Effects of climate-related risks and extreme events on health outcomes and health utilization of primary care in rural and remote areas.
| No. . | Climate-related risks and extreme events . | Effects on health outcomes . | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary . | Secondary . | Tertiary . | ||
| 1 | Bushfires | Increased unintentional injury38 | Mental health38,39 Eye irritation40 Increased respiratory diseases40 | |
| 2 | Droughts | Increased respiratory diseases41 Increased heat-related illness42,43 | Increased vector-borne diseases44 Increased infectious diseases45 Increased water-borne diseases44,46,47 Increased respiratory diseases47–49 Food and water insecurity44,50 Increased cardiovascular diseases49 Mental health44,50–57 Skin disease47 | Malnutrition47 |
| 3 | Floods | Increased unintentional injury58 Death59,60 Increased snakebites59–61 | Increased infectious diseases44,48,49,59,61–63 Increased water-borne diseases49,61,63–67 Increased vector-borne diseases61 Mental health issues54,55,62,63,68 Food insecurity44,60,63,65,67,69,70 Increased hypertension60 Skin diseases54,61 | Increased risk of HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases63 Maternal mortality71 Malnutrition59,63,64 Increase poverty49,64 Increase domestic violence63,70 |
| 4 | Extreme heat | Increased heat-related illness40,44,46,54,55,72–75 | Mental health issues41,55,75 Increased vector-borne disease40 | |
| 5 | Storms | Unintentional injury40,76 | Mental health issues76,77 Increased infectious diseases76 Increased water-borne diseases76 | Higher risks of low birth weight, SGA, and spontaneous preterm birth78 |
| No. | Climate-related risks and extreme events | Effects on health services utilization of primary care in rural and remote areas | Adaptation strategies of PCPs | |
| 1 | Bushfires | Damage of health care access and facilities40 Decrease visits to PCPs in emergency period79 Increase visits to PCPs38,80 Inconsistency service delivery38 | Training for PCPs to identify mental health risks38 Community training and preparation39,81 | |
| 2 | Droughts | Decreased visits to PCPs53,82,83 Shortages in the medical and health resources48,51,53,83 Patient self-knowledge of medication53 Increased visits to PCPs82 Increased out-of-pocket payment49,82 Reduced health expenditure84 | Training for PCPs to identify mental health risks53 Community training and preparation52,81 Partnership and collaboration with different agencies52,81 Improve health promotion54,55,81 | |
| 3 | Floods | Damage of health care access and facilities58,63,67,85 Shortages in the medical and health resources42,48,58,60,63,64,67,71 Decreased visit to primary care63,65 Increased visit to unqualified health workers42,60,71 Patient self-knowledge of medication42 Increased visits to PCPs after flood decreased49,58,63 Disruption of maternal and childcare70,71,85,86 Disruption of HIV treatment63 Rely on community62 Increased out-of-pocket payment49,60,72 No disaster preparedness69 | Referred patient to other health facilities71 Implement water ambulance71 Relocate to a safer place71 Training for PCPs to identify mental health risks68 Non-clinical staff performed minor procedures and dispense medication87,88 Strengthening health promotion54,55,81 Modify health service delivery programmes61,85,89 Contingency plan to provide the need of HIV patient, reduce procedure to collect medicine63 Community training and preparation10,40,69,90,91 Develop tools to evaluate community vulnerabilities44 | |
| 4 | Extreme heat | Decreased visits to primary care41,75 Increased visits to PCPs after heatwave41,72,75 | Community training and preparation40 Partnership and collaboration with different agencies92 Modify health service delivery programmes75 | |
| 5 | Storms | Damage of health care access and facilities40,76 Rely on community93 Shortages in the medical and health resources67,78 Rely on community, clergy76,91,93,94 Disruption of maternal and childcare78 Increased visits to PCPs after emergency period91,94 | Referred patient to other health facilities78,95 Community training for emergency and mental health issues77,94 Special team was developed for health service delivery96 Setting up mobile clinic76 Modify local clinic as resources centre76 | |
