Table 2. Open in new tab Labour market...

	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)
A. Gender
April 20 × Female	0.01	0.02	3.27^***	0.02
	(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.49)	(0.02)
November 20 × Female	0.01	0.00	1.55^**	0.12^**
	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.69)	(0.06)
March 21 × Female	0.02	0.01	1.62^**	0.01
	(0.01)	(0.02)	(0.65)	(0.05)
B. Ethnicity
April 20 × Ethnic minority	−0.03^**	0.04^*	2.39^***	−0.19^***
	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.77)	(0.05)
November 20 × Ethnic minority	0.02	−0.00	−0.74	−0.10
	(0.03)	(0.04)	(1.33)	(0.09)
March 21 × Ethnic minority	0.02	0.05	3.18^*	−0.26^***
	(0.04)	(0.04)	(1.64)	(0.08)
C. Age
April 20 × 20–29	−0.04^***	−0.07^***	−0.76	−0.12^***
	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.80)	(0.04)
April 20 × 50–65	−0.00	0.01	0.62	−0.01
	(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.51)	(0.02)
November 20 × 20–29	0.00	−0.06^*	−0.62	−0.05
	(0.03)	(0.03)	(1.28)	(0.08)
November 20 × 50–65	−0.03^*	−0.04^**	−1.98^***	−0.11^**
	(0.01)	(0.02)	(0.67)	(0.05)
March 21 × 20–29	0.01	−0.01	0.64	−0.03
	(0.03)	(0.03)	(1.25)	(0.07)
March 21 × 50–65	−0.03^**	−0.04^***	−1.70^**	−0.15^***
	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.67)	(0.05)
D. Pre-Covid-19 income
April 20 × Low income	−0.02	0.05^**	2.94^***	−0.10^**
	(0.01)	(0.02)	(0.89)	(0.05)
April 20 × High income	0.01	0.12^***	3.79^***	−0.04
	(0.01)	(0.02)	(0.72)	(0.03)
November 20 × Low income	−0.01	−0.01	−0.59	−0.14^*
	(0.03)	(0.03)	(1.24)	(0.08)
November 20 × High income	0.01	0.06^***	1.25	−0.20^***
	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.89)	(0.06)
March 21 × Low income	−0.01	0.02	1.08	−0.13
	(0.03)	(0.03)	(1.24)	(0.08)
March 21 × High income	−0.01	0.04^*	0.09	−0.17^***
	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.88)	(0.07)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

Employed

Positive hours

Hours

Employed (of 0 hours)

A. Gender

April 20 × Female

0.01

0.02

3.27^***

0.02

(0.01)

(0.49)

(0.02)

November 20 × Female

0.01

0.00

1.55^**

0.12^**

(0.02)

(0.69)

(0.06)

March 21 × Female

0.02

0.01

1.62^**

0.01

(0.01)

(0.02)

(0.65)

(0.05)

B. Ethnicity

April 20 × Ethnic minority

−0.03^**

0.04^*

2.39^***

−0.19^***

(0.02)

(0.77)

(0.05)

November 20 × Ethnic minority

0.02

−0.00

−0.74

−0.10

(0.03)

(0.04)

(1.33)

(0.09)

March 21 × Ethnic minority

0.02

0.05

3.18^*

−0.26^***

(0.04)

(1.64)

(0.08)

C. Age

April 20 × 20–29

−0.04^***

−0.07^***

−0.76

−0.12^***

(0.02)

(0.80)

(0.04)

April 20 × 50–65

−0.00

0.01

0.62

−0.01

(0.01)

(0.51)

(0.02)

November 20 × 20–29

0.00

−0.06^*

−0.62

−0.05

(0.03)

(1.28)

(0.08)

November 20 × 50–65

−0.03^*

−0.04^**

−1.98^***

−0.11^**

(0.01)

(0.02)

(0.67)

(0.05)

March 21 × 20–29

0.01

−0.01

0.64

−0.03

(0.03)

(1.25)

(0.07)

March 21 × 50–65

−0.03^**

−0.04^***

−1.70^**

−0.15^***

(0.02)

(0.67)

(0.05)

D. Pre-Covid-19 income

April 20 × Low income

−0.02

0.05^**

2.94^***

−0.10^**

(0.01)

(0.02)

(0.89)

(0.05)

April 20 × High income

0.01

0.12^***

3.79^***

−0.04

(0.01)

(0.02)

(0.72)

(0.03)

November 20 × Low income

−0.01

−0.59

−0.14^*

(0.03)

