Comparison of clinicopathological characteristics between robotic and laparoscopic resections in unmatched cohorts
| . | Total (n = 983) . | R-LLR (n = 159) . | L-LLR (n = 824) . | P* . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years), median (i.q.r.) | 62 (52–69) | 61 (50–67) | 62 (53–70) | 0.043† |
| Men | 629 of 983 (64.0) | 105 of 159 (66.0) | 524 of 824 (63.6) | 0.56 |
| ASA fitness grade | <0.001 | |||
| I –II | 686 of 982 (69.9) | 91 of 159 (57.2) | 595 of 823 (72.3) | |
| III–IV | 296 of 982 (30.1) | 68 of 159 (42.8) | 228 of 823 (27.7) | |
| Previous abdominal surgery | 385 of 983 (39.2) | 56 of 159 (35.2) | 329 of 824 (39.9) | 0.266 |
| Previous liver surgery | 3 of 983 (0.3) | 1 of 159 (0.6) | 2 of 824 (0.2) | 0.419 |
| Malignant pathology | 836 of 983 (85.0) | 136 of 159 (85.5) | 700 of 824 (85.0) | 0.850 |
| Pathological type | 0.375 | |||
| HCC | 477 of 983 (48.5) | 85 of 159 (53.5) | 392 of 824 (47.6) | |
| CRM | 264 of 983 (26.9) | 40 of 159 (25.2) | 224 of 824 (27.2) | |
| Others | 242 of 983 (24.6) | 34 of 159 (21.4) | 208 of 824 (25.2) | |
| Cirrhosis | 309 of 983 (31.4) | 52 of 159 (32.7) | 257 of 824 (31.2) | 0.706 |
| Child–Pugh class | 0.047 | |||
| No cirrhosis | 674 of 983 (68.6) | 107 of 159 (67.3) | 567 of 824 (68.8) | |
| A | 290 of 983 (29.5) | 45 of 159 (28.3) | 245 of 824 (29.7) | |
| B | 19 of 983 (1.9) | 7 of 159 (4.4) | 12 of 824 (1.5) | |
| Portal hypertension | 81 of 983 (8.2) | 11 of 159 (6.9) | 70 of 824 (8.5) | 0.508 |
| Tumour size (mm), median (i.q.r.) | 25 (17–36) | 28 (17–40) | 25 (17–35) | 0.113† |
| Multiple tumours | 67 of 983 (6.8) | 11 of 159 (6.9) | 56 of 824 (6.8) | 0.955 |
| Resection type | 0.456 | |||
| Wedge | 651 of 983 (66.2) | 111 of 159 (69.8) | 540 of 824 (65.5) | |
| Segmentectomy | 312 of 983 (31.7) | 44 of 159 (27.7) | 268 of 824 (32.5) | |
| Bisegmentectomy | 20 of 983 (2.0) | 4 of 159 (2.5) | 16 of 824 (1.9) | |
| Iwate grade | 0.003 | |||
| Low | 2 of 983 (0.2) | 1 of 159 (0.6) | 1 of 824 (0.1) | |
| Intermediate | 575 of 983 (58.5) | 75 of 159 (47.2) | 500 of 824 (60.7) | |
| High | 348 of 983 (35.4) | 67 of 159 (42.1) | 281 of 824 (34.1) | |
| Expert | 58 of 983 (5.9) | 16 of 159 (10.1) | 42 of 824 (5.1) |
| . | Total (n = 983) . | R-LLR (n = 159) . | L-LLR (n = 824) . | P* . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years), median (i.q.r.) | 62 (52–69) | 61 (50–67) | 62 (53–70) | 0.043† |
| Men | 629 of 983 (64.0) | 105 of 159 (66.0) | 524 of 824 (63.6) | 0.56 |
| ASA fitness grade | <0.001 | |||
| I –II | 686 of 982 (69.9) | 91 of 159 (57.2) | 595 of 823 (72.3) | |
| III–IV | 296 of 982 (30.1) | 68 of 159 (42.8) | 228 of 823 (27.7) | |
| Previous abdominal surgery | 385 of 983 (39.2) | 56 of 159 (35.2) | 329 of 824 (39.9) | 0.266 |
| Previous liver surgery | 3 of 983 (0.3) | 1 of 159 (0.6) | 2 of 824 (0.2) | 0.419 |
| Malignant pathology | 836 of 983 (85.0) | 136 of 159 (85.5) | 700 of 824 (85.0) | 0.850 |
| Pathological type | 0.375 | |||
| HCC | 477 of 983 (48.5) | 85 of 159 (53.5) | 392 of 824 (47.6) | |
| CRM | 264 of 983 (26.9) | 40 of 159 (25.2) | 224 of 824 (27.2) | |
| Others | 242 of 983 (24.6) | 34 of 159 (21.4) | 208 of 824 (25.2) | |