| No. . | Climate-related risks and extreme events . | Effects on health outcomes . | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary . | Secondary . | Tertiary . | ||
| 1 | Bushfires | Increased unintentional injury38 | Mental health38,39 Eye irritation40 Increased respiratory diseases40 | |
| 2 | Droughts | Increased respiratory diseases41 Increased heat-related illness42,43 | Increased vector-borne diseases44 Increased infectious diseases45 Increased water-borne diseases44,46,47 Increased respiratory diseases47–49 Food and water insecurity44,50 Increased cardiovascular diseases49 Mental health44,50–57 Skin disease47 | Malnutrition47 |
| 3 | Floods | Increased unintentional injury58 Death59,60 Increased snakebites59–61 | Increased infectious diseases44,48,49,59,61–63 Increased water-borne diseases49,61,63–67 Increased vector-borne diseases61 Mental health issues54,55,62,63,68 Food insecurity44,60,63,65,67,69,70 Increased hypertension60 Skin diseases54,61 | Increased risk of HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases63 Maternal mortality71 Malnutrition59,63,64 Increase poverty49,64 Increase domestic violence63,70 |
| 4 | Extreme heat | Increased heat-related illness40,44,46,54,55,72–75 | Mental health issues41,55,75 Increased vector-borne disease40 | |
| 5 | Storms | Unintentional injury40,76 | Mental health issues76,77 Increased infectious diseases76 Increased water-borne diseases76 | Higher risks of low birth weight, SGA, and spontaneous preterm birth78 |
| No. | Climate-related risks and extreme events | Effects on health services utilization of primary care in rural and remote areas | Adaptation strategies of PCPs | |
| 1 | Bushfires | Damage of health care access and facilities40 Decrease visits to PCPs in emergency period79 Increase visits to PCPs38,80 Inconsistency service delivery38 | Training for PCPs to identify mental health risks38 Community training and preparation39,81 | |
| 2 | Droughts | Decreased visits to PCPs53,82,83 Shortages in the medical and health resources48,51,53,83 Patient self-knowledge of medication53 Increased visits to PCPs82 Increased out-of-pocket payment49,82 Reduced health expenditure84 | Training for PCPs to identify mental health risks53 Community training and preparation52,81 Partnership and collaboration with different agencies52,81 Improve health promotion54,55,81 | |
| 3 | Floods | Damage of health care access and facilities58,63,67,85 Shortages in the medical and health resources42,48,58,60,63,64,67,71 Decreased visit to primary care63,65 Increased visit to unqualified health workers42,60,71 Patient self-knowledge of medication42 Increased visits to PCPs after flood decreased49,58,63 Disruption of maternal and childcare70,71,85,86 Disruption of HIV treatment63 Rely on community62 Increased out-of-pocket payment49,60,72 No disaster preparedness69 | Referred patient to other health facilities71 Implement water ambulance71 Relocate to a safer place71 Training for PCPs to identify mental health risks68 Non-clinical staff performed minor procedures and dispense medication87,88 Strengthening health promotion54,55,81 Modify health service delivery programmes61,85,89 Contingency plan to provide the need of HIV patient, reduce procedure to collect medicine63 Community training and preparation10,40,69,90,91 Develop tools to evaluate community vulnerabilities44 | |
| 4 | Extreme heat | Decreased visits to primary care41,75 Increased visits to PCPs after heatwave41,72,75 | Community training and preparation40 Partnership and collaboration with different agencies92 Modify health service delivery programmes75 | |
| 5 | Storms | Damage of health care access and facilities40,76 Rely on community93 Shortages in the medical and health resources67,78 Rely on community, clergy76,91,93,94 Disruption of maternal and childcare78 Increased visits to PCPs after emergency period91,94 | Referred patient to other health facilities78,95 Community training for emergency and mental health issues77,94 Special team was developed for health service delivery96 Setting up mobile clinic76 Modify local clinic as resources centre76 | |
Effects of climate-related risks and extreme events on health outcomes and health utilization of primary care in rural and remote areas.
