| Variable . | HF w/o US signs of congestion (n = 149) . | HF with 1 US sign of congestion (n = 82) . | HF with ≥2 US signs of congestion (n = 79) . | P-value . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics (0 missing) | ||||
| Age, years | 73 (64–81) | 75 (69–82)* | 78 (72–85)* | 0.001 |
| Men | 89 (60) | 56 (68) | 56 (71) | 0.2 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 27.5 ± 4.7 | 28.4 ± 5.1 | 28.6 ± 5.6 | 0.2 |
| BSA, m2 | 1.9 ± 0.2 | 1.9 ± 0.3 | 1.9 ± 0.3 | 0.9 |
| Smoker | 27 (18) | 16 (20) | 18 (23) | 0.3 |
| NYHA class | 0.001 | |||
| I | 28 (19) | 12 (15) | 7 (9) | |
| II | 97 (65) | 46 (56) | 37 (47) | |
| III | 24 (16) | 24 (29) | 35 (44) | |
| KCCQ score | 53 ± 22 | 50 ± 27 | 48 ± 29 | 0.1 |
| Arterial hypertension | 112 (75) | 65 (79) | 57 (72) | 0.4 |
| Stroke/TIA | 18 (12) | 8 (10) | 8 (10) | 0.5 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 43 (29) | 25 (30) | 25 (32) | 0.2 |
| COPD | 24 (16) | 16 (20) | 15 (19) | 0.3 |
| CAD | 48 (32) | 29 (35) | 26 (33) | 0.3 |
| Previous MI | 34 (23) | 21 (26) | 18 (23) | 0.2 |
| Previous PCI/CABG | 42 (28) | 25 (30) | 22 (28) | 0.5 |
| Pacemaker | 31 (21) | 18 (22) | 18 (23) | 0.3 |
| ICD | 26 (17) | 12 (15) | 14 (18) | 0.6 |
| CRT | 19 (13) | 9 (11) | 4 (5) | 0.1 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 39 (26) | 38 (46)* | 45 (57)*,** | 0.01 |
| Clinical evaluation (0 missing) | ||||
| Brachial systolic BP, mmHg | 131 ± 22 | 130 ± 22 | 121 ± 19*,** | 0.001 |
| Brachial diastolic BP, mmHg | 77 ± 14 | 76 ± 14 | 76 ± 13 | 0.8 |
| Heart rate, b.p.m. | 72 ± 12 | 73 ± 16 | 73 ± 15 | 0.9 |
| No clinical signs of congestion | 129 (87) | 61 (74)* | 34 (43)*,** | <0.0001 |
| Pitting oedema (any degree) | 23 (15) | 21 (25) | 35 (44)*,** | 0.001 |
| Lung crackles (any degree) | 4 (3) | 7 (9) | 23 (28)*,** | <0.0001 |
| Jugular vein distension (any degree) | 0 | 6 (7) | 14 (18)*,** | <0.0001 |
| Blood tests (0 missing) | ||||
| Haemoglobin, g/dL (men) | 13.5 ± 1.7 | 13.5 ± 1.9 | 13.4 ± 1.6 | 0.1 |
| Haemoglobin, g/dL (women) | 12.9 ± 1.8 | 12.8 ± 1.8 | 12.7 ± 2.1 | 0.1 |
| Na+, mEq/L | 140 ± 3 | 141 ± 3 | 142 ± 3* | 0.005 |
| K+, mEq/L | 4.3 ± 0.5 | 4.3 ± 0.4 | 4.3 ± 0.5 | 0.9 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 163 ± 41 | 163 ± 39 | 164 ± 40 | 0.3 |
| Fasting glucose, mg/dL | 98 ± 31 | 99 ± 28 | 102 ± 26 | 0.6 |
| HbA1c, mmol/mol | 41 ± 10 | 41 ± 10 | 41 ± 9 | 0.9 |
| Uric acid, mg/dL | 7.3 ± 1.9 | 7.7 ± 2.4 | 8.3 ± 2.9*,** | <0.0001 |
| hs-CRP, mg/dL | 0.42 (0.24–0.60) | 0.44 (0.25–0.63) | 0.48 (0.27–0.69)* | 0.006 |
| Creatinine, mg/dL | 1.01 (0.82–1.23) | 1.05 (0.91–1.30) | 1.08 (0.95–1.32) | 0.1 |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 65 (54–82) | 64 (52–77) | 61 (50–72) | 0.1 |
