Table 3 Open in new tab Associations...

	IQR	Model 1^a per IQR	Model 2^b per IQR	Model 3^c per IQR	Fixed unit	Model 3^c per fixed increment
PM_2.5
Total	1.85 µg/m³	1.067	(1.054–1.081)	1.083	(1.069–1.097)	1.077	(1.061–1.094)	5 µg/m³	1.223	(1.175–1.273)
Non-traffic	1.63 µg/m³	1.083	(1.068–1.099)	1.108	(1.092–1.124)	1.091	(1.074–1.108)	5 µg/m³	1.306	(1.246–1.370)
Traffic	0.37 µg/m³	1.008	(1.002–1.014)	1.006	(1.001–1.012)	1.004	(0.998–1.011)	5 µg/m³	1.056	(0.968–1.153)
Tailpipe	0.24 µg/m³	1.008	(1.002–1.014)	1.007	(1.001–1.013)	1.004	(0.997–1.011)	5 µg/m³	1.096	(0.944–1.271)
Non-tailpipe	0.12 µg/m³	1.007	(1.002–1.011)	1.004	(1.000–1.009)	1.003	(0.998–1.008)	5 µg/m³	1.130	(0.924–1.383)
UFP
Total	4248 particles/cm³	1.021	(1.011–1.031)	1.041	(1.030–1.051)	1.039	(1.026–1.052)	10 000 particles/cm³	1.095	(1.063–1.128)
Non-traffic	2769 particles/cm³	1.025	(1.016–1.034)	1.045	(1.035–1.054)	1.038	(1.028–1.049)	10 000 particles/cm³	1.146	(1.105–1.189)
Traffic	1698 particles/cm³	1.004	(0.995–1.012)	1.010	(1.002–1.019)	1.003	(0.992–1.014)	10 000 particles/cm³	1.019	(0.955–1.087)
EC
Total	0.28 µg/m³	1.007	(1.000–1.014)	1.014	(1.007–1.021)	1.009	(1.001–1.018)	1 µg/m³	1.034	(1.004–1.065)
Non-traffic	0.12 µg/m³	1.002	(0.998–1.007)	1.008	(1.004–1.011)	1.005	(1.000–1.009)	1 µg/m³	1.041	(1.004–1.080)
Traffic	0.17 µg/m³	1.007	(1.000–1.014)	1.008	(1.002–1.015)	1.005	(0.996–1.013)	1 µg/m³	1.028	(0.977–1.081)
NO₂
Total	7.15 µg/m³	1.020	(1.012–1.029)	1.029	(1.020–1.038)	1.028	(1.017–1.040)	10 µg/m³	1.039	(1.023–1.056)
Non-traffic	2.68 µg/m³	1.058	(1.047–1.069)	1.082	(1.071–1.093)	1.077	(1.065–1.089)	10 µg/m³	1.317	(1.263–1.373)
Traffic	5.17 µg/m³	1.005	(0.997–1.013)	1.007	(0.999–1.015)	1.001	(0.991–1.010)	10 µg/m³	1.001	(0.983–1.020)

IQR

Model 1^a per IQR

Model 2^b per IQR

Model 3^c per IQR

Fixed unit

Model 3^c per fixed increment

95% CI

PM_2.5

Total

1.85 µg/m³

1.067

(1.054–1.081)

1.083

(1.069–1.097)

1.077

(1.061–1.094)

5 µg/m³

1.223

(1.175–1.273)

Non-traffic

1.63 µg/m³

1.083

(1.068–1.099)

1.108

(1.092–1.124)

1.091

(1.074–1.108)

5 µg/m³

1.306

(1.246–1.370)

Traffic

0.37 µg/m³

1.008

(1.002–1.014)

1.006

(1.001–1.012)

1.004

(0.998–1.011)

5 µg/m³

1.056

(0.968–1.153)

Tailpipe

0.24 µg/m³

1.008

(1.002–1.014)

1.007

(1.001–1.013)

1.004

(0.997–1.011)

