| Decline in Immunocompetence and Increase in Inflammation . |
|---|
| General changes in immune function |
| Thymic involution |
| Loss in lymphopoiesis by HSCs |
| Declines in naïve T and B lymphocytes |
| Expansion of memory and cell exhaustion phenotypes |
| Changes in innate response |
| Blunted immune responses |
| Neutrophil and NK cell loss in PRR activation Increase in NK cell number but loss in functional capacity |
| Relative increase in myeloid cells |
| Decline in macrophage phagocytosis |
| Changes in adaptive response |
| Reduced TCR mobilization |
| “Memory inflation” of T-cell subsets specific to CMV |
| Autoreactive memory B cells accumulate |
| B-cell functional antibody response declines |
| Changes in circulating factors |
| Aging-related increases in circulating IL-6 |
| Changes in CRP, IL-1b, fibrinogen, TNF, and other factors |
| Drivers contributing to age-associated inflammaging |
| Adiposity |
| Microbial translocation |
| Accumulation of T cells reacting to specific antigens (eg, CMV) |
| Senescence and SASP |
| Decline in Immunocompetence and Increase in Inflammation . |
|---|
| General changes in immune function |
| Thymic involution |
| Loss in lymphopoiesis by HSCs |
| Declines in naïve T and B lymphocytes |
| Expansion of memory and cell exhaustion phenotypes |
| Changes in innate response |
| Blunted immune responses |
| Neutrophil and NK cell loss in PRR activation Increase in NK cell number but loss in functional capacity |
| Relative increase in myeloid cells |
| Decline in macrophage phagocytosis |
| Changes in adaptive response |
| Reduced TCR mobilization |
| “Memory inflation” of T-cell subsets specific to CMV |
| Autoreactive memory B cells accumulate |
| B-cell functional antibody response declines |
| Changes in circulating factors |
| Aging-related increases in circulating IL-6 |
| Changes in CRP, IL-1b, fibrinogen, TNF, and other factors |
| Drivers contributing to age-associated inflammaging |
| Adiposity |
| Microbial translocation |
| Accumulation of T cells reacting to specific antigens (eg, CMV) |
| Senescence and SASP |
Notes: The table summarizes consensus observations from reviews on immune aging (12–15). CMV = cytomegalovirus; CRP = C-reactive protein; HSCs = hematopoietic stem cells; IL = interleukin; NK = natural killer; PRR = pattern recognition receptor; SASP = senescence-associated secretory phenotype; TCR = T-cell receptor; TNF = tumor necrosis factor.
| Decline in Immunocompetence and Increase in Inflammation . |
|---|
| General changes in immune function |
| Thymic involution |
| Loss in lymphopoiesis by HSCs |
| Declines in naïve T and B lymphocytes |
| Expansion of memory and cell exhaustion phenotypes |
| Changes in innate response |
| Blunted immune responses |
| Neutrophil and NK cell loss in PRR activation Increase in NK cell number but loss in functional capacity |
| Relative increase in myeloid cells |
| Decline in macrophage phagocytosis |
| Changes in adaptive response |
| Reduced TCR mobilization |
| “Memory inflation” of T-cell subsets specific to CMV |
| Autoreactive memory B cells accumulate |
| B-cell functional antibody response declines |
| Changes in circulating factors |
| Aging-related increases in circulating IL-6 |
| Changes in CRP, IL-1b, fibrinogen, TNF, and other factors |
| Drivers contributing to age-associated inflammaging |
| Adiposity |
| Microbial translocation |
| Accumulation of T cells reacting to specific antigens (eg, CMV) |
| Senescence and SASP |
| Decline in Immunocompetence and Increase in Inflammation . |
|---|
| General changes in immune function |
| Thymic involution |
| Loss in lymphopoiesis by HSCs |
| Declines in naïve T and B lymphocytes |
| Expansion of memory and cell exhaustion phenotypes |
| Changes in innate response |
| Blunted immune responses |
| Neutrophil and NK cell loss in PRR activation Increase in NK cell number but loss in functional capacity |
| Relative increase in myeloid cells |
| Decline in macrophage phagocytosis |
| Changes in adaptive response |
| Reduced TCR mobilization |
| “Memory inflation” of T-cell subsets specific to CMV |
| Autoreactive memory B cells accumulate |
| B-cell functional antibody response declines |
| Changes in circulating factors |
| Aging-related increases in circulating IL-6 |
| Changes in CRP, IL-1b, fibrinogen, TNF, and other factors |
| Drivers contributing to age-associated inflammaging |
| Adiposity |
| Microbial translocation |
| Accumulation of T cells reacting to specific antigens (eg, CMV) |
| Senescence and SASP |
Notes: The table summarizes consensus observations from reviews on immune aging (12–15). CMV = cytomegalovirus; CRP = C-reactive protein; HSCs = hematopoietic stem cells; IL = interleukin; NK = natural killer; PRR = pattern recognition receptor; SASP = senescence-associated secretory phenotype; TCR = T-cell receptor; TNF = tumor necrosis factor.
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