| Cirrhosis | 309 of 983 (31.4) | 52 of 159 (32.7) | 257 of 824 (31.2) | 0.706 |
| Child–Pugh class | 0.047 | |||
| No cirrhosis | 674 of 983 (68.6) | 107 of 159 (67.3) | 567 of 824 (68.8) | |
| A | 290 of 983 (29.5) | 45 of 159 (28.3) | 245 of 824 (29.7) | |
| B | 19 of 983 (1.9) | 7 of 159 (4.4) | 12 of 824 (1.5) | |
| Portal hypertension | 81 of 983 (8.2) | 11 of 159 (6.9) | 70 of 824 (8.5) | 0.508 |
| Tumour size (mm), median (i.q.r.) | 25 (17–36) | 28 (17–40) | 25 (17–35) | 0.113† |
| Multiple tumours | 67 of 983 (6.8) | 11 of 159 (6.9) | 56 of 824 (6.8) | 0.955 |
| Resection type | 0.456 | |||
| Wedge | 651 of 983 (66.2) | 111 of 159 (69.8) | 540 of 824 (65.5) | |
| Segmentectomy | 312 of 983 (31.7) | 44 of 159 (27.7) | 268 of 824 (32.5) | |
| Bisegmentectomy | 20 of 983 (2.0) | 4 of 159 (2.5) | 16 of 824 (1.9) | |
| Iwate grade | 0.003 | |||
| Low | 2 of 983 (0.2) | 1 of 159 (0.6) | 1 of 824 (0.1) | |
| Intermediate | 575 of 983 (58.5) | 75 of 159 (47.2) | 500 of 824 (60.7) | |
| High | 348 of 983 (35.4) | 67 of 159 (42.1) | 281 of 824 (34.1) | |
| Expert | 58 of 983 (5.9) | 16 of 159 (10.1) | 42 of 824 (5.1) |
Values are n (%) unless otherwise indicated. For categorical variables, denominators may differ from total numbers owing to missing data. R-LLR, robotic limited liver resection; L-LLR, laparoscopic limited liver resection; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; CRM, colorectal liver metastases. *Pearson’s χ2 test, except †Mann–Whitney U test. Detailed balance diagnostics (Love plots) showing the standardized differences before and after matching can be found in Fig. S6.
Comparison of clinicopathological characteristics between robotic and laparoscopic resections in unmatched cohorts
| . | Total (n = 983) . | R-LLR (n = 159) . | L-LLR (n = 824) . | P* . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years), median (i.q.r.) | 62 (52–69) | 61 (50–67) | 62 (53–70) | 0.043† |
| Men | 629 of 983 (64.0) | 105 of 159 (66.0) | 524 of 824 (63.6) | 0.56 |
| ASA fitness grade | <0.001 | |||
| I –II | 686 of 982 (69.9) | 91 of 159 (57.2) | 595 of 823 (72.3) | |
| III–IV | 296 of 982 (30.1) | 68 of 159 (42.8) | 228 of 823 (27.7) | |
| Previous abdominal surgery | 385 of 983 (39.2) | 56 of 159 (35.2) | 329 of 824 (39.9) | 0.266 |
| Previous liver surgery | 3 of 983 (0.3) | 1 of 159 (0.6) | 2 of 824 (0.2) | 0.419 |
| Malignant pathology | 836 of 983 (85.0) | 136 of 159 (85.5) | 700 of 824 (85.0) | 0.850 |
| Pathological type | 0.375 | |||
| HCC | 477 of 983 (48.5) | 85 of 159 (53.5) | 392 of 824 (47.6) | |
| CRM | 264 of 983 (26.9) | 40 of 159 (25.2) | 224 of 824 (27.2) | |
| Others | 242 of 983 (24.6) | 34 of 159 (21.4) | 208 of 824 (25.2) | |
| Cirrhosis | 309 of 983 (31.4) | 52 of 159 (32.7) | 257 of 824 (31.2) | 0.706 |
| Child–Pugh class | 0.047 | |||
| No cirrhosis | 674 of 983 (68.6) | 107 of 159 (67.3) | 567 of 824 (68.8) | |
| A | 290 of 983 (29.5) | 45 of 159 (28.3) | 245 of 824 (29.7) | |
| B | 19 of 983 (1.9) | 7 of 159 (4.4) | 12 of 824 (1.5) | |
| Portal hypertension | 81 of 983 (8.2) | 11 of 159 (6.9) | 70 of 824 (8.5) | 0.508 |
| Tumour size (mm), median (i.q.r.) | 25 (17–36) | 28 (17–40) | 25 (17–35) | 0.113† |
| Multiple tumours | 67 of 983 (6.8) | 11 of 159 (6.9) | 56 of 824 (6.8) | 0.955 |