5 µg/m³

1.096

(0.944–1.271)

Non-tailpipe

0.12 µg/m³

1.007

(1.002–1.011)

1.004

(1.000–1.009)

1.003

(0.998–1.008)

5 µg/m³

1.130

(0.924–1.383)

UFP

Total

4248 particles/cm³

1.021

(1.011–1.031)

1.041

(1.030–1.051)

1.039

(1.026–1.052)

10 000 particles/cm³

1.095

(1.063–1.128)

Non-traffic

2769 particles/cm³

1.025

(1.016–1.034)

1.045

(1.035–1.054)

1.038

(1.028–1.049)

10 000 particles/cm³

1.146

(1.105–1.189)

Traffic

1698 particles/cm³

1.004

(0.995–1.012)

1.010

(1.002–1.019)

1.003

(0.992–1.014)

10 000 particles/cm³

1.019

(0.955–1.087)

Total

0.28 µg/m³

1.007

(1.000–1.014)

1.014

(1.007–1.021)

1.009

(1.001–1.018)

1 µg/m³

1.034

(1.004–1.065)

Non-traffic

0.12 µg/m³

1.002

(0.998–1.007)

1.008

(1.004–1.011)

1.005

(1.000–1.009)

1 µg/m³

1.041

(1.004–1.080)

Traffic

0.17 µg/m³

1.007

(1.000–1.014)

1.008

(1.002–1.015)

1.005

(0.996–1.013)

1 µg/m³

1.028

(0.977–1.081)

NO₂

Total

7.15 µg/m³

1.020

(1.012–1.029)

1.029

(1.020–1.038)

1.028

(1.017–1.040)

10 µg/m³

1.039

(1.023–1.056)

Non-traffic

2.68 µg/m³

1.058

(1.047–1.069)

1.082

(1.071–1.093)

1.077

(1.065–1.089)

10 µg/m³

1.317

(1.263–1.373)

Traffic

5.17 µg/m³

1.005

(0.997–1.013)

1.007

(0.999–1.015)

1.001

(0.991–1.010)

10 µg/m³

1.001

(0.983–1.020)

	IQR	Model 1^a per IQR	Model 2^b per IQR	Model 3^c per IQR	Fixed unit	Model 3^c per fixed increment
PM_2.5
Total	1.85 µg/m³	1.067	(1.054–1.081)	1.083	(1.069–1.097)	1.077	(1.061–1.094)	5 µg/m³	1.223	(1.175–1.273)
Non-traffic	1.63 µg/m³	1.083	(1.068–1.099)	1.108	(1.092–1.124)	1.091	(1.074–1.108)	5 µg/m³	1.306	(1.246–1.370)
Traffic	0.37 µg/m³	1.008	(1.002–1.014)	1.006	(1.001–1.012)	1.004	(0.998–1.011)	5 µg/m³	1.056	(0.968–1.153)
Tailpipe	0.24 µg/m³	1.008	(1.002–1.014)	1.007	(1.001–1.013)	1.004	(0.997–1.011)	5 µg/m³	1.096	(0.944–1.271)
Non-tailpipe	0.12 µg/m³	1.007	(1.002–1.011)	1.004	(1.000–1.009)	1.003	(0.998–1.008)	5 µg/m³	1.130	(0.924–1.383)
UFP
Total	4248 particles/cm³	1.021	(1.011–1.031)	1.041	(1.030–1.051)	1.039	(1.026–1.052)	10 000 particles/cm³	1.095	(1.063–1.128)
Non-traffic	2769 particles/cm³	1.025	(1.016–1.034)	1.045	(1.035–1.054)	1.038	(1.028–1.049)	10 000 particles/cm³	1.146	(1.105–1.189)
Traffic	1698 particles/cm³	1.004	(0.995–1.012)	1.010	(1.002–1.019)	1.003	(0.992–1.014)	10 000 particles/cm³	1.019	(0.955–1.087)
EC
Total	0.28 µg/m³	1.007	(1.000–1.014)	1.014	(1.007–1.021)	1.009	(1.001–1.018)	1 µg/m³	1.034	(1.004–1.065)
Non-traffic	0.12 µg/m³	1.002	(0.998–1.007)	1.008	(1.004–1.011)	1.005	(1.000–1.009)	1 µg/m³	1.041	(1.004–1.080)
Traffic	0.17 µg/m³	1.007	(1.000–1.014)	1.008	(1.002–1.015)	1.005	(0.996–1.013)	1 µg/m³	1.028	(0.977–1.081)
NO₂
Total	7.15 µg/m³	1.020	(1.012–1.029)	1.029	(1.020–1.038)	1.028	(1.017–1.040)	10 µg/m³	1.039	(1.023–1.056)
Non-traffic	2.68 µg/m³	1.058	(1.047–1.069)	1.082	(1.071–1.093)	1.077	(1.065–1.089)	10 µg/m³	1.317	(1.263–1.373)
Traffic	5.17 µg/m³	1.005	(0.997–1.013)	1.007	(0.999–1.015)	1.001	(0.991–1.010)	10 µg/m³	1.001	(0.983–1.020)

