Table 2. Open in new tab The effect of...

Dep_var: Gini	OLS estimates	IV estimates
Gdist_DNK	0.021^***	0.022^***	0.026^***	0.019^***
[0.006]	[0.005]	[0.007]	[0.006]
Absolute latitude	−0.199^***	−0.081	−0.175^***	−0.086
[0.053]	[0.065]	[0.052]	[0.060]
Distcoast	−0.001	−0.001	−0.001	−0.001
[0.002]	[0.002]	[0.002]	[0.001]
Landlockedness	−0.021	−0.021	−0.019	−0.019
[0.015]	[0.015]	[0.015]	[0.015]
Terrain ruggedness	−0.012^*	−0.004	−0.011^*	−0.004
[0.007]	[0.005]	[0.006]	[0.005]
Landsuit	−0.002	−0.015	−0.004	−0.012
[0.023]	[0.023]	[0.023]	[0.021]
Elevation	0.006^***	0.005^***	0.006^***	0.005^***
[0.002]	[0.001]	[0.002]	[0.001]
Landtrstr	−0.003	0.004	−0.005	0.006
[0.021]	[0.021]	[0.021]	[0.020]

IV (First-stage) estimates. Dep_var: Gdist_DNK

Gdist_1500			0.402^***	0.414^***
		[0.045]	[0.045]
Region dummies	No	Yes	No	Yes
Observations (number of countries)	118	118	116	116
R-squared	0.635	0.709	0.624	0.702
F-statistic of the joint significance of control variables [p-value]	6.59	9.77	37.47	144.11
[0.000]	[0.000]	[0.000]	[0.000]
First-stage F-statistic			80.15	84.01
Anderson–Rubin confidence intervals	[0.013, 0.039]	[0.007, 0.030]

Dep_var: Gini

OLS estimates

IV estimates

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

Gdist_DNK

0.021^***

0.022^***

0.026^***

0.019^***

[0.006]

[0.005]

[0.007]

[0.006]

Absolute latitude

−0.199^***

−0.081

−0.175^***

−0.086

[0.053]

[0.065]

[0.052]

[0.060]

Distcoast

−0.001

[0.002]

[0.001]

Landlockedness

−0.021

−0.019

[0.015]

Terrain ruggedness

−0.012^*

−0.004

−0.011^*

−0.004

[0.007]

[0.005]

[0.006]

[0.005]

Landsuit

−0.002

−0.015

−0.004

−0.012

[0.023]

[0.021]

Elevation

0.006^***

0.005^***

0.006^***

0.005^***

[0.002]

[0.001]

[0.002]

[0.001]

Landtrstr

−0.003

0.004

−0.005

0.006

[0.021]

[0.020]

IV (First-stage) estimates. Dep_var: Gdist_DNK

Gdist_1500

0.402^***

0.414^***

[0.045]

Region dummies

Yes

Observations (number of countries)

118

116

R-squared

0.635

0.709

0.624

0.702

F-statistic of the joint significance of control variables [p-value]

6.59

9.77

37.47

144.11

[0.000]

First-stage F-statistic

80.15

84.01

Anderson–Rubin confidence intervals

[0.013, 0.039]

[0.007, 0.030]

Dep_var: Gini	OLS estimates	IV estimates
Gdist_DNK	0.021^***	0.022^***	0.026^***	0.019^***
[0.006]	[0.005]	[0.007]	[0.006]
Absolute latitude	−0.199^***	−0.081	−0.175^***	−0.086
[0.053]	[0.065]	[0.052]	[0.060]
Distcoast	−0.001	−0.001	−0.001	−0.001
[0.002]	[0.002]	[0.002]	[0.001]
Landlockedness	−0.021	−0.021	−0.019	−0.019
[0.015]	[0.015]	[0.015]	[0.015]
Terrain ruggedness	−0.012^*	−0.004	−0.011^*	−0.004
[0.007]	[0.005]	[0.006]	[0.005]
Landsuit	−0.002	−0.015	−0.004	−0.012
[0.023]	[0.023]	[0.023]	[0.021]
Elevation	0.006^***	0.005^***	0.006^***	0.005^***
[0.002]	[0.001]	[0.002]	[0.001]
Landtrstr	−0.003	0.004	−0.005	0.006
[0.021]	[0.021]	[0.021]	[0.020]

IV (First-stage) estimates. Dep_var: Gdist_DNK

Gdist_1500			0.402^***	0.414^***
		[0.045]	[0.045]
Region dummies	No	Yes	No	Yes
Observations (number of countries)	118	118	116	116
R-squared	0.635	0.709	0.624	0.702
F-statistic of the joint significance of control variables [p-value]	6.59	9.77	37.47	144.11
[0.000]	[0.000]	[0.000]	[0.000]
First-stage F-statistic			80.15	84.01
Anderson–Rubin confidence intervals	[0.013, 0.039]	[0.007, 0.030]

Table 2.

