.2)

4. Dirty/infected

0 (0.0)

1 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

1 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

1 (0.0)

Functional status

4619

.88

.09

.06

Independent

95 (99.0)

1 (0.0)

36 (100)

4678 (99.7)

15 (100.0)

4699 (99.7)

Partially/totally dependent

0 (0.0)

1 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

1 (0.0)

Characteristic	Any complication	P-value	Surgical complication	P-value	Medical complication	P-value
Demographics
Age (years)	44 [14]	40 [13]	.002	45 [15]	40 [13]	.02	43 [12]	40 [13]	.42
BMI (kg/m²)	27 [7]	24 [4]	<.0001	32 [7]	24 [4]	<.0001	24 [5]	24 [5]	.83
Race			.21			.008			.77
American Indian/Alaskan native	0 (0.0)	12 (0.3)		0 (0.0)	12 (0.3)		0 (0.0)	12 (0.3)
Asian	2 (2.1)	126 (2.7)		1 (2.8)	127 (2.7)		0 (0.0)	128 (2.7)
Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander	0 (0.0)	3 (0.1)		0 (0.0)	3 (0.1)		0 (0.0)	3 (0.1)
Black/African American	5 (5.2)	195 (4.2)		0 (0.0)	200 (4.3)		1 (6.7)	199 (4.2)
White	71 (74.0)	3805 (82.1)		24 (66.7)	3852 (82.1)		14 (93.3)	3862 (81.9)
Other or unknown	18 (18.8)	493 (10.6)		11 (30.6)	500 (10.7)		0 (0.0)	511 (10.8)
Setting		4543 (98.0)	<.0001			.007			.27
Outpatient	86 (89.6)			32 (88.9)	4597 (97.9)		14 (93.3)	4615 (97.9)
Inpatient	10 (10.4)	91 (2.0)		4 (11.1)	97 (2.1)		1 (6.7)	100 (2.1)
Preop health/comorbidities
Diabetes	4 (4.2)	63 (1.4)	.04	3 (8.3)	64 (1.4)	.01	0 (0.0)	67 (1.4)	>.99
Insulin-treated diabetes	3 (3.1)	20 (0.4)	.01	2 (5.5)	21 (0.4)	.01	0 (0.0)	23 (0.5)	>.99
COPD	2 (2.1)	7 (0.2)	.01	2 (5.5)	7 (0.1)	.002	0 (0.0)	9 (0.2)	>.99
Obesity	30 (31.3)	450 (9.7)	<.0001	21 (58.3)	459 (9.8)	.03	1 (6.7)	326 (6.9)	>.99
Hypertension	11 (11.5)	316 (6.8)	.10	6 (16.7)	321 (6.8)	.16	0 (0.0)	22 (0.5)	>.99
Dyspnea	1 (1.0)	21 (0.5)	.36	1 (2.8)	21 (0.4)	>.99	0 (0.0)	2 (0.0)	>.99
CHF	0 (0.0)	2 (0.0)	.99	0 (0.0)	2 (0.0)	<.0001	3 (20.0)	477 (10.1)	.19
Current smoker	15 (15.6)	490 (10.6)	.13	10 (27.8)	495 (10.5)	.003	0 (0.0)	505 (10.7)	.40
Corticosteroid use	0 (0.0)	35 (0.8)	.99	0 (0.0)	35 (0.7)	>.99	0 (0.0)	35 (0.7)	>.99
Wound infection	0 (0.0)	1 (0.0)	.99	0 (0.0)	1 (0.0)	>.99	0 (0.0)	1 (0.0)	.12
ASA class						<.0001			.84
1. No disturbance	31 (32.3)	2290 (49.4)	.001	8 (22.2)	2313 (49.3)		6 (40.0)	2315 (49.1)
2. Mild disturbance	57 (59.4)	2185 (47.2)		22 (61.1)	2220 (47.3)		8 (53.3)	2234 (47.4)
3. Severe disturbance	8 (8.3)	152 (3.3)		6 (16.7)	154 (3.3)		1 (6.7)	159 (3.4)
4. Life threatening	0 (0.0)	2 (0.0)		0 (0.0)	2 (0.0)		0 (0.0)	2 (0.0)
Wound class			.11			.57			.99
1. Clean	93 (96.9)	4591 (99.1)		35 (97.2)	4649 (99.0)		15 (100.0)	4669 (99.0)
2. Clean/contaminated	2 (2.1)	34 (0.7)		1 (2.8)	35 (0.7)		0 (0.0)	36 (0.8)
3. Contaminated	1 (1.0)	8 (0.2)		0 (0.0)	9 (0.2)		0 (0.0)	9 (0.2)
4. Dirty/infected	0 (0.0)	1 (0.0)		0 (0.0)	1 (0.0)		0 (0.0)	1 (0.0)
Functional status		4619	.88			.09			.06
Independent	95 (99.0)	1 (0.0)		36 (100)	4678 (99.7)		15 (100.0)	4699 (99.7)
Partially/totally dependent	0 (0.0)			0 (0.0)	1 (0.0)		0 (0.0)	1 (0.0)