(1.24)

(0.08)

November 20 × High income

0.01

0.06^***

1.25

−0.20^***

(0.02)

(0.89)

(0.06)

March 21 × Low income

−0.01

0.02

1.08

−0.13

(0.03)

(1.24)

(0.08)

March 21 × High income

−0.01

0.04^*

0.09

−0.17^***

(0.02)

(0.88)

(0.07)

	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)
A. Gender
April 20 × Female	0.01	0.02	3.27^***	0.02
	(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.49)	(0.02)
November 20 × Female	0.01	0.00	1.55^**	0.12^**
	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.69)	(0.06)
March 21 × Female	0.02	0.01	1.62^**	0.01
	(0.01)	(0.02)	(0.65)	(0.05)
B. Ethnicity
April 20 × Ethnic minority	−0.03^**	0.04^*	2.39^***	−0.19^***
	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.77)	(0.05)
November 20 × Ethnic minority	0.02	−0.00	−0.74	−0.10
	(0.03)	(0.04)	(1.33)	(0.09)
March 21 × Ethnic minority	0.02	0.05	3.18^*	−0.26^***
	(0.04)	(0.04)	(1.64)	(0.08)
C. Age
April 20 × 20–29	−0.04^***	−0.07^***	−0.76	−0.12^***
	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.80)	(0.04)
April 20 × 50–65	−0.00	0.01	0.62	−0.01
	(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.51)	(0.02)
November 20 × 20–29	0.00	−0.06^*	−0.62	−0.05
	(0.03)	(0.03)	(1.28)	(0.08)
November 20 × 50–65	−0.03^*	−0.04^**	−1.98^***	−0.11^**
	(0.01)	(0.02)	(0.67)	(0.05)
March 21 × 20–29	0.01	−0.01	0.64	−0.03
	(0.03)	(0.03)	(1.25)	(0.07)
March 21 × 50–65	−0.03^**	−0.04^***	−1.70^**	−0.15^***
	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.67)	(0.05)
D. Pre-Covid-19 income
April 20 × Low income	−0.02	0.05^**	2.94^***	−0.10^**
	(0.01)	(0.02)	(0.89)	(0.05)
April 20 × High income	0.01	0.12^***	3.79^***	−0.04
	(0.01)	(0.02)	(0.72)	(0.03)
November 20 × Low income	−0.01	−0.01	−0.59	−0.14^*
	(0.03)	(0.03)	(1.24)	(0.08)
November 20 × High income	0.01	0.06^***	1.25	−0.20^***
	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.89)	(0.06)
March 21 × Low income	−0.01	0.02	1.08	−0.13
	(0.03)	(0.03)	(1.24)	(0.08)
March 21 × High income	−0.01	0.04^*	0.09	−0.17^***
	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.88)	(0.07)

Table 2.

Open in new tab

Labour market impacts

	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)
	Employed	Positive hours	Hours	Employed (of 0 hours)
A. Gender
April 20 × Female	0.01	0.02	3.27^***	0.02
	(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.49)	(0.02)
November 20 × Female	0.01	0.00	1.55^**	0.12^**
	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.69)	(0.06)
March 21 × Female	0.02	0.01	1.62^**	0.01
	(0.01)	(0.02)	(0.65)	(0.05)
B. Ethnicity
April 20 × Ethnic minority	−0.03^**	0.04^*	2.39^***	−0.19^***
	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.77)	(0.05)
November 20 × Ethnic minority	0.02	−0.00	−0.74	−0.10
	(0.03)	(0.04)	(1.33)	(0.09)
March 21 × Ethnic minority	0.02	0.05	3.18^*	−0.26^***
	(0.04)	(0.04)	(1.64)	(0.08)
C. Age
April 20 × 20–29	−0.04^***	−0.07^***	−0.76	−0.12^***
	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.80)	(0.04)
April 20 × 50–65	−0.00	0.01	0.62	−0.01
	(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.51)	(0.02)
November 20 × 20–29	0.00	−0.06^*	−0.62	−0.05
	(0.03)	(0.03)	(1.28)	(0.08)
November 20 × 50–65	−0.03^*	−0.04^**	−1.98^***	−0.11^**
	(0.01)	(0.02)	(0.67)	(0.05)
March 21 × 20–29	0.01	−0.01	0.64	−0.03
	(0.03)	(0.03)	(1.25)	(0.07)
March 21 × 50–65	−0.03^**	−0.04^***	−1.70^**	−0.15^***
	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.67)	(0.05)
D. Pre-Covid-19 income
April 20 × Low income	−0.02	0.05^**	2.94^***	−0.10^**
	(0.01)	(0.02)	(0.89)	(0.05)
April 20 × High income	0.01	0.12^***	3.79^***	−0.04
	(0.01)	(0.02)	(0.72)	(0.03)
November 20 × Low income	−0.01	−0.01	−0.59	−0.14^*
	(0.03)	(0.03)	(1.24)	(0.08)
November 20 × High income	0.01	0.06^***	1.25	−0.20^***
	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.89)	(0.06)
March 21 × Low income	−0.01	0.02	1.08	−0.13
	(0.03)	(0.03)	(1.24)	(0.08)
March 21 × High income	−0.01	0.04^*	0.09	−0.17^***
	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.88)	(0.07)