Open in new tab

The effect of Gdist_DNK on disposable income inequality, main results

Dep_var: Gini	OLS estimates		IV estimates
Dep_var: Gini	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)
Gdist_DNK	0.021^***	0.022^***	0.026^***	0.019^***
Gdist_DNK	[0.006]	[0.005]	[0.007]	[0.006]
Absolute latitude	−0.199^***	−0.081	−0.175^***	−0.086
Absolute latitude	[0.053]	[0.065]	[0.052]	[0.060]
Distcoast	−0.001	−0.001	−0.001	−0.001
Distcoast	[0.002]	[0.002]	[0.002]	[0.001]
Landlockedness	−0.021	−0.021	−0.019	−0.019
Landlockedness	[0.015]	[0.015]	[0.015]	[0.015]
Terrain ruggedness	−0.012^*	−0.004	−0.011^*	−0.004
Terrain ruggedness	[0.007]	[0.005]	[0.006]	[0.005]
Landsuit	−0.002	−0.015	−0.004	−0.012
Landsuit	[0.023]	[0.023]	[0.023]	[0.021]
Elevation	0.006^***	0.005^***	0.006^***	0.005^***
Elevation	[0.002]	[0.001]	[0.002]	[0.001]
Landtrstr	−0.003	0.004	−0.005	0.006
Landtrstr	[0.021]	[0.021]	[0.021]	[0.020]

IV (First-stage) estimates. Dep_var: Gdist_DNK

Gdist_1500			0.402^***	0.414^***
Gdist_1500			[0.045]	[0.045]
Region dummies	No	Yes	No	Yes
Observations (number of countries)	118	118	116	116
R-squared	0.635	0.709	0.624	0.702
F-statistic of the joint significance of control variables [p-value]	6.59	9.77	37.47	144.11
	[0.000]	[0.000]	[0.000]	[0.000]
First-stage F-statistic			80.15	84.01
Anderson–Rubin confidence intervals			[0.013, 0.039]	[0.007, 0.030]

Dep_var: Gini	OLS estimates		IV estimates
Dep_var: Gini	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)
Gdist_DNK	0.021^***	0.022^***	0.026^***	0.019^***
Gdist_DNK	[0.006]	[0.005]	[0.007]	[0.006]
Absolute latitude	−0.199^***	−0.081	−0.175^***	−0.086
Absolute latitude	[0.053]	[0.065]	[0.052]	[0.060]
Distcoast	−0.001	−0.001	−0.001	−0.001
Distcoast	[0.002]	[0.002]	[0.002]	[0.001]
Landlockedness	−0.021	−0.021	−0.019	−0.019
Landlockedness	[0.015]	[0.015]	[0.015]	[0.015]
Terrain ruggedness	−0.012^*	−0.004	−0.011^*	−0.004
Terrain ruggedness	[0.007]	[0.005]	[0.006]	[0.005]
Landsuit	−0.002	−0.015	−0.004	−0.012
Landsuit	[0.023]	[0.023]	[0.023]	[0.021]
Elevation	0.006^***	0.005^***	0.006^***	0.005^***
Elevation	[0.002]	[0.001]	[0.002]	[0.001]
Landtrstr	−0.003	0.004	−0.005	0.006
Landtrstr	[0.021]	[0.021]	[0.021]	[0.020]

IV (First-stage) estimates. Dep_var: Gdist_DNK

Gdist_1500			0.402^***	0.414^***
Gdist_1500			[0.045]	[0.045]
Region dummies	No	Yes	No	Yes
Observations (number of countries)	118	118	116	116
R-squared	0.635	0.709	0.624	0.702
F-statistic of the joint significance of control variables [p-value]	6.59	9.77	37.47	144.11
	[0.000]	[0.000]	[0.000]	[0.000]
First-stage F-statistic			80.15	84.01
Anderson–Rubin confidence intervals			[0.013, 0.039]	[0.007, 0.030]

Notes: This table reports empirical estimates of the effect of Gdist_DNK on Gini. Robust standard errors in squared brackets.

***

p < 0.01,

p < 0.05,

p < 0.1.

Source: Author’s calculations.

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