| Urea, mg/dL | 47 (36–57) | 48 (37–58) | 54 (43–72)*,** | 0.001 |
| ePVS, mL/g | 4.7 (4.1–5.3) | 4.8 (4.3–5.5) | 5.3 (4.7–6.2)*,** | <0.0001 |
| Osmolality, mOsm/kg | 294 (289–298) | 294 (290–299) | 298 (292–301)*,** | <0.0001 |
| Norepinephrine, pg/mL | 318 (232–384) | 332 (287–483) | 398 (313–592)*,** | <0.0001 |
| Renin, mIU/L | 21.1 (6.1–51.4) | 23.7 (8.2–75.4) | 28.3 (9.1–123.1) | 0.1 |
| Aldosterone, ng/dL | 9.5 (6.5–12.7) | 10.3 (7.1–13.8) | 15.1 (9.8 −23.1)*,** | <0.0001 |
| NT-proBNP, pg/mL | 409 (308–862) | 936 (627–1671)* | 1862 (1379–2886)*,** | <0.0001 |
| NT-proBNP, pg/mL (SR only) | 211 (160–543) | 336 (185–749) | 847 (561–1590)*,** | <0.0001 |
| hs-Troponin T, pg/mL | 15 (11–24) | 18 (12–27) | 25 (15–46)*,** | <0.0001 |
| Urine test (12 missing) | ||||
| Osmolality, mOsm/kg | 540 (417–680) | 507 (408–630) | 456 (334–571)* | 0.001 |
| UACR, mg/g | 21 (8–63) | 23 (9–65) | 57 (21–99)*,** | <0.0001 |
| Micro-albuminuriaa | 38 (25) | 26 (32) | 51 (65) | <0.0001 |
| Macro-albuminuriaa | 7 (5) | 5 (6) | 11 (14) | 0.04 |
| Spot urinary sodium, mEq/L | 69 (48–118) | 63 (44–117) | 45 (30–76)*,** | <0.0001 |
| FENa, % | 0.58 (0.40–0.91) | 0.53 (0.37–0.89) | 0.40 (0.20–0.66)*,** | <0.0001 |
| Therapy (0 missing) | ||||
| Beta-Blocker | 118 (79) | 66 (80) | 64 (81) | 0.5 |
| DHP CCB | 34 (23) | 18 (22) | 9 (11) | 0.1 |
| Non-DHP CCB | 0 | 2 (2) | 0 | 0.2 |
| ACEi or ARB | 94 (63) | 50 (61) | 52 (66) | 0.3 |
| MRA | 69 (46) | 43 (52) | 45 (57) | 0.2 |
| ARNI | 37 (25) | 14 (17) | 15 (19) | 0.3 |
| ASA | 67 (45) | 34 (41) | 37 (47) | 0.7 |
| Statins | 83 (56) | 42 (51) | 41 (52) | 0.3 |
| Thiazides/thiazide-like diuretics | 16 (11) | 11 (13) | 5 (6) | 0.4 |
| Loop diuretics | 106 (71) | 62 (75) | 62 (78) | 0.1 |
| Furosemide equivalent dose | 0.4 | |||
| 1–50 mg | 28 (19) | 14 (17) | 12 (15) | |
| 51–100 mg | 70 (47) | 39 (48) | 42 (53) | |
| >100 mg | 8 (6) | 7 (8) | 10 (13) | |
| SGLT2i | 19 (13) | 9 (11) | 8 (10) | 0.3 |
| Insulin | 15 (10) | 6 (7) | 5 (6) | 0.2 |
| Oral anticoagulants | 40 (27) | 39 (48)* | 46 (58)* | 0.01 |
| Variable . | HF w/o US signs of congestion (n = 149) . | HF with 1 US sign of congestion (n = 82) . | HF with ≥2 US signs of congestion (n = 79) . | P-value . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics (0 missing) | ||||
| Age, years | 73 (64–81) | 75 (69–82)* | 78 (72–85)* | 0.001 |
| Men | 89 (60) | 56 (68) | 56 (71) | 0.2 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 27.5 ± 4.7 | 28.4 ± 5.1 | 28.6 ± 5.6 | 0.2 |
| BSA, m2 | 1.9 ± 0.2 | 1.9 ± 0.3 | 1.9 ± 0.3 | 0.9 |
| Smoker | 27 (18) | 16 (20) | 18 (23) | 0.3 |
| NYHA class | 0.001 | |||
| I | 28 (19) | 12 (15) | 7 (9) | |
| II | 97 (65) | 46 (56) | 37 (47) | |
| III | 24 (16) | 24 (29) | 35 (44) | |