Characteristic

Any complication

P-value

Surgical complication

P-value

Medical complication

P-value

Yes
(n = 96)

No
(n = 4634)

Yes
(n = 36)

No
(n = 4694)

Yes
(n = 15)

No
(n = 4715)

Demographics

Age (years)

44 [14]

40 [13]

.002

45 [15]

40 [13]

.02

43 [12]

40 [13]

.42

BMI (kg/m²)

27 [7]

24 [4]

<.0001

32 [7]

24 [4]

<.0001

24 [5]

.83

Race

.21

.008

.77

American Indian/Alaskan native

0 (0.0)

12 (0.3)

0 (0.0)

12 (0.3)

0 (0.0)

12 (0.3)

Asian

2 (2.1)

126 (2.7)

1 (2.8)

127 (2.7)

0 (0.0)

128 (2.7)

Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander

0 (0.0)

3 (0.1)

0 (0.0)

3 (0.1)

0 (0.0)

3 (0.1)

Black/African American

5 (5.2)

195 (4.2)

0 (0.0)

200 (4.3)

1 (6.7)

199 (4.2)

White

71 (74.0)

3805 (82.1)

24 (66.7)

3852 (82.1)

14 (93.3)

3862 (81.9)

Other or unknown

18 (18.8)

493 (10.6)

11 (30.6)

500 (10.7)

0 (0.0)

511 (10.8)

Setting

4543 (98.0)

<.0001

.007

.27

Outpatient

86 (89.6)

32 (88.9)

4597 (97.9)

14 (93.3)

4615 (97.9)

Inpatient

10 (10.4)

91 (2.0)

4 (11.1)

97 (2.1)

1 (6.7)

100 (2.1)

Preop health/comorbidities

Diabetes

4 (4.2)

63 (1.4)

.04

3 (8.3)

64 (1.4)

.01

0 (0.0)

67 (1.4)

>.99

Insulin-treated diabetes

3 (3.1)

20 (0.4)

.01

2 (5.5)

21 (0.4)

.01

0 (0.0)

23 (0.5)

>.99

COPD

2 (2.1)

7 (0.2)

.01

2 (5.5)

7 (0.1)

.002

0 (0.0)

9 (0.2)

>.99

Obesity

30 (31.3)

450 (9.7)

<.0001

21 (58.3)

459 (9.8)

.03

1 (6.7)

326 (6.9)

>.99

Hypertension

11 (11.5)

316 (6.8)

.10

6 (16.7)

321 (6.8)

.16

0 (0.0)

22 (0.5)

>.99

Dyspnea

1 (1.0)

21 (0.5)

.36

1 (2.8)

21 (0.4)

>.99

0 (0.0)

2 (0.0)

>.99

CHF

0 (0.0)

2 (0.0)

.99

0 (0.0)

2 (0.0)

<.0001

3 (20.0)

477 (10.1)