Table 3

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Associations between stroke and 5-year average of air pollutants, total and by source

	IQR	Model 1^a per IQR		Model 2^b per IQR		Model 3^c per IQR		Fixed unit	Model 3^c per fixed increment
		HR	95% CI	HR	95% CI	HR	95% CI		HR	95% CI
PM_2.5
Total	1.85 µg/m³	1.067	(1.054–1.081)	1.083	(1.069–1.097)	1.077	(1.061–1.094)	5 µg/m³	1.223	(1.175–1.273)
Non-traffic	1.63 µg/m³	1.083	(1.068–1.099)	1.108	(1.092–1.124)	1.091	(1.074–1.108)	5 µg/m³	1.306	(1.246–1.370)
Traffic	0.37 µg/m³	1.008	(1.002–1.014)	1.006	(1.001–1.012)	1.004	(0.998–1.011)	5 µg/m³	1.056	(0.968–1.153)
Tailpipe	0.24 µg/m³	1.008	(1.002–1.014)	1.007	(1.001–1.013)	1.004	(0.997–1.011)	5 µg/m³	1.096	(0.944–1.271)
Non-tailpipe	0.12 µg/m³	1.007	(1.002–1.011)	1.004	(1.000–1.009)	1.003	(0.998–1.008)	5 µg/m³	1.130	(0.924–1.383)
UFP
Total	4248 particles/cm³	1.021	(1.011–1.031)	1.041	(1.030–1.051)	1.039	(1.026–1.052)	10 000 particles/cm³	1.095	(1.063–1.128)
Non-traffic	2769 particles/cm³	1.025	(1.016–1.034)	1.045	(1.035–1.054)	1.038	(1.028–1.049)	10 000 particles/cm³	1.146	(1.105–1.189)
Traffic	1698 particles/cm³	1.004	(0.995–1.012)	1.010	(1.002–1.019)	1.003	(0.992–1.014)	10 000 particles/cm³	1.019	(0.955–1.087)
EC
Total	0.28 µg/m³	1.007	(1.000–1.014)	1.014	(1.007–1.021)	1.009	(1.001–1.018)	1 µg/m³	1.034	(1.004–1.065)
Non-traffic	0.12 µg/m³	1.002	(0.998–1.007)	1.008	(1.004–1.011)	1.005	(1.000–1.009)	1 µg/m³	1.041	(1.004–1.080)
Traffic	0.17 µg/m³	1.007	(1.000–1.014)	1.008	(1.002–1.015)	1.005	(0.996–1.013)	1 µg/m³	1.028	(0.977–1.081)
NO₂
Total	7.15 µg/m³	1.020	(1.012–1.029)	1.029	(1.020–1.038)	1.028	(1.017–1.040)	10 µg/m³	1.039	(1.023–1.056)
Non-traffic	2.68 µg/m³	1.058	(1.047–1.069)	1.082	(1.071–1.093)	1.077	(1.065–1.089)	10 µg/m³	1.317	(1.263–1.373)
Traffic	5.17 µg/m³	1.005	(0.997–1.013)	1.007	(0.999–1.015)	1.001	(0.991–1.010)	10 µg/m³	1.001	(0.983–1.020)