| KCCQ score | 53 ± 22 | 50 ± 27 | 48 ± 29 | 0.1 |
| Arterial hypertension | 112 (75) | 65 (79) | 57 (72) | 0.4 |
| Stroke/TIA | 18 (12) | 8 (10) | 8 (10) | 0.5 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 43 (29) | 25 (30) | 25 (32) | 0.2 |
| COPD | 24 (16) | 16 (20) | 15 (19) | 0.3 |
| CAD | 48 (32) | 29 (35) | 26 (33) | 0.3 |
| Previous MI | 34 (23) | 21 (26) | 18 (23) | 0.2 |
| Previous PCI/CABG | 42 (28) | 25 (30) | 22 (28) | 0.5 |
| Pacemaker | 31 (21) | 18 (22) | 18 (23) | 0.3 |
| ICD | 26 (17) | 12 (15) | 14 (18) | 0.6 |
| CRT | 19 (13) | 9 (11) | 4 (5) | 0.1 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 39 (26) | 38 (46)* | 45 (57)*,** | 0.01 |
| Clinical evaluation (0 missing) | ||||
| Brachial systolic BP, mmHg | 131 ± 22 | 130 ± 22 | 121 ± 19*,** | 0.001 |
| Brachial diastolic BP, mmHg | 77 ± 14 | 76 ± 14 | 76 ± 13 | 0.8 |
| Heart rate, b.p.m. | 72 ± 12 | 73 ± 16 | 73 ± 15 | 0.9 |
| No clinical signs of congestion | 129 (87) | 61 (74)* | 34 (43)*,** | <0.0001 |
| Pitting oedema (any degree) | 23 (15) | 21 (25) | 35 (44)*,** | 0.001 |
| Lung crackles (any degree) | 4 (3) | 7 (9) | 23 (28)*,** | <0.0001 |
| Jugular vein distension (any degree) | 0 | 6 (7) | 14 (18)*,** | <0.0001 |
| Blood tests (0 missing) | ||||
| Haemoglobin, g/dL (men) | 13.5 ± 1.7 | 13.5 ± 1.9 | 13.4 ± 1.6 | 0.1 |
| Haemoglobin, g/dL (women) | 12.9 ± 1.8 | 12.8 ± 1.8 | 12.7 ± 2.1 | 0.1 |
| Na+, mEq/L | 140 ± 3 | 141 ± 3 | 142 ± 3* | 0.005 |
| K+, mEq/L | 4.3 ± 0.5 | 4.3 ± 0.4 | 4.3 ± 0.5 | 0.9 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 163 ± 41 | 163 ± 39 | 164 ± 40 | 0.3 |
| Fasting glucose, mg/dL | 98 ± 31 | 99 ± 28 | 102 ± 26 | 0.6 |
| HbA1c, mmol/mol | 41 ± 10 | 41 ± 10 | 41 ± 9 | 0.9 |
| Uric acid, mg/dL | 7.3 ± 1.9 | 7.7 ± 2.4 | 8.3 ± 2.9*,** | <0.0001 |
| hs-CRP, mg/dL | 0.42 (0.24–0.60) | 0.44 (0.25–0.63) | 0.48 (0.27–0.69)* | 0.006 |
| Creatinine, mg/dL | 1.01 (0.82–1.23) | 1.05 (0.91–1.30) | 1.08 (0.95–1.32) | 0.1 |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 65 (54–82) | 64 (52–77) | 61 (50–72) | 0.1 |
| Urea, mg/dL | 47 (36–57) | 48 (37–58) | 54 (43–72)*,** | 0.001 |
| ePVS, mL/g | 4.7 (4.1–5.3) | 4.8 (4.3–5.5) | 5.3 (4.7–6.2)*,** | <0.0001 |
| Osmolality, mOsm/kg | 294 (289–298) | 294 (290–299) | 298 (292–301)*,** | <0.0001 |
| Norepinephrine, pg/mL | 318 (232–384) | 332 (287–483) | 398 (313–592)*,** | <0.0001 |
| Renin, mIU/L | 21.1 (6.1–51.4) | 23.7 (8.2–75.4) | 28.3 (9.1–123.1) | 0.1 |
| Aldosterone, ng/dL | 9.5 (6.5–12.7) | 10.3 (7.1–13.8) | 15.1 (9.8 −23.1)*,** | <0.0001 |
| NT-proBNP, pg/mL | 409 (308–862) | 936 (627–1671)* | 1862 (1379–2886)*,** | <0.0001 |
| NT-proBNP, pg/mL (SR only) | 211 (160–543) | 336 (185–749) | 847 (561–1590)*,** | <0.0001 |