.19

Current smoker

15 (15.6)

490 (10.6)

.13

10 (27.8)

495 (10.5)

.003

0 (0.0)

505 (10.7)

.40

Corticosteroid use

0 (0.0)

35 (0.8)

.99

0 (0.0)

35 (0.7)

>.99

0 (0.0)

35 (0.7)

>.99

Wound infection

0 (0.0)

1 (0.0)

.99

0 (0.0)

1 (0.0)

>.99

0 (0.0)

1 (0.0)

.12

ASA class

<.0001

.84

1. No disturbance

31 (32.3)

2290 (49.4)

.001

8 (22.2)

2313 (49.3)

6 (40.0)

2315 (49.1)

2. Mild disturbance

57 (59.4)

2185 (47.2)

22 (61.1)

2220 (47.3)

8 (53.3)

2234 (47.4)

3. Severe disturbance

8 (8.3)

152 (3.3)

6 (16.7)

154 (3.3)

1 (6.7)

159 (3.4)

4. Life threatening

0 (0.0)

2 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

2 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

2 (0.0)

Wound class

.11

.57

.99

1. Clean

93 (96.9)

4591 (99.1)

35 (97.2)

4649 (99.0)

15 (100.0)

4669 (99.0)

2. Clean/contaminated

2 (2.1)

34 (0.7)

1 (2.8)

35 (0.7)

0 (0.0)

36 (0.8)

3. Contaminated

1 (1.0)

8 (0.2)

0 (0.0)

9 (0.2)

0 (0.0)

9 (0.2)

4. Dirty/infected

0 (0.0)

1 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

1 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

1 (0.0)

Functional status

4619

.88

.09

.06

Independent

95 (99.0)

1 (0.0)

36 (100)

4678 (99.7)

15 (100.0)

4699 (99.7)

Partially/totally dependent

0 (0.0)

1 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

1 (0.0)

Table 6.