| No. . | Climate-related risks and extreme events . | Effects on health outcomes . | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary . | Secondary . | Tertiary . | ||
| 1 | Bushfires | Increased unintentional injury38 | Mental health38,39 Eye irritation40 Increased respiratory diseases40 | |
| 2 | Droughts | Increased respiratory diseases41 Increased heat-related illness42,43 | Increased vector-borne diseases44 Increased infectious diseases45 Increased water-borne diseases44,46,47 Increased respiratory diseases47–49 Food and water insecurity44,50 Increased cardiovascular diseases49 Mental health44,50–57 Skin disease47 | Malnutrition47 |
| 3 | Floods | Increased unintentional injury58 Death59,60 Increased snakebites59–61 | Increased infectious diseases44,48,49,59,61–63 Increased water-borne diseases49,61,63–67 Increased vector-borne diseases61 Mental health issues54,55,62,63,68 Food insecurity44,60,63,65,67,69,70 Increased hypertension60 Skin diseases54,61 | Increased risk of HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases63 Maternal mortality71 Malnutrition59,63,64 Increase poverty49,64 Increase domestic violence63,70 |
| 4 | Extreme heat | Increased heat-related illness40,44,46,54,55,72–75 | Mental health issues41,55,75 Increased vector-borne disease40 | |
| 5 | Storms | Unintentional injury40,76 | Mental health issues76,77 Increased infectious diseases76 Increased water-borne diseases76 | Higher risks of low birth weight, SGA, and spontaneous preterm birth78 |
| No. | Climate-related risks and extreme events | Effects on health services utilization of primary care in rural and remote areas | Adaptation strategies of PCPs | |
| 1 | Bushfires | Damage of health care access and facilities40 Decrease visits to PCPs in emergency period79 Increase visits to PCPs38,80 Inconsistency service delivery38 | Training for PCPs to identify mental health risks38 Community training and preparation39,81 | |
| 2 | Droughts | Decreased visits to PCPs53,82,83 Shortages in the medical and health resources48,51,53,83 Patient self-knowledge of medication53 Increased visits to PCPs82 Increased out-of-pocket payment49,82 Reduced health expenditure84 | Training for PCPs to identify mental health risks53 Community training and preparation52,81 Partnership and collaboration with different agencies52,81 Improve health promotion54,55,81 | |
| 3 | Floods | Damage of health care access and facilities58,63,67,85 Shortages in the medical and health resources42,48,58,60,63,64,67,71 Decreased visit to primary care63,65 Increased visit to unqualified health workers42,60,71 Patient self-knowledge of medication42 Increased visits to PCPs after flood decreased49,58,63 Disruption of maternal and childcare70,71,85,86 Disruption of HIV treatment63 Rely on community62 Increased out-of-pocket payment49,60,72 No disaster preparedness69 | Referred patient to other health facilities71 Implement water ambulance71 Relocate to a safer place71 Training for PCPs to identify mental health risks68 Non-clinical staff performed minor procedures and dispense medication87,88 Strengthening health promotion54,55,81 Modify health service delivery programmes61,85,89 Contingency plan to provide the need of HIV patient, reduce procedure to collect medicine63 Community training and preparation10,40,69,90,91 Develop tools to evaluate community vulnerabilities44 | |
| 4 | Extreme heat | Decreased visits to primary care41,75 Increased visits to PCPs after heatwave41,72,75 | Community training and preparation40 Partnership and collaboration with different agencies92 Modify health service delivery programmes75 | |
| 5 | Storms | Damage of health care access and facilities40,76 Rely on community93 Shortages in the medical and health resources67,78 Rely on community, clergy76,91,93,94 Disruption of maternal and childcare78 Increased visits to PCPs after emergency period91,94 | Referred patient to other health facilities78,95 Community training for emergency and mental health issues77,94 Special team was developed for health service delivery96 Setting up mobile clinic76 Modify local clinic as resources centre76 | |