| hs-Troponin T, pg/mL | 15 (11–24) | 18 (12–27) | 25 (15–46)*,** | <0.0001 |
| Urine test (12 missing) | ||||
| Osmolality, mOsm/kg | 540 (417–680) | 507 (408–630) | 456 (334–571)* | 0.001 |
| UACR, mg/g | 21 (8–63) | 23 (9–65) | 57 (21–99)*,** | <0.0001 |
| Micro-albuminuriaa | 38 (25) | 26 (32) | 51 (65) | <0.0001 |
| Macro-albuminuriaa | 7 (5) | 5 (6) | 11 (14) | 0.04 |
| Spot urinary sodium, mEq/L | 69 (48–118) | 63 (44–117) | 45 (30–76)*,** | <0.0001 |
| FENa, % | 0.58 (0.40–0.91) | 0.53 (0.37–0.89) | 0.40 (0.20–0.66)*,** | <0.0001 |
| Therapy (0 missing) | ||||
| Beta-Blocker | 118 (79) | 66 (80) | 64 (81) | 0.5 |
| DHP CCB | 34 (23) | 18 (22) | 9 (11) | 0.1 |
| Non-DHP CCB | 0 | 2 (2) | 0 | 0.2 |
| ACEi or ARB | 94 (63) | 50 (61) | 52 (66) | 0.3 |
| MRA | 69 (46) | 43 (52) | 45 (57) | 0.2 |
| ARNI | 37 (25) | 14 (17) | 15 (19) | 0.3 |
| ASA | 67 (45) | 34 (41) | 37 (47) | 0.7 |
| Statins | 83 (56) | 42 (51) | 41 (52) | 0.3 |
| Thiazides/thiazide-like diuretics | 16 (11) | 11 (13) | 5 (6) | 0.4 |
| Loop diuretics | 106 (71) | 62 (75) | 62 (78) | 0.1 |
| Furosemide equivalent dose | 0.4 | |||
| 1–50 mg | 28 (19) | 14 (17) | 12 (15) | |
| 51–100 mg | 70 (47) | 39 (48) | 42 (53) | |
| >100 mg | 8 (6) | 7 (8) | 10 (13) | |
| SGLT2i | 19 (13) | 9 (11) | 8 (10) | 0.3 |
| Insulin | 15 (10) | 6 (7) | 5 (6) | 0.2 |
| Oral anticoagulants | 40 (27) | 39 (48)* | 46 (58)* | 0.01 |
Values are mean ± standard deviation, n (%), or median (25th quartile, 75th quartile).
ACEi, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; ARNI, angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitor; ASA, acetylsalicylic acid; BMI, body mass index; BSA, body surface area; CABG, coronary artery bypass graft; CAD, coronary artery disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CRT, cardiac resynchronization therapy; DHP CCB, dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; ePVS, estimated plasma volume status; FENa, fractional excretion of sodium; HbA1c, glycated haemoglobin (available only in patients with diabetes mellitus); HFpEF, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; HFrEF, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; hs-CRP, high sensitivity C-reactive protein; ICD, implantable cardioverter defibrillator; KCCQ, Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire; MI, myocardial infarction; MRA, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist; NT-proBNP, N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; SR, sinus rhythm; SGLT2i, sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors; TIA, transient ischaemic attack; UACR, albumin-to-creatinine ratio.
Micro-albuminuria and macro-albuminuria were defined as UACR >30 mg/g and >300 mg/g, respectively.
*P < 0.01 vs No US congestion.
