Table 3. Open in new tab Controlling for...

	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)
Panel A. OLS estimates. Dep_var: Gini

Gdist_DNK	0.020***	0.027***	0.023***	0.022***	0.020***	0.022***	0.020***	0.024***
[0.005]	[0.007]	[0.006]	[0.005]	[0.005]	[0.005]	[0.006]	[0.007]

Panel B. IV (Second-stage) estimates. Dep_var: Gini

Gdist_DNK	0.018***	0.023***	0.020***	0.019***	0.016**	0.017***	0.015**	0.015**
[0.006]	[0.008]	[0.006]	[0.006]	[0.006]	[0.006]	[0.006]	[0.007]

Panel C. IV (First-stage) estimates. Dep_var: Gdist_DNK

Gdist_1500	0.406***	0.389***	0.410***	0.412***	0.397***	0.415***	0.386***	0.362***
[0.042]	[0.050]	[0.047]	[0.046]	[0.040]	[0.045]	[0.048]	[0.051]
Lgdppc	Yes							Yes
Lgdppc_sqr	Yes							Yes
Institutions		Yes						Yes
Fractionalization			Yes					Yes
Polarization			Yes					Yes
Trade				Yes				Yes
Credit					Yes			Yes
Age						Yes		Yes
Hci							Yes	Yes
Geographic/agroclimatic controls	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Region dummies	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Observations	114	117	117	118	112	118	109	101
First-stage F-statistic	91.97	59.48	76.37	79.63	99.64	85.19	64.27	50.57
[Anderson–Rubin confidence intervals]	[0.006, 0.030]	[0.008, 0.038]	[0.008, 0.032]	[0.007, 0.030]	[0.004, 0.028]	[0.0005, 0.028]	[0.003, 0.027]	[0.002, 0.028]

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

(8)

Panel A. OLS estimates. Dep_var: Gini

Gdist_DNK

0.020***

0.027***

0.023***

0.022***

0.020***

0.022***

0.020***

0.024***

[0.005]

[0.007]

[0.006]

[0.005]

[0.006]

[0.007]

Panel B. IV (Second-stage) estimates. Dep_var: Gini

Gdist_DNK

0.018***

0.023***

0.020***

0.019***

0.016**

0.017***

0.015**

[0.006]

[0.008]

[0.006]

[0.007]

Panel C. IV (First-stage) estimates. Dep_var: Gdist_DNK

Gdist_1500

0.406***

0.389***

0.410***

0.412***

0.397***

0.415***

0.386***

0.362***

[0.042]

[0.050]

[0.047]

[0.046]

[0.040]

[0.045]

[0.048]

[0.051]

Lgdppc

Yes

Lgdppc_sqr

Yes

Institutions

Yes

Fractionalization

Yes

Polarization

Yes

Trade

Yes

Credit

Yes

Age

Yes

Hci

Yes

Geographic/agroclimatic controls

Yes

Region dummies

Yes

Observations

114

117

118

112

118

109

101

First-stage F-statistic

91.97

59.48

76.37

79.63

99.64

85.19

64.27

50.57

[Anderson–Rubin confidence intervals]

[0.006, 0.030]

[0.008, 0.038]

[0.008, 0.032]

[0.007, 0.030]

[0.004, 0.028]

[0.0005, 0.028]

[0.003, 0.027]

[0.002, 0.028]

	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)
Panel A. OLS estimates. Dep_var: Gini

Gdist_DNK	0.020***	0.027***	0.023***	0.022***	0.020***	0.022***	0.020***	0.024***
[0.005]	[0.007]	[0.006]	[0.005]	[0.005]	[0.005]	[0.006]	[0.007]

Panel B. IV (Second-stage) estimates. Dep_var: Gini

Gdist_DNK	0.018***	0.023***	0.020***	0.019***	0.016**	0.017***	0.015**	0.015**
[0.006]	[0.008]	[0.006]	[0.006]	[0.006]	[0.006]	[0.006]	[0.007]

Panel C. IV (First-stage) estimates. Dep_var: Gdist_DNK

Gdist_1500	0.406***	0.389***	0.410***	0.412***	0.397***	0.415***	0.386***	0.362***
[0.042]	[0.050]	[0.047]	[0.046]	[0.040]	[0.045]	[0.048]	[0.051]
Lgdppc	Yes							Yes
Lgdppc_sqr	Yes							Yes
Institutions		Yes						Yes
Fractionalization			Yes					Yes
Polarization			Yes					Yes
Trade				Yes				Yes
Credit					Yes			Yes
Age						Yes		Yes
Hci							Yes	Yes
Geographic/agroclimatic controls	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Region dummies	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Observations	114	117	117	118	112	118	109	101
First-stage F-statistic	91.97	59.48	76.37	79.63	99.64	85.19	64.27	50.57
[Anderson–Rubin confidence intervals]	[0.006, 0.030]	[0.008, 0.038]	[0.008, 0.032]	[0.007, 0.030]	[0.004, 0.028]	[0.0005, 0.028]	[0.003, 0.027]	[0.002, 0.028]

Table 3.