Open in new tab

Risk Factors for Complications

Characteristic	Any complication		P-value	Surgical complication		P-value	Medical complication		P-value
Characteristic	Yes (n = 96)	No (n = 4634)	P-value	Yes (n = 36)	No (n = 4694)	P-value	Yes (n = 15)	No (n = 4715)	P-value
Demographics
Age (years)	44 [14]	40 [13]	.002	45 [15]	40 [13]	.02	43 [12]	40 [13]	.42
BMI (kg/m²)	27 [7]	24 [4]	<.0001	32 [7]	24 [4]	<.0001	24 [5]	24 [5]	.83
Race			.21			.008			.77
American Indian/Alaskan native	0 (0.0)	12 (0.3)		0 (0.0)	12 (0.3)		0 (0.0)	12 (0.3)
Asian	2 (2.1)	126 (2.7)		1 (2.8)	127 (2.7)		0 (0.0)	128 (2.7)
Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander	0 (0.0)	3 (0.1)		0 (0.0)	3 (0.1)		0 (0.0)	3 (0.1)
Black/African American	5 (5.2)	195 (4.2)		0 (0.0)	200 (4.3)		1 (6.7)	199 (4.2)
White	71 (74.0)	3805 (82.1)		24 (66.7)	3852 (82.1)		14 (93.3)	3862 (81.9)
Other or unknown	18 (18.8)	493 (10.6)		11 (30.6)	500 (10.7)		0 (0.0)	511 (10.8)
Setting		4543 (98.0)	<.0001			.007			.27
Outpatient	86 (89.6)			32 (88.9)	4597 (97.9)		14 (93.3)	4615 (97.9)
Inpatient	10 (10.4)	91 (2.0)		4 (11.1)	97 (2.1)		1 (6.7)	100 (2.1)
Preop health/comorbidities
Diabetes	4 (4.2)	63 (1.4)	.04	3 (8.3)	64 (1.4)	.01	0 (0.0)	67 (1.4)	>.99
Insulin-treated diabetes	3 (3.1)	20 (0.4)	.01	2 (5.5)	21 (0.4)	.01	0 (0.0)	23 (0.5)	>.99
COPD	2 (2.1)	7 (0.2)	.01	2 (5.5)	7 (0.1)	.002	0 (0.0)	9 (0.2)	>.99
Obesity	30 (31.3)	450 (9.7)	<.0001	21 (58.3)	459 (9.8)	.03	1 (6.7)	326 (6.9)	>.99
Hypertension	11 (11.5)	316 (6.8)	.10	6 (16.7)	321 (6.8)	.16	0 (0.0)	22 (0.5)	>.99
Dyspnea	1 (1.0)	21 (0.5)	.36	1 (2.8)	21 (0.4)	>.99	0 (0.0)	2 (0.0)	>.99
CHF	0 (0.0)	2 (0.0)	.99	0 (0.0)	2 (0.0)	<.0001	3 (20.0)	477 (10.1)	.19
Current smoker	15 (15.6)	490 (10.6)	.13	10 (27.8)	495 (10.5)	.003	0 (0.0)	505 (10.7)	.40
Corticosteroid use	0 (0.0)	35 (0.8)	.99	0 (0.0)	35 (0.7)	>.99	0 (0.0)	35 (0.7)	>.99
Wound infection	0 (0.0)	1 (0.0)	.99	0 (0.0)	1 (0.0)	>.99	0 (0.0)	1 (0.0)	.12
ASA class						<.0001			.84
1. No disturbance	31 (32.3)	2290 (49.4)	.001	8 (22.2)	2313 (49.3)		6 (40.0)	2315 (49.1)
2. Mild disturbance	57 (59.4)	2185 (47.2)		22 (61.1)	2220 (47.3)		8 (53.3)	2234 (47.4)
3. Severe disturbance	8 (8.3)	152 (3.3)		6 (16.7)	154 (3.3)		1 (6.7)	159 (3.4)
4. Life threatening	0 (0.0)	2 (0.0)		0 (0.0)	2 (0.0)		0 (0.0)	2 (0.0)
Wound class			.11			.57			.99
1. Clean	93 (96.9)	4591 (99.1)		35 (97.2)	4649 (99.0)		15 (100.0)	4669 (99.0)
2. Clean/contaminated	2 (2.1)	34 (0.7)		1 (2.8)	35 (0.7)		0 (0.0)	36 (0.8)
3. Contaminated	1 (1.0)	8 (0.2)		0 (0.0)	9 (0.2)		0 (0.0)	9 (0.2)
4. Dirty/infected	0 (0.0)	1 (0.0)		0 (0.0)	1 (0.0)		0 (0.0)	1 (0.0)
Functional status		4619	.88			.09			.06
Independent	95 (99.0)	1 (0.0)		36 (100)	4678 (99.7)		15 (100.0)	4699 (99.7)
Partially/totally dependent	0 (0.0)			0 (0.0)	1 (0.0)		0 (0.0)	1 (0.0)