**P < 0.01 vs 1 US sign of congestion.
| Variable . | HF w/o US signs of congestion (n = 149) . | HF with 1 US sign of congestion (n = 82) . | HF with ≥2 US signs of congestion (n = 79) . | P-value . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics (0 missing) | ||||
| Age, years | 73 (64–81) | 75 (69–82)* | 78 (72–85)* | 0.001 |
| Men | 89 (60) | 56 (68) | 56 (71) | 0.2 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 27.5 ± 4.7 | 28.4 ± 5.1 | 28.6 ± 5.6 | 0.2 |
| BSA, m2 | 1.9 ± 0.2 | 1.9 ± 0.3 | 1.9 ± 0.3 | 0.9 |
| Smoker | 27 (18) | 16 (20) | 18 (23) | 0.3 |
| NYHA class | 0.001 | |||
| I | 28 (19) | 12 (15) | 7 (9) | |
| II | 97 (65) | 46 (56) | 37 (47) | |
| III | 24 (16) | 24 (29) | 35 (44) | |
| KCCQ score | 53 ± 22 | 50 ± 27 | 48 ± 29 | 0.1 |
| Arterial hypertension | 112 (75) | 65 (79) | 57 (72) | 0.4 |
| Stroke/TIA | 18 (12) | 8 (10) | 8 (10) | 0.5 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 43 (29) | 25 (30) | 25 (32) | 0.2 |
| COPD | 24 (16) | 16 (20) | 15 (19) | 0.3 |
| CAD | 48 (32) | 29 (35) | 26 (33) | 0.3 |
| Previous MI | 34 (23) | 21 (26) | 18 (23) | 0.2 |
| Previous PCI/CABG | 42 (28) | 25 (30) | 22 (28) | 0.5 |
| Pacemaker | 31 (21) | 18 (22) | 18 (23) | 0.3 |
| ICD | 26 (17) | 12 (15) | 14 (18) | 0.6 |
| CRT | 19 (13) | 9 (11) | 4 (5) | 0.1 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 39 (26) | 38 (46)* | 45 (57)*,** | 0.01 |
| Clinical evaluation (0 missing) | ||||
| Brachial systolic BP, mmHg | 131 ± 22 | 130 ± 22 | 121 ± 19*,** | 0.001 |
| Brachial diastolic BP, mmHg | 77 ± 14 | 76 ± 14 | 76 ± 13 | 0.8 |
| Heart rate, b.p.m. | 72 ± 12 | 73 ± 16 | 73 ± 15 | 0.9 |
| No clinical signs of congestion | 129 (87) | 61 (74)* | 34 (43)*,** | <0.0001 |
| Pitting oedema (any degree) | 23 (15) | 21 (25) | 35 (44)*,** | 0.001 |
| Lung crackles (any degree) | 4 (3) | 7 (9) | 23 (28)*,** | <0.0001 |
| Jugular vein distension (any degree) | 0 | 6 (7) | 14 (18)*,** | <0.0001 |
| Blood tests (0 missing) | ||||
| Haemoglobin, g/dL (men) | 13.5 ± 1.7 | 13.5 ± 1.9 | 13.4 ± 1.6 | 0.1 |
| Haemoglobin, g/dL (women) | 12.9 ± 1.8 | 12.8 ± 1.8 | 12.7 ± 2.1 | 0.1 |
| Na+, mEq/L | 140 ± 3 | 141 ± 3 | 142 ± 3* | 0.005 |
| K+, mEq/L | 4.3 ± 0.5 | 4.3 ± 0.4 | 4.3 ± 0.5 | 0.9 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 163 ± 41 | 163 ± 39 | 164 ± 40 | 0.3 |
| Fasting glucose, mg/dL | 98 ± 31 | 99 ± 28 | 102 ± 26 | 0.6 |
| HbA1c, mmol/mol | 41 ± 10 | 41 ± 10 | 41 ± 9 | 0.9 |
| Uric acid, mg/dL | 7.3 ± 1.9 | 7.7 ± 2.4 | 8.3 ± 2.9*,** | <0.0001 |
| hs-CRP, mg/dL | 0.42 (0.24–0.60) | 0.44 (0.25–0.63) | 0.48 (0.27–0.69)* | 0.006 |
| Creatinine, mg/dL | 1.01 (0.82–1.23) | 1.05 (0.91–1.30) | 1.08 (0.95–1.32) | 0.1 |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 65 (54–82) | 64 (52–77) | 61 (50–72) | 0.1 |