| No. . | Climate-related risks and extreme events . | Effects on health outcomes . | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary . | Secondary . | Tertiary . | ||
| 1 | Bushfires | Increased unintentional injury38 | Mental health38,39 Eye irritation40 Increased respiratory diseases40 | |
| 2 | Droughts | Increased respiratory diseases41 Increased heat-related illness42,43 | Increased vector-borne diseases44 Increased infectious diseases45 Increased water-borne diseases44,46,47 Increased respiratory diseases47–49 Food and water insecurity44,50 Increased cardiovascular diseases49 Mental health44,50–57 Skin disease47 | Malnutrition47 |
| 3 | Floods | Increased unintentional injury58 Death59,60 Increased snakebites59–61 | Increased infectious diseases44,48,49,59,61–63 Increased water-borne diseases49,61,63–67 Increased vector-borne diseases61 Mental health issues54,55,62,63,68 Food insecurity44,60,63,65,67,69,70 Increased hypertension60 Skin diseases54,61 | Increased risk of HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases63 Maternal mortality71 Malnutrition59,63,64 Increase poverty49,64 Increase domestic violence63,70 |
| 4 | Extreme heat | Increased heat-related illness40,44,46,54,55,72–75 | Mental health issues41,55,75 Increased vector-borne disease40 | |
| 5 | Storms | Unintentional injury40,76 | Mental health issues76,77 Increased infectious diseases76 Increased water-borne diseases76 | Higher risks of low birth weight, SGA, and spontaneous preterm birth78 |
| No. | Climate-related risks and extreme events | Effects on health services utilization of primary care in rural and remote areas | Adaptation strategies of PCPs | |
| 1 | Bushfires | Damage of health care access and facilities40 Decrease visits to PCPs in emergency period79 Increase visits to PCPs38,80 Inconsistency service delivery38 | Training for PCPs to identify mental health risks38 Community training and preparation39,81 | |
| 2 | Droughts | Decreased visits to PCPs53,82,83 Shortages in the medical and health resources48,51,53,83 Patient self-knowledge of medication53 Increased visits to PCPs82 Increased out-of-pocket payment49,82 Reduced health expenditure84 | Training for PCPs to identify mental health risks53 Community training and preparation52,81 Partnership and collaboration with different agencies52,81 Improve health promotion54,55,81 | |
| 3 | Floods | Damage of health care access and facilities58,63,67,85 Shortages in the medical and health resources42,48,58,60,63,64,67,71 Decreased visit to primary care63,65 Increased visit to unqualified health workers42,60,71 Patient self-knowledge of medication42 Increased visits to PCPs after flood decreased49,58,63 Disruption of maternal and childcare70,71,85,86 Disruption of HIV treatment63 Rely on community62 Increased out-of-pocket payment49,60,72 No disaster preparedness69 | Referred patient to other health facilities71 Implement water ambulance71 Relocate to a safer place71 Training for PCPs to identify mental health risks68 Non-clinical staff performed minor procedures and dispense medication87,88 Strengthening health promotion54,55,81 Modify health service delivery programmes61,85,89 Contingency plan to provide the need of HIV patient, reduce procedure to collect medicine63 Community training and preparation10,40,69,90,91 Develop tools to evaluate community vulnerabilities44 | |
| 4 | Extreme heat | Decreased visits to primary care41,75 Increased visits to PCPs after heatwave41,72,75 | Community training and preparation40 Partnership and collaboration with different agencies92 Modify health service delivery programmes75 | |
| 5 | Storms | Damage of health care access and facilities40,76 Rely on community93 Shortages in the medical and health resources67,78 Rely on community, clergy76,91,93,94 Disruption of maternal and childcare78 Increased visits to PCPs after emergency period91,94 | Referred patient to other health facilities78,95 Community training for emergency and mental health issues77,94 Special team was developed for health service delivery96 Setting up mobile clinic76 Modify local clinic as resources centre76 | |
This PDF is available to Subscribers Only
View Article Abstract & Purchase OptionsFor full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription.