Characteristic	Any complication		P-value	Surgical complication		P-value	Medical complication		P-value
Characteristic	Yes (n = 96)	No (n = 4634)	P-value	Yes (n = 36)	No (n = 4694)	P-value	Yes (n = 15)	No (n = 4715)	P-value
Demographics
Age (years)	44 [14]	40 [13]	.002	45 [15]	40 [13]	.02	43 [12]	40 [13]	.42
BMI (kg/m²)	27 [7]	24 [4]	<.0001	32 [7]	24 [4]	<.0001	24 [5]	24 [5]	.83
Race			.21			.008			.77
American Indian/Alaskan native	0 (0.0)	12 (0.3)		0 (0.0)	12 (0.3)		0 (0.0)	12 (0.3)
Asian	2 (2.1)	126 (2.7)		1 (2.8)	127 (2.7)		0 (0.0)	128 (2.7)
Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander	0 (0.0)	3 (0.1)		0 (0.0)	3 (0.1)		0 (0.0)	3 (0.1)
Black/African American	5 (5.2)	195 (4.2)		0 (0.0)	200 (4.3)		1 (6.7)	199 (4.2)
White	71 (74.0)	3805 (82.1)		24 (66.7)	3852 (82.1)		14 (93.3)	3862 (81.9)
Other or unknown	18 (18.8)	493 (10.6)		11 (30.6)	500 (10.7)		0 (0.0)	511 (10.8)
Setting		4543 (98.0)	<.0001			.007			.27
Outpatient	86 (89.6)			32 (88.9)	4597 (97.9)		14 (93.3)	4615 (97.9)
Inpatient	10 (10.4)	91 (2.0)		4 (11.1)	97 (2.1)		1 (6.7)	100 (2.1)
Preop health/comorbidities
Diabetes	4 (4.2)	63 (1.4)	.04	3 (8.3)	64 (1.4)	.01	0 (0.0)	67 (1.4)	>.99
Insulin-treated diabetes	3 (3.1)	20 (0.4)	.01	2 (5.5)	21 (0.4)	.01	0 (0.0)	23 (0.5)	>.99
COPD	2 (2.1)	7 (0.2)	.01	2 (5.5)	7 (0.1)	.002	0 (0.0)	9 (0.2)	>.99
Obesity	30 (31.3)	450 (9.7)	<.0001	21 (58.3)	459 (9.8)	.03	1 (6.7)	326 (6.9)	>.99
Hypertension	11 (11.5)	316 (6.8)	.10	6 (16.7)	321 (6.8)	.16	0 (0.0)	22 (0.5)	>.99
Dyspnea	1 (1.0)	21 (0.5)	.36	1 (2.8)	21 (0.4)	>.99	0 (0.0)	2 (0.0)	>.99
CHF	0 (0.0)	2 (0.0)	.99	0 (0.0)	2 (0.0)	<.0001	3 (20.0)	477 (10.1)	.19
Current smoker	15 (15.6)	490 (10.6)	.13	10 (27.8)	495 (10.5)	.003	0 (0.0)	505 (10.7)	.40
Corticosteroid use	0 (0.0)	35 (0.8)	.99	0 (0.0)	35 (0.7)	>.99	0 (0.0)	35 (0.7)	>.99
Wound infection	0 (0.0)	1 (0.0)	.99	0 (0.0)	1 (0.0)	>.99	0 (0.0)	1 (0.0)	.12
ASA class						<.0001			.84
1. No disturbance	31 (32.3)	2290 (49.4)	.001	8 (22.2)	2313 (49.3)		6 (40.0)	2315 (49.1)
2. Mild disturbance	57 (59.4)	2185 (47.2)		22 (61.1)	2220 (47.3)		8 (53.3)	2234 (47.4)
3. Severe disturbance	8 (8.3)	152 (3.3)		6 (16.7)	154 (3.3)		1 (6.7)	159 (3.4)
4. Life threatening	0 (0.0)	2 (0.0)		0 (0.0)	2 (0.0)		0 (0.0)	2 (0.0)
Wound class			.11			.57			.99
1. Clean	93 (96.9)	4591 (99.1)		35 (97.2)	4649 (99.0)		15 (100.0)	4669 (99.0)
2. Clean/contaminated	2 (2.1)	34 (0.7)		1 (2.8)	35 (0.7)		0 (0.0)	36 (0.8)
3. Contaminated	1 (1.0)	8 (0.2)		0 (0.0)	9 (0.2)		0 (0.0)	9 (0.2)
4. Dirty/infected	0 (0.0)	1 (0.0)		0 (0.0)	1 (0.0)		0 (0.0)	1 (0.0)
Functional status		4619	.88			.09			.06
Independent	95 (99.0)	1 (0.0)		36 (100)	4678 (99.7)		15 (100.0)	4699 (99.7)
Partially/totally dependent	0 (0.0)			0 (0.0)	1 (0.0)		0 (0.0)	1 (0.0)

Reported as mean [standard deviation] or n (%). ASA, American Society of Anesthesiology; CHF, congestive heart failure; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

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