| Urea, mg/dL | 47 (36–57) | 48 (37–58) | 54 (43–72)*,** | 0.001 |
| ePVS, mL/g | 4.7 (4.1–5.3) | 4.8 (4.3–5.5) | 5.3 (4.7–6.2)*,** | <0.0001 |
| Osmolality, mOsm/kg | 294 (289–298) | 294 (290–299) | 298 (292–301)*,** | <0.0001 |
| Norepinephrine, pg/mL | 318 (232–384) | 332 (287–483) | 398 (313–592)*,** | <0.0001 |
| Renin, mIU/L | 21.1 (6.1–51.4) | 23.7 (8.2–75.4) | 28.3 (9.1–123.1) | 0.1 |
| Aldosterone, ng/dL | 9.5 (6.5–12.7) | 10.3 (7.1–13.8) | 15.1 (9.8 −23.1)*,** | <0.0001 |
| NT-proBNP, pg/mL | 409 (308–862) | 936 (627–1671)* | 1862 (1379–2886)*,** | <0.0001 |
| NT-proBNP, pg/mL (SR only) | 211 (160–543) | 336 (185–749) | 847 (561–1590)*,** | <0.0001 |
| hs-Troponin T, pg/mL | 15 (11–24) | 18 (12–27) | 25 (15–46)*,** | <0.0001 |
| Urine test (12 missing) | ||||
| Osmolality, mOsm/kg | 540 (417–680) | 507 (408–630) | 456 (334–571)* | 0.001 |
| UACR, mg/g | 21 (8–63) | 23 (9–65) | 57 (21–99)*,** | <0.0001 |
| Micro-albuminuriaa | 38 (25) | 26 (32) | 51 (65) | <0.0001 |
| Macro-albuminuriaa | 7 (5) | 5 (6) | 11 (14) | 0.04 |
| Spot urinary sodium, mEq/L | 69 (48–118) | 63 (44–117) | 45 (30–76)*,** | <0.0001 |
| FENa, % | 0.58 (0.40–0.91) | 0.53 (0.37–0.89) | 0.40 (0.20–0.66)*,** | <0.0001 |
| Therapy (0 missing) | ||||
| Beta-Blocker | 118 (79) | 66 (80) | 64 (81) | 0.5 |
| DHP CCB | 34 (23) | 18 (22) | 9 (11) | 0.1 |
| Non-DHP CCB | 0 | 2 (2) | 0 | 0.2 |
| ACEi or ARB | 94 (63) | 50 (61) | 52 (66) | 0.3 |
| MRA | 69 (46) | 43 (52) | 45 (57) | 0.2 |
| ARNI | 37 (25) | 14 (17) | 15 (19) | 0.3 |
| ASA | 67 (45) | 34 (41) | 37 (47) | 0.7 |
| Statins | 83 (56) | 42 (51) | 41 (52) | 0.3 |
| Thiazides/thiazide-like diuretics | 16 (11) | 11 (13) | 5 (6) | 0.4 |
| Loop diuretics | 106 (71) | 62 (75) | 62 (78) | 0.1 |
| Furosemide equivalent dose | 0.4 | |||
| 1–50 mg | 28 (19) | 14 (17) | 12 (15) | |
| 51–100 mg | 70 (47) | 39 (48) | 42 (53) | |
| >100 mg | 8 (6) | 7 (8) | 10 (13) | |
| SGLT2i | 19 (13) | 9 (11) | 8 (10) | 0.3 |
| Insulin | 15 (10) | 6 (7) | 5 (6) | 0.2 |
| Oral anticoagulants | 40 (27) | 39 (48)* | 46 (58)* | 0.01 |
| Variable . | HF w/o US signs of congestion (n = 149) . | HF with 1 US sign of congestion (n = 82) . | HF with ≥2 US signs of congestion (n = 79) . | P-value . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics (0 missing) | ||||
| Age, years | 73 (64–81) | 75 (69–82)* | 78 (72–85)* | 0.001 |
| Men | 89 (60) | 56 (68) | 56 (71) | 0.2 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 27.5 ± 4.7 | 28.4 ± 5.1 | 28.6 ± 5.6 | 0.2 |
| BSA, m2 | 1.9 ± 0.2 | 1.9 ± 0.3 | 1.9 ± 0.3 | 0.9 |
| Smoker | 27 (18) | 16 (20) | 18 (23) | 0.3 |
| NYHA class | 0.001 | |||
| I | 28 (19) | 12 (15) | 7 (9) | |
| II | 97 (65) | 46 (56) | 37 (47) | |
| III | 24 (16) | 24 (29) | 35 (44) | |
| KCCQ score | 53 ± 22 | 50 ± 27 | 48 ± 29 | 0.1 |