	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)
	Employed	Positive hours	Hours	Employed (of 0 hours)
A. Gender
April 20 × Female	0.01	0.02	3.27^***	0.02
	(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.49)	(0.02)
November 20 × Female	0.01	0.00	1.55^**	0.12^**
	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.69)	(0.06)
March 21 × Female	0.02	0.01	1.62^**	0.01
	(0.01)	(0.02)	(0.65)	(0.05)
B. Ethnicity
April 20 × Ethnic minority	−0.03^**	0.04^*	2.39^***	−0.19^***
	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.77)	(0.05)
November 20 × Ethnic minority	0.02	−0.00	−0.74	−0.10
	(0.03)	(0.04)	(1.33)	(0.09)
March 21 × Ethnic minority	0.02	0.05	3.18^*	−0.26^***
	(0.04)	(0.04)	(1.64)	(0.08)
C. Age
April 20 × 20–29	−0.04^***	−0.07^***	−0.76	−0.12^***
	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.80)	(0.04)
April 20 × 50–65	−0.00	0.01	0.62	−0.01
	(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.51)	(0.02)
November 20 × 20–29	0.00	−0.06^*	−0.62	−0.05
	(0.03)	(0.03)	(1.28)	(0.08)
November 20 × 50–65	−0.03^*	−0.04^**	−1.98^***	−0.11^**
	(0.01)	(0.02)	(0.67)	(0.05)
March 21 × 20–29	0.01	−0.01	0.64	−0.03
	(0.03)	(0.03)	(1.25)	(0.07)
March 21 × 50–65	−0.03^**	−0.04^***	−1.70^**	−0.15^***
	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.67)	(0.05)
D. Pre-Covid-19 income
April 20 × Low income	−0.02	0.05^**	2.94^***	−0.10^**
	(0.01)	(0.02)	(0.89)	(0.05)
April 20 × High income	0.01	0.12^***	3.79^***	−0.04
	(0.01)	(0.02)	(0.72)	(0.03)
November 20 × Low income	−0.01	−0.01	−0.59	−0.14^*
	(0.03)	(0.03)	(1.24)	(0.08)
November 20 × High income	0.01	0.06^***	1.25	−0.20^***
	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.89)	(0.06)
March 21 × Low income	−0.01	0.02	1.08	−0.13
	(0.03)	(0.03)	(1.24)	(0.08)
March 21 × High income	−0.01	0.04^*	0.09	−0.17^***
	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.88)	(0.07)

Notes:

* (p < 0.10),

** (p < 0.05),

*** (p < 0.01).

Unbalanced panel of 13,427 individuals. Columns 1–3 correspond to estimates from a linear regression model where the outcome is regressed on group dummies, month dummies (eight dummies), and their interaction. Column 4 corresponds to estimates from the same model, but where only the month dummies and interaction terms are included. Interaction terms for April and November 2020, and March 2021, are presented. The groups are gender, ethnicity, age (20–29, 30–49, 50–65), and pre-COVID-19 income (low, middle, or high which corresponds to being in Quintile 1, 3, or 5 of the pre-COVID-19 household net income distribution, respectively). The group dummies included in each regression model are defined by the category of the panel (e.g. the models in panel A include only a dummy for gender, etc.). ‘Employed’ is the fraction employed, where this includes both employees and the self-employed. ‘Positive hours’ is the fraction who report actually working some hours, independent of reported employment status. ‘Hours worked’ is the mean weekly work hours, where those not working are assigned zero hours. ‘Employed (of zero hours)’ is the fraction of those working zero hours who are in employment, conditional on employment in February 2020.

Source: Authors’ calculations based on Understanding Society.

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