| Resection type | 0.456 | |||
| Wedge | 651 of 983 (66.2) | 111 of 159 (69.8) | 540 of 824 (65.5) | |
| Segmentectomy | 312 of 983 (31.7) | 44 of 159 (27.7) | 268 of 824 (32.5) | |
| Bisegmentectomy | 20 of 983 (2.0) | 4 of 159 (2.5) | 16 of 824 (1.9) | |
| Iwate grade | 0.003 | |||
| Low | 2 of 983 (0.2) | 1 of 159 (0.6) | 1 of 824 (0.1) | |
| Intermediate | 575 of 983 (58.5) | 75 of 159 (47.2) | 500 of 824 (60.7) | |
| High | 348 of 983 (35.4) | 67 of 159 (42.1) | 281 of 824 (34.1) | |
| Expert | 58 of 983 (5.9) | 16 of 159 (10.1) | 42 of 824 (5.1) |
| . | Total (n = 983) . | R-LLR (n = 159) . | L-LLR (n = 824) . | P* . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years), median (i.q.r.) | 62 (52–69) | 61 (50–67) | 62 (53–70) | 0.043† |
| Men | 629 of 983 (64.0) | 105 of 159 (66.0) | 524 of 824 (63.6) | 0.56 |
| ASA fitness grade | <0.001 | |||
| I –II | 686 of 982 (69.9) | 91 of 159 (57.2) | 595 of 823 (72.3) | |
| III–IV | 296 of 982 (30.1) | 68 of 159 (42.8) | 228 of 823 (27.7) | |
| Previous abdominal surgery | 385 of 983 (39.2) | 56 of 159 (35.2) | 329 of 824 (39.9) | 0.266 |
| Previous liver surgery | 3 of 983 (0.3) | 1 of 159 (0.6) | 2 of 824 (0.2) | 0.419 |
| Malignant pathology | 836 of 983 (85.0) | 136 of 159 (85.5) | 700 of 824 (85.0) | 0.850 |
| Pathological type | 0.375 | |||
| HCC | 477 of 983 (48.5) | 85 of 159 (53.5) | 392 of 824 (47.6) | |
| CRM | 264 of 983 (26.9) | 40 of 159 (25.2) | 224 of 824 (27.2) | |
| Others | 242 of 983 (24.6) | 34 of 159 (21.4) | 208 of 824 (25.2) | |
| Cirrhosis | 309 of 983 (31.4) | 52 of 159 (32.7) | 257 of 824 (31.2) | 0.706 |
| Child–Pugh class | 0.047 | |||
| No cirrhosis | 674 of 983 (68.6) | 107 of 159 (67.3) | 567 of 824 (68.8) | |
| A | 290 of 983 (29.5) | 45 of 159 (28.3) | 245 of 824 (29.7) | |
| B | 19 of 983 (1.9) | 7 of 159 (4.4) | 12 of 824 (1.5) | |
| Portal hypertension | 81 of 983 (8.2) | 11 of 159 (6.9) | 70 of 824 (8.5) | 0.508 |
| Tumour size (mm), median (i.q.r.) | 25 (17–36) | 28 (17–40) | 25 (17–35) | 0.113† |
| Multiple tumours | 67 of 983 (6.8) | 11 of 159 (6.9) | 56 of 824 (6.8) | 0.955 |
| Resection type | 0.456 | |||
| Wedge | 651 of 983 (66.2) | 111 of 159 (69.8) | 540 of 824 (65.5) | |
| Segmentectomy | 312 of 983 (31.7) | 44 of 159 (27.7) | 268 of 824 (32.5) | |
| Bisegmentectomy | 20 of 983 (2.0) | 4 of 159 (2.5) | 16 of 824 (1.9) | |
| Iwate grade | 0.003 | |||
| Low | 2 of 983 (0.2) | 1 of 159 (0.6) | 1 of 824 (0.1) | |
| Intermediate | 575 of 983 (58.5) | 75 of 159 (47.2) | 500 of 824 (60.7) | |
| High | 348 of 983 (35.4) | 67 of 159 (42.1) | 281 of 824 (34.1) | |
| Expert | 58 of 983 (5.9) | 16 of 159 (10.1) | 42 of 824 (5.1) |
Values are n (%) unless otherwise indicated. For categorical variables, denominators may differ from total numbers owing to missing data. R-LLR, robotic limited liver resection; L-LLR, laparoscopic limited liver resection; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; CRM, colorectal liver metastases. *Pearson’s χ2 test, except †Mann–Whitney U test. Detailed balance diagnostics (Love plots) showing the standardized differences before and after matching can be found in Fig. S6.
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