| Arterial hypertension | 112 (75) | 65 (79) | 57 (72) | 0.4 |
| Stroke/TIA | 18 (12) | 8 (10) | 8 (10) | 0.5 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 43 (29) | 25 (30) | 25 (32) | 0.2 |
| COPD | 24 (16) | 16 (20) | 15 (19) | 0.3 |
| CAD | 48 (32) | 29 (35) | 26 (33) | 0.3 |
| Previous MI | 34 (23) | 21 (26) | 18 (23) | 0.2 |
| Previous PCI/CABG | 42 (28) | 25 (30) | 22 (28) | 0.5 |
| Pacemaker | 31 (21) | 18 (22) | 18 (23) | 0.3 |
| ICD | 26 (17) | 12 (15) | 14 (18) | 0.6 |
| CRT | 19 (13) | 9 (11) | 4 (5) | 0.1 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 39 (26) | 38 (46)* | 45 (57)*,** | 0.01 |
| Clinical evaluation (0 missing) | ||||
| Brachial systolic BP, mmHg | 131 ± 22 | 130 ± 22 | 121 ± 19*,** | 0.001 |
| Brachial diastolic BP, mmHg | 77 ± 14 | 76 ± 14 | 76 ± 13 | 0.8 |
| Heart rate, b.p.m. | 72 ± 12 | 73 ± 16 | 73 ± 15 | 0.9 |
| No clinical signs of congestion | 129 (87) | 61 (74)* | 34 (43)*,** | <0.0001 |
| Pitting oedema (any degree) | 23 (15) | 21 (25) | 35 (44)*,** | 0.001 |
| Lung crackles (any degree) | 4 (3) | 7 (9) | 23 (28)*,** | <0.0001 |
| Jugular vein distension (any degree) | 0 | 6 (7) | 14 (18)*,** | <0.0001 |
| Blood tests (0 missing) | ||||
| Haemoglobin, g/dL (men) | 13.5 ± 1.7 | 13.5 ± 1.9 | 13.4 ± 1.6 | 0.1 |
| Haemoglobin, g/dL (women) | 12.9 ± 1.8 | 12.8 ± 1.8 | 12.7 ± 2.1 | 0.1 |
| Na+, mEq/L | 140 ± 3 | 141 ± 3 | 142 ± 3* | 0.005 |
| K+, mEq/L | 4.3 ± 0.5 | 4.3 ± 0.4 | 4.3 ± 0.5 | 0.9 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 163 ± 41 | 163 ± 39 | 164 ± 40 | 0.3 |
| Fasting glucose, mg/dL | 98 ± 31 | 99 ± 28 | 102 ± 26 | 0.6 |
| HbA1c, mmol/mol | 41 ± 10 | 41 ± 10 | 41 ± 9 | 0.9 |
| Uric acid, mg/dL | 7.3 ± 1.9 | 7.7 ± 2.4 | 8.3 ± 2.9*,** | <0.0001 |
| hs-CRP, mg/dL | 0.42 (0.24–0.60) | 0.44 (0.25–0.63) | 0.48 (0.27–0.69)* | 0.006 |
| Creatinine, mg/dL | 1.01 (0.82–1.23) | 1.05 (0.91–1.30) | 1.08 (0.95–1.32) | 0.1 |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 65 (54–82) | 64 (52–77) | 61 (50–72) | 0.1 |
| Urea, mg/dL | 47 (36–57) | 48 (37–58) | 54 (43–72)*,** | 0.001 |
| ePVS, mL/g | 4.7 (4.1–5.3) | 4.8 (4.3–5.5) | 5.3 (4.7–6.2)*,** | <0.0001 |
| Osmolality, mOsm/kg | 294 (289–298) | 294 (290–299) | 298 (292–301)*,** | <0.0001 |
| Norepinephrine, pg/mL | 318 (232–384) | 332 (287–483) | 398 (313–592)*,** | <0.0001 |
| Renin, mIU/L | 21.1 (6.1–51.4) | 23.7 (8.2–75.4) | 28.3 (9.1–123.1) | 0.1 |
| Aldosterone, ng/dL | 9.5 (6.5–12.7) | 10.3 (7.1–13.8) | 15.1 (9.8 −23.1)*,** | <0.0001 |
| NT-proBNP, pg/mL | 409 (308–862) | 936 (627–1671)* | 1862 (1379–2886)*,** | <0.0001 |
| NT-proBNP, pg/mL (SR only) | 211 (160–543) | 336 (185–749) | 847 (561–1590)*,** | <0.0001 |
| hs-Troponin T, pg/mL | 15 (11–24) | 18 (12–27) | 25 (15–46)*,** | <0.0001 |