	IQR	Model 1^a per IQR		Model 2^b per IQR		Model 3^c per IQR		Fixed unit	Model 3^c per fixed increment
		HR	95% CI	HR	95% CI	HR	95% CI		HR	95% CI
PM_2.5
Total	1.85 µg/m³	1.067	(1.054–1.081)	1.083	(1.069–1.097)	1.077	(1.061–1.094)	5 µg/m³	1.223	(1.175–1.273)
Non-traffic	1.63 µg/m³	1.083	(1.068–1.099)	1.108	(1.092–1.124)	1.091	(1.074–1.108)	5 µg/m³	1.306	(1.246–1.370)
Traffic	0.37 µg/m³	1.008	(1.002–1.014)	1.006	(1.001–1.012)	1.004	(0.998–1.011)	5 µg/m³	1.056	(0.968–1.153)
Tailpipe	0.24 µg/m³	1.008	(1.002–1.014)	1.007	(1.001–1.013)	1.004	(0.997–1.011)	5 µg/m³	1.096	(0.944–1.271)
Non-tailpipe	0.12 µg/m³	1.007	(1.002–1.011)	1.004	(1.000–1.009)	1.003	(0.998–1.008)	5 µg/m³	1.130	(0.924–1.383)
UFP
Total	4248 particles/cm³	1.021	(1.011–1.031)	1.041	(1.030–1.051)	1.039	(1.026–1.052)	10 000 particles/cm³	1.095	(1.063–1.128)
Non-traffic	2769 particles/cm³	1.025	(1.016–1.034)	1.045	(1.035–1.054)	1.038	(1.028–1.049)	10 000 particles/cm³	1.146	(1.105–1.189)
Traffic	1698 particles/cm³	1.004	(0.995–1.012)	1.010	(1.002–1.019)	1.003	(0.992–1.014)	10 000 particles/cm³	1.019	(0.955–1.087)
EC
Total	0.28 µg/m³	1.007	(1.000–1.014)	1.014	(1.007–1.021)	1.009	(1.001–1.018)	1 µg/m³	1.034	(1.004–1.065)
Non-traffic	0.12 µg/m³	1.002	(0.998–1.007)	1.008	(1.004–1.011)	1.005	(1.000–1.009)	1 µg/m³	1.041	(1.004–1.080)
Traffic	0.17 µg/m³	1.007	(1.000–1.014)	1.008	(1.002–1.015)	1.005	(0.996–1.013)	1 µg/m³	1.028	(0.977–1.081)
NO₂
Total	7.15 µg/m³	1.020	(1.012–1.029)	1.029	(1.020–1.038)	1.028	(1.017–1.040)	10 µg/m³	1.039	(1.023–1.056)
Non-traffic	2.68 µg/m³	1.058	(1.047–1.069)	1.082	(1.071–1.093)	1.077	(1.065–1.089)	10 µg/m³	1.317	(1.263–1.373)
Traffic	5.17 µg/m³	1.005	(0.997–1.013)	1.007	(0.999–1.015)	1.001	(0.991–1.010)	10 µg/m³	1.001	(0.983–1.020)

PM_2.5, particulate matter <2.5 µm; UFP, ultrafine particles; EC, elemental carbon; NO₂, nitrogen dioxide; IQR, inter quartile range; HR, hazard ratio.

Adjusted for age, sex and calendar period.

Model 1 plus adjustment for marital status, education, occupational status, ethnicity, personal and household income.

Model 2 plus adjustment for percentage of parish population: living in social housing, being sole providers, of non-Western origin, having low income, being unemployed, having blue-collar work, having only basic education and having criminal record.

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