Open in new tab

Controlling for the ‘proximate’ causes of income inequality

	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)
Panel A. OLS estimates. Dep_var: Gini

Gdist_DNK	0.020***	0.027***	0.023***	0.022***	0.020***	0.022***	0.020***	0.024***
Gdist_DNK	[0.005]	[0.007]	[0.006]	[0.005]	[0.005]	[0.005]	[0.006]	[0.007]

Panel B. IV (Second-stage) estimates. Dep_var: Gini

Gdist_DNK	0.018***	0.023***	0.020***	0.019***	0.016**	0.017***	0.015**	0.015**
Gdist_DNK	[0.006]	[0.008]	[0.006]	[0.006]	[0.006]	[0.006]	[0.006]	[0.007]

Panel C. IV (First-stage) estimates. Dep_var: Gdist_DNK

Gdist_1500	0.406***	0.389***	0.410***	0.412***	0.397***	0.415***	0.386***	0.362***
Gdist_1500	[0.042]	[0.050]	[0.047]	[0.046]	[0.040]	[0.045]	[0.048]	[0.051]
Lgdppc	Yes							Yes
Lgdppc_sqr	Yes							Yes
Institutions		Yes						Yes
Fractionalization			Yes					Yes
Polarization			Yes					Yes
Trade				Yes				Yes
Credit					Yes			Yes
Age						Yes		Yes
Hci							Yes	Yes
Geographic/agroclimatic controls	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Region dummies	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Observations	114	117	117	118	112	118	109	101
First-stage F-statistic	91.97	59.48	76.37	79.63	99.64	85.19	64.27	50.57
[Anderson–Rubin confidence intervals]	[0.006, 0.030]	[0.008, 0.038]	[0.008, 0.032]	[0.007, 0.030]	[0.004, 0.028]	[0.0005, 0.028]	[0.003, 0.027]	[0.002, 0.028]

	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)
Panel A. OLS estimates. Dep_var: Gini

Gdist_DNK	0.020***	0.027***	0.023***	0.022***	0.020***	0.022***	0.020***	0.024***
Gdist_DNK	[0.005]	[0.007]	[0.006]	[0.005]	[0.005]	[0.005]	[0.006]	[0.007]

Panel B. IV (Second-stage) estimates. Dep_var: Gini

Gdist_DNK	0.018***	0.023***	0.020***	0.019***	0.016**	0.017***	0.015**	0.015**
Gdist_DNK	[0.006]	[0.008]	[0.006]	[0.006]	[0.006]	[0.006]	[0.006]	[0.007]

Panel C. IV (First-stage) estimates. Dep_var: Gdist_DNK

Gdist_1500	0.406***	0.389***	0.410***	0.412***	0.397***	0.415***	0.386***	0.362***
Gdist_1500	[0.042]	[0.050]	[0.047]	[0.046]	[0.040]	[0.045]	[0.048]	[0.051]
Lgdppc	Yes							Yes
Lgdppc_sqr	Yes							Yes
Institutions		Yes						Yes
Fractionalization			Yes					Yes
Polarization			Yes					Yes
Trade				Yes				Yes
Credit					Yes			Yes
Age						Yes		Yes
Hci							Yes	Yes
Geographic/agroclimatic controls	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Region dummies	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Observations	114	117	117	118	112	118	109	101
First-stage F-statistic	91.97	59.48	76.37	79.63	99.64	85.19	64.27	50.57
[Anderson–Rubin confidence intervals]	[0.006, 0.030]	[0.008, 0.038]	[0.008, 0.032]	[0.007, 0.030]	[0.004, 0.028]	[0.0005, 0.028]	[0.003, 0.027]	[0.002, 0.028]

Notes: This table replicates the main analysis by controlling for the conventional ‘proximate’ determinants of income inequality.

Source: Author’s calculations.

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