| Urine test (12 missing) | ||||
| Osmolality, mOsm/kg | 540 (417–680) | 507 (408–630) | 456 (334–571)* | 0.001 |
| UACR, mg/g | 21 (8–63) | 23 (9–65) | 57 (21–99)*,** | <0.0001 |
| Micro-albuminuriaa | 38 (25) | 26 (32) | 51 (65) | <0.0001 |
| Macro-albuminuriaa | 7 (5) | 5 (6) | 11 (14) | 0.04 |
| Spot urinary sodium, mEq/L | 69 (48–118) | 63 (44–117) | 45 (30–76)*,** | <0.0001 |
| FENa, % | 0.58 (0.40–0.91) | 0.53 (0.37–0.89) | 0.40 (0.20–0.66)*,** | <0.0001 |
| Therapy (0 missing) | ||||
| Beta-Blocker | 118 (79) | 66 (80) | 64 (81) | 0.5 |
| DHP CCB | 34 (23) | 18 (22) | 9 (11) | 0.1 |
| Non-DHP CCB | 0 | 2 (2) | 0 | 0.2 |
| ACEi or ARB | 94 (63) | 50 (61) | 52 (66) | 0.3 |
| MRA | 69 (46) | 43 (52) | 45 (57) | 0.2 |
| ARNI | 37 (25) | 14 (17) | 15 (19) | 0.3 |
| ASA | 67 (45) | 34 (41) | 37 (47) | 0.7 |
| Statins | 83 (56) | 42 (51) | 41 (52) | 0.3 |
| Thiazides/thiazide-like diuretics | 16 (11) | 11 (13) | 5 (6) | 0.4 |
| Loop diuretics | 106 (71) | 62 (75) | 62 (78) | 0.1 |
| Furosemide equivalent dose | 0.4 | |||
| 1–50 mg | 28 (19) | 14 (17) | 12 (15) | |
| 51–100 mg | 70 (47) | 39 (48) | 42 (53) | |
| >100 mg | 8 (6) | 7 (8) | 10 (13) | |
| SGLT2i | 19 (13) | 9 (11) | 8 (10) | 0.3 |
| Insulin | 15 (10) | 6 (7) | 5 (6) | 0.2 |
| Oral anticoagulants | 40 (27) | 39 (48)* | 46 (58)* | 0.01 |
Values are mean ± standard deviation, n (%), or median (25th quartile, 75th quartile).
ACEi, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; ARNI, angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitor; ASA, acetylsalicylic acid; BMI, body mass index; BSA, body surface area; CABG, coronary artery bypass graft; CAD, coronary artery disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CRT, cardiac resynchronization therapy; DHP CCB, dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; ePVS, estimated plasma volume status; FENa, fractional excretion of sodium; HbA1c, glycated haemoglobin (available only in patients with diabetes mellitus); HFpEF, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; HFrEF, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; hs-CRP, high sensitivity C-reactive protein; ICD, implantable cardioverter defibrillator; KCCQ, Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire; MI, myocardial infarction; MRA, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist; NT-proBNP, N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; SR, sinus rhythm; SGLT2i, sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors; TIA, transient ischaemic attack; UACR, albumin-to-creatinine ratio.
Micro-albuminuria and macro-albuminuria were defined as UACR >30 mg/g and >300 mg/g, respectively.
*P < 0.01 vs No US congestion.
**P < 0.01 vs 1 US sign